Away. So with that, i will go ahead and open up for questions. And i actually have a take away for you guys here. This is a chronology here. So any yes, sir . [ inaudible ] the question is, the louisburg for the, is there another time it was taken and the answer is yes. So in the next war we come back and the british have to take it again. And you know, the fact that they took it in 1745 helps them a lot. When they take it again in 1758. So theres a definite knowledge and that kind of ties into that theme about how the military experience has gains. It is done once and surely we can do it again, british kind of thing. And we will look at that next week. And actually youre reading about it in andersons book. Yes, sir . [ inaudible ] the question is, hey, seems like the royal navy is kind of helpful, all right . Wouldnt the colonists want to Start Building up their own navy . And the short answer is yes. In fact, the very first navy we have the Continental Navy, right . So they do recognize when the revolution comes. On the other hand, navys are really expensive. Were you the expensive . Expensive to build, expensive to maintain. One of the problems that we have is trouble in provisions. They dont have money and this is the king of france, right . So theres really no motivation for them to invest all of this money in navy because the british navy there and after all they are british citizens. Why wouldnt you build Continental Navy if youve got the royal navy and you know, youre british and in fact we will see you in seven years war and there is an increase in this feeling of britishness. And colonial see themselves in the british empire. So in a way you look ahead which is great. But theres really no theres really no reason why a navy would be built by colonists of this period. Yes, sir . So you say that the colonists, that they give back and would that be an active scene and kind of started in the americanizing and kind of the [ inaudible ] great question. So the question is, you know, is this whole thing a little bit about the formation of american identity and i think ultimately yes. And i want to say no because it is easy now to look back and see colonies. Is this american. But it was a regional identity. Before you can have a national identity, and the biggest thing about this war is formation of regional identity because they came together in the time. One of the interesting things is lengths tour. There is a disconnect, right . We have the war down south and then, other than mentioning the royal navy, i dont think i mentioned again the war, king georges war. And thats not accidental. And they didnt the carolinians and deal with katie and louisburg. And massachusetts is sending down people to help out the attack on st. Augustine. So what you have is the for mag of the stronger and carolinas and georgia comes closer together and in the new england colonies and all of the new england colonies provide troops and again, what is significant is you get to the midatlantic pennsylvania and new york. They didnt provide troops but they provide supplies and so theres the creation after regional identity. I think more strongly in this war than any of the other previous ones. Yes, sir . So when the when they return to the french, what did they hear . Mainly the french come back. British leave and follow you know, and is it more of a slight skirmish to regrab the fort . No skirmish. The british come in and they think it is theirs. They have been pounding walls down, right . And it isnt the greatest and so they are like, okay, now we captured the fort and so they start and they are, lobbing, you know, shells into the city. They start rebuilding everything. You can see it in this image. This is an image from the library at university of michigan. And a contemporary sketch. We dont even know the exact date. It is done and you can tell because it is in english and done between occupations. Once the o war is over, yeah, here is the keys. Here is the keyes to the fort. Aep so, in a way, another reason to be upset, hey, wait a minute, we just spent three years rebuilding your fort. After the siege. And now we give it back to you all new and improved. Not something to further aggravate colonists to that point. The piece that ends the next year, seven years war, treaty of paris. Not the french and spafrnish war. Thank you everybody for coming. I appreciate it. Lets get those hawkeyes this weekend. With live coverage of the house and senate on cspan 2, here on cspan 3 we show you the most relevant hearings and publish affairs event on on weekend cspan 3 is the home to American History tv with programs that tell our nations story including six unique series. The 350th anniversary visiting battle fields and key events. American artifacts touring museums and to discover what artifacts reveal about americas past. The bookshelves with the west known American History writers. Presidency look at policy and legacies of commanders in chief. Lectures in history, delving into americas past. Real america featuring government and educational films from the 1930s through the 70s. Cspan 3 created by the cable t for any further conversation if you would like to carry on the dialogue, thank you very much. Next on American History tv and prime time. A discussion of the history and one of the first africanamerican labor unions in the united states. Then Iowa State University professor talks about king georges war, which took place in the 1700 in north america between european and colonial powers. Next on American History tv, a Panel Discussion on the history and legacy of the brotherhood of sleeping car porters, one of the first africanamerican labor unions in the united states. Panelists explore the role of a. Phillip randolph, the labor and civil rights leader who organized the union, as well as the struggles of female members. They also described the National Parks service this was hosted by the association for the study of africanamerican life and history. Its about two hours. Thanks, everybody. For coming here, we have got a great panel here, a. Phillip randolph and the brotherhood of sleeping car porters. My name is allan spears. Npca has served as the leading voice of the American People on behalf of their National Parks since we were founded in 1919. And its our mission to protect an enhance americas National Parks for current and future generations and we are a very, very proud partner of aslh, the association and its a partnership that i take great pleasure in and im grateful to the association for hosting their 99th annual conference and look forward to working with them on their centennial next year, thats quite a thing to look forward to. We have a couple of objectives today, were going to take about two hours to chat with you, about some very important topics, a. Phillip randolph, the brotherhood of sleeping car porters and an Ongoing Campaign to commemorate that legacy by adding a unit to the National Parks system on chicagos south side that will commemorate George Pullman, the industrialist, capital iistcapi model town, the labor and the emerge negligennce of sleep porters. So we have got two interconnected topics well talk to you about today. Before question get started, if people could make sure if youve got a cell phone, please place it on silent or vibrate or turn it off. Just so we dont somewhere birds chirping and portions of moat start pullman was a hard working entrepreneur. And as a businessman, he had traveled on sleeping cars in the decade prior to the civil war, the antebellum period, and he had found them to be mostly cramped and mostly uncomfortable. So after a couple of other Business Ventures that were successful, he decided he would launch himself into creating these luxurious sleeping cars that would allow them to travel by rail and do so in luxury. He was successful from the start just before the american civil war. One of the things that happened to sort of expedite the fame and fortune of the Pullman Company was unfortunately linked to the assassination of president abraham lincoln, when lincolns body was sent back to springfield, illinois, the train that took lincoln or bore his body back to his hometown had a couple of pullman cars attached to it. And at every stop the reporters would lament on the untimely death of the president but they would also comment on the lucks your ous nature of those cars and they became an overnight sensation in that regard. So the business got a boom from the tragedy of the assassination of the president. After the civil war, pullman did decide that maybe some of the best workforce for porters working on his luxurious sleeping cars would be formerly enslaved africanamericans, the reasons is that these people would know how to work in close with white clientele but not get in the way. And pullman went on to be one of the largest employers of africanamericans in the united states. And that led to the emergence of the brotherhood of sleeping car porters and ultimately a. Phillip randolph as the leader of that union. Were going to get to the other aspects of pullmans industrial struggles, the union and well have our panel of experts talk about that. And i want to introduce the folks that will be sharing this information with you today. We have got dr. Cornelius bynum. Sandra washington, whos the associate regional director for the National Parks service and my colleague, the senior outreach coordinator. What were going to do is have presentations from each of our panelists that will run about 15 minutes or so. Well have followup questions and then well use the last half hour of the session for interaction with the audience with questions and answers from people out there. So if you have questions, be prepared to ask them, we have got the mike right up here in front. If you dont want to move down and use the mike, use your loud outdoor voice when you shout out your questions. I would like to turn it over now to dr. Bynum. Good afternoon, thank you for being here. I will give you just a brief background on myself because i think its an important way of coming to understand my journey with randolph as a research topic. Im originally from louisville, kentucky and went to school at university of virginia where i did my undergraduate work and my graduate work and it was during those years between sort of 19 and 21, Something Like that where i really kind of came to an epiphany about history and my life that led me to randolph as a topic. My freshman yearit got me to thinking about my own kind of personal narrative and i went home over the winter break and began quizzing older relatives about the 40s and the war and that kind of thing and came to found out that some of my relatives, including my father, but my father fought in the second world war. I have thought that my father was the original rolling stone. But thats not important for this segment buchlt the important thing here is that my fathers cousin, my father was stationed in europe, and he was stationed in the pacific, shared with me letters that my father had written from europe back home, had pictures of my father in uniform. And this really kind of sparked my imagination about the narrative of the black experience in the 20th century. And this began my journey toward graduate school, a doctorate and ultimately a book on randolph. I sort of give that biography as a way to kind of understand how i see randolph and the struggle that he leads to pursue an agenda of Economic Justice, a social justice that in fact bridges the, i dont know, i dont want to say the divide between civil rights and Economic Justice, but in some ways those two things havent always been paired, but at least randolph in my mind is central to link that connects these kind of reform agendas. And so i began my dissertation with the title fighting for identity, a. Phillip randolphs reconciliation of race and class, and that sounded like a great title to me as a graduate student. Not so great now. But ultimately it became the basis of my book, a. Phillip randolph and the struggle for civil rights. In that book i try to detail four key things that i think are essential to randolph and his role in the modern Civil Rights Movement that struggle for associate justice that really begins to take shape. In the first or second decade of the 20th century, and really runs through the end of the 20th century, some people might argue that it continues today in maybe a different form, a different shape. But the four points u i really try to lay out with randolph in my study of his career really between, say, 1915, and 1955, are four fold. First, i look at randolphs effort to engineer a program of mass action. And when i say mass action, i mean mass action in the traditional form, where youre gathering a group of people to take some sort of concerted initiative to reform social processes, social circumstances, that are oppressive to them. And thats how i sort of imagined mass action and the way i sort of write about it. And randolph really is at the forefront of this kind of social reform initiative, beginning with his march on Washington Movement that ultimately led to the creation of the fepc, the Fair Employment Practices Commission and the first letting or im sorry, first administrative effort to implement a kind of equal Employment Policy by the government, this is a really important kind of innovation for the Civil Rights Movement. It really becomes the basis for other mass action campaigns to follow, certainly in the 1960s. Now i dont want to suggest that randolph was the initiator of mass action, certainly you had things like the dont buy, where you cant work campaigns that go all the way to the 1920s in new york. The pittsburgh couriers double mass cam pain existed as a mass strategy. But what i do think randolph does in a really important eway is take those kind of campaigns that, while very coherent in their articulation, and are maybe les coherent in their application and bring them together with a particular c constituent group and this becomes one of the innovations that i see randolph pushing forward when it comes to mass action campaigns, linking a specific program with a specific group to lead it, as opposed to the couriers call for a Double V Campaign but not really targeting a specific group to lead that cam pain or local organizations organizing these economic boycotts of stores that dont have black employees, but arent particularly focused on mobilizing a constituent group to lead that effort. Randolph in my view is innovate tiff in that respect, taking a concept mass action and really giving it a kind of concrete form in ways that hadnt existed before, and really kind of lay the ground work for what will come later in the 50s and 60s. Secondly, i try the point out that randolph is particularly astute in how he understands the way in which minority groups can man nooufr effectively in the interest of group politics, before anyone else, randolph understood that when possessing limited political leverage, the most effective place to apply that leverage is not the congress, its not the legislative body, with multiple politicians all with their own agenda, but rather the executive branch, where one person controls policy. Whether it be the governor or the president. And this becomes an incredibly important vehicle for political annal social change moving forward. Prior to ran dolphins march on Washington Movement, which led to hiss pressuring of roosevelt and the creation of the fepc, most civil rights groups, particularly the naacp looked to congress for leadership, this was certainly true with the antilynching campaign that was pursued through the 20s and 30s that came to nothing, where you could always have a block of southern congressmen that would stall any potential legislation that they deemed sort of annan them ma to the racial poll sicks. But in the aftermath of the Great Depression and the new deal, when the political landscapes shifts for democrats in particular. Where you have this Political Coalition of urban dwellers, people who moved to cities, the emerging i shouldnt say emerging Labor Movement, but a more coherent Labor Movement. Democrats from the north are certainly much more responsive to the kind of the kind of political demands that someone like randolph begins making in the late 30s and 40s. So understanding how limited political leverage could be best applied to greatest effect is a really important thing, and randolph understands before anyone else that in those circumstances, africanamericans had the best chance of affecting Public Policy by pressuring the executive branch and not the legislative branch. And of course this becomes the model that we see Going Forward. King certainly has relationships with various members of congress, but the most celebrated political relationship that king has is with the kennedy brothers, right . The executive branch, whether its the president or the attorney general, and this becomes an important kind of model for civil rights activism moving forward from randolph in the 40s and on ward. Thirdly, randolph, i think understands better than anyone else that the notion of social justice, of genuine social justice isnt something tied to necessarily to race or class, but rather to the degree to which an individual is prepared to be a faithful citizen, if someone is prepared to, for instance, serve in the military, that person should be able to operate freely as a full citizen of a full partner in a civil society. And so for randolph, civil rights should be based on the degree to which any person, man, woman, black, white or other is prepared to fulfill the duties and accept the responsibilities of faithful full citizenship. And so this becomes his conception of social justice, which is somewhat differe