While we desegregated in 19 623, in 1963, we did not integrate. That took a long time, going even beyond 1970. But this is when the University Went in a new direction. Once segregation was out of the way, once all that energy that had gone to trying to maintain an illegal and certainly immoral way of doing things, after all that energy could be sent in another direction, the university of alabama begin to turn itself away from a regional Football Party school toward becoming a Major National academic institution. That is what it has become, but it was a long journey in the 1960s that sent us that direction. There were a lot of changes going on at the beginning of the 1960s. But really, it stems from 1956. At the first effort of desegregation, which failed horribly, caused riots. A student for three days. Desegregation is desegregation. We were under the same court order in 1963, but officially we had been desegregated that the although she was expelled, not for anything she did but because the university expelled her to calm the mob that had been raging on the campus. Of 1960 1963, the mob ended the presidency of oliver carmichael. They were looking for a new president. They approached frank rose, who was a minister in the church of christ and president of pennsylvania college. He was not anxious to come here in part because the university had a bad reputation. But they approached him, and they finally said, dr. Rose, we need you because we are facing desegregation, and we need a southerner who can lead it. So he accepted. He came in 1958. His first challenge was, how do we do this peacefully . He went to the governor of alabama, james. , james fulsome and big jim , surprisingly said i agree, it is time we desegregated the university of alabama. He called his friend rockefeller and said dont be surprised, i have a friend down there, we serve on the Tuskegee Institute board. He is a judge who is progressive and very liberal. You need to talk to George Wallace. In he called judge wallace and 1958, he said, yeah, its about time we desegregated the university of alabama. Then came the election of 1958 and wallace was against john patterson. He was a staunch segregationist. Patterson became governor, and wallace swore that he would never let the race issue keep him out of office again. About to was not disaggregate the university of alabama. So frank rose, in his first four years, spent that time building buildings, building infrastructure, building the Alumni Association. He put an Alumni Association in every county in the state and established 15 new ones across the nation. Giving to 70i million by 1965. He got us moving that direction and then George Wallace became governor of the state. Wallace had promised segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever. In fact, that is, that quote is taken from the ku klux klan oath , the ku klux klan yesterday, the ku klux klan today, the ku klux klan forever. The man who wrote the speech was a klansman. Wallace was using the race issue through his own end. He knew the university was going to be desegregated. It was just a matter of time. Frank rose, the president , made it happen peacefully. He did that first by going to the students. He went to every student leader, and he didnt say, please help me. He said, this is now this is how you are going to help me. He got them on board. Then, he went to the faculty in and the faculty in november 60 november 1962, we need to keep the University Open and do this peacefully. They were afraid of what happened at ole miss in 1962 when James Meredith registered, and 26 marshals were shot. No one wanted that. Certainly not the town fathers, and that is where frank rose went next. He got the town leaders behind peaceful desegregation. They began working for it. They worked very hard, knowing it was coming through the winter of 1963 into the spring, they did things like make sure there were no loose objects on campus that can be used as weapons. They were building an extension to the law school. They moved the bricks out of here. Wallace wanted a peaceful desegregation. He didnt want desegregation, but he wanted it to be peaceful. And so he plans to bring in every member of Law Enforcement across the state that he could. Departmentosa police could maybe muster 35 officers, the university, maybe a dozen. He brought in hundreds of state troopers, prison guards, forest four rangers to make sure around had 800 people the campus when desegregation happened on june 11, 1963. All of that was planned. If you look at the student groups and look at the culture of the university of alabama in the early 1960s, this was a Football Party school. Most students were interested in football, parties, dating and making at least a c and getting by. The Student Government association was a bastion of the greek system. It is called the machine. The top fraternities and the top sororities and the other greeks, but mostly the top four or five fraternities, run the Student Government association. It was peopled with young men who wanted to become lawyers, or businessman. Those who wanted to become lawyers were going to go to the Alabama School of law. Future of shape the the university. Many of them in the mid1960s were what you would call liberal, progressive. John blackburn, the dean , immediately recognized that. These men would change the university. Men like ralph knowles, don siegelman, the former governor of alabama. Zach higgs. An alliance with them, and show them how to do this within the system. They formed an alliance with a very small cadre of student radicals, very small. In an, they could of sat seminar room and had plenty of tears left over. They were intelligent and they wanted change. Together, they began to send the student body in a new direction, issuess of the kinds of that they would bring before them. For instance, having a forum where you could discuss things like civil rights, coming down on the right side of civil rights issues. Endorsing the establishment of an African American student association. Those kinds of things. A bigademic freedom was issue. On campus, and also in the state. Some inrge wallace and the Montgomery Legislature realized what was going on here, they decided they needed to take control of the university in terms of who comes here to speak. Clayton powell came here to speak in 1964. Vic gregory came here to speak. The students had invited people like that to come down here. And then, some of the more radical students decided they didnt want any kind of impediments to bringing in speakers. And they made an issue out of it by inviting eldridge cleaver, jerry rubin, and abbie hoffman, and the founder of s yes. The president said, we cant do that. Had they come here to speak, the on tosity would have gone the legislature very drastically. The thing about frank rose, was, he knew what battles were worth fighting and what battles were not. For instance, we had a program here called emphasis. In 1966. D Bobby Kennedy was the first keynote speaker when he was senator. He kicked it off. You would bring in people to discuss issues from various sides. Emphasis 67 was called revolution. It involved revolutions, and it was the 50th anniversary of the bolshevik revolution in russia. There was a magazine accompanying it that had an article. Had an article about a black student from berkeley. Her father was a member of the american communist party. Condemned the american position and be a non. On the other side, the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, the army chief of staff of staff, i think it was, general wheeler, wrote an article defending american policy in vietnam. Andhis magazine came out, it caused a real star in the legislature. Actually, it was being used. Look at this, we have this communist who is, and roy wilkins had an article that opposed black power. It was balanced, but they made an issue out of it, and they raised up something called a speaker banville. Bill. Had that happen, the legislature would of had jurisdiction over any speaker brought in and probably caused universities to lose accreditation. Frank rose realized that. He refused to go along with it. The real issue was that judge frank johnson, federal judge, had finally gotten tired of the wallace administration, and mrs. Wallace, and said desegregate now, in 1967. Now. 1 of our Public Schools were disaggregated at that point. Put thelace wanted to state School Systems under the state superintendent of education, one man. Who was a staunch segregationist. She called in the president s of all the historically White Alabama colleges and universities, and junior colleges, and ask them to sign a document endorsing that point of view, and they all did, except frank rose. He refused to sign it. And his refusal meant more than is the others acquiescence because he was so powerful politically. That got the legislature after rose. He had to be very careful. Tosent his Vice President montgomery to stop the speaker banville. Bill. We had enough alumni to stop it, but they passed a nonbinding but unanimous resolution requiring that all home football games, and at the game between alabama and auburn in november in birmingham, that the confederate battle flag be raised along with the American Flag and the state flag, and in addition to playing the National Anthem and the state song, they would play dixie. The sga, under don siegelman, who would go on to become governor of alabama, and the auburn sga passed a bill saying, no, we will not raise the Confederate Flag and we will not play dixie after the National Anthem. Frank rose vito that. He knew that battle wasnt worth fighting at that point. So for a year, all home football games, they would march of the Confederate Flag right after the state flag in the u. S. Flag. They would raise them, the band would play dixie. The black students would sit down. Many other students would. Someone stand, some would sit down. It stopped after one year. The flagpoles were removed. We had our own confederate battle flag issues here in 1967 and 1968, so we are way ahead of the country. You have to understand the role of football at the university of alabama. It goes to goes back a long way. When coach bryant was at texas of 1957, frank rose, before frank rose was on the payroll here, called coach bryant and offered him a job at his alma mater. Coach bryant was reluctant to accept it at first, because you wanted to he wanted to finish the season. When rose said he would talk to bryant accepted immediately. He came here and it took him two years to turn around the football program. In the 1960s, the role that football played was to keep the attention of that massive alabama fans who really dont know anything about the university, all they know is football, keep their attention focused on football. As long as we were winning championships come a frank rose could turn the university and most of the people about it of alabama didnt care what we did. He used it as cover. What he was trying to do above all is to get the university of alabama away from the party school, Football School focus and get it headed in a new direction to become a viable academic institution, first in the south, the nationally. And it took a while to do that. First thing he had to do was hire faculty. When he became president , one third of the faculty stayed. I 1965, two thirds. That made them competitive. We have our share of the finest faculty in the country today. We are attracting students today , yale,uld go to harvard places like that. In fact, we lead the country in the number of National Merit scholars that come here. And allhead of harvard the ivy league schools. We are number one in National Merit scholars coming to alabama. That is where rose wanted to get us. He had to grow the student population, but he also wanted to raise the intellectual level of the student population. My book i have written on be a non, and turning the tide, about institutions under stress, and how they handle change. During the vietnam war, military services did not do that very well. They fought the last war. At the university of alabama, tradition is important, history is important. We learn from that history. And we learn from the history of a region that has had a very sad history. God has not blessed the south with a joyful history. We are the only part of the country that knows total defeat in warfare, occupation. We have known racial strife and any real way. I would also submit to you that we have learned from that, and we have appreciated what the past can teach us. I think the university of alabama can stand as a symbol of ,ow you can change amid turmoil and be something greater than you anticipated you could be. Placeneat to do that in a that is beautiful, in a place traditional,el and and maintain the best of that while you are also moving in a new direction. And with that, roll tide. Cities tour traveled to tuscaloosa, alabama, to learn about its rich history. Learn more about tuscaloosa and oner stops on the tour citiestour. You are watching American History tv. Womens liberation, report after report of a women who got together to talk about their problems and how the bureau got the information is not entirely clear, but it is apparently by informants. So we have informants running all over the country, checking up on what housewives are talking about in their efforts women shouldther have a different role in this society. A report on particular women come and said why they had come she felteting and how repressed, sexually or otherwise. Reports on the release of white mice by women at a protest demonstration. Reports on such other important matters as the Womens Liberation Movement is interested in zapping the america the miss America Pageant by protecting the standards and, whatever they protest in atlantic city. Example, in the baltimore Womens Liberation Movement, in a document which was sent not only to the fbi, 5. 4, but toa cab three military agencies for some reason, i document in which a document in which there was a discussion on the origins of the group, its locations, its pamphlets, and in concluding of the purposes of the group, comes up with such important findings as, they wanted a purpose and that was to free women from the humdrum existence of being only a wife and mother. They wanted equal opportunities that men have been had in society. Nothing to do with violence, nothing to do with these labels of subversion and extremism. And what is the conclusion on the document . We will continue to follow and report the activities of the omens liberation movement. Watch more of the church committees investigation, saturday night at 10 00 p. M. And sunday at this sunday night on q and a, the american involvement in the spanish civil war. Spain, Army Officers tried to seize power, and parts of the country succeeded in 1936. It sent a shockwave of alarm throughout the world. Here was a major country in europe, the rightwing what terry the rightwing military quickly backed by hitler and mussolini, who sent high lips, tanks, take drivers. Mussolini eventually sent 80,000 ground troops. Here was the spanish right making a ground for power. People throughout the world but it ought to be resistance. Sunday night at 8 00 eastern and pacific, on cspans q a. University of georgia professor Stephen Berry teaches a course stages a class about teaches a class about foreigners in the 19th century south. He argues that coroners can shed light on the patterns of death in society, and spot threats to public health, like disease or a lack of industrial safety. His classes about one hour and 10 minutes. Good afternoon, everybody. Im glad to see we are all alive and well. You have all survived seven weeks of American History, death