Into grand success in the academic world. She specializes in the civil war era, and she has written about gender and military affairs and other parts of the mid19th century u. S. History. She served as president of the society of civil war historians, which is a professional organization in our field. And i want to mention three of her books including burying the dead, but not the past, the lost cause, remembering the civil war, which is now the default book to go to on civil war memory. Crater,d harbor to the the end of the overland campaign. For our program, she will speak about disbanding the army of Northern Virginia, which is the topic of her current book length research. Caroline e. Janney. [applause] caroline where is the clicker . Somebody took the clicker . I found it. Maybe. [laughter] caroline i did. Good afternoon. I want to start by thanking gary and liz and will for organizing all of this. It is a treat to be back here at virginia. I am going to talk about a portion of my current project, looking at what happens to leads to lees army. I want to focus on the valley. It offers us a window into the war. I think it also offers a window into the end of the war. So what i want to do this afternoon, i will cover a couple of things. We will start by talking very briefly about the terms that grant offered lee at appomattox. Then i will turn to the efforts of thomas and recovery that escaped appomattox on april 9. We will talk about hancocks efforts to get those stragglers. And we will conclude with an incident that occurred in the summer of 1865 in the valley, unfurledin which two unparoled confederates were executed. Something that has garnered a lot of attention in historic memory. So start with an image that many are familiar with, kind of surmising and bringing us to the surrender terms that grant offered lee on april 9. Many of you are familiar with those terms, basically they go like this. Confederate will turn in their. Rms and go home on parole and they would not be disturbed by authorities so long as they did so. This depicting the april 9 surrender ceremony in which the infantry participated. In the days that followed april 9, appomattox lee with surrender his army and they would come and, commanders filling out the parole lists and given passes to go home. Sometimes they would use them for transportation on the railroad, get rations from union posts. But the key is that of the 60,000 men available to lee on april 2, the units from richmond those 60,000g, of only 26,000 to 28,000 would be formally paroled between april 9april 12. And for the 11,000 casualties sustained between april 2, april 8, a conservative estimate was it just that at least 20,000, at least 20,000 of them in either failed to or avoided surrendering at the fight. The reasons these men were not paroled at appomattox were as varied as the men themselves. Some were sore and a starving stragglers, unable to keep up with the relentless pace of the army as it went west. Others believe that there was little use in resisting further and they elected to go home. Some hoped to forgo the humiliation of surrender. And some thought that he might continue to fight. Among them were calvary men, and here is one of the great maps i often use in my classes, you can see the Calvary Division was on the escape the Union Morning of april 9. Lee would first return to farm bill, turning himself in, then he would make his way back appomattox. But thomas munford, a major general, a kernel and somewhere around 1500 or 2400 of the troopers would escape to make their way to lynchburg. They would be joined there by a division of calvary that made its way over from the valley. And that evening in his diary, wilson of the 12th virginia calvary, and others listened to speeches from commanders about what they would do next. The evening of april 9. Among them was colonel white, who according to private wilson who was riding in his diary, advised us to go to our homes, recruit forces, and when a Southern Army should really exist, he would lead them to it. So they disperse on the evening of april 9. Appomattox represents a great irony. It was and continues to be seen as the end of the civil war. As the end of lees army. But a significant portion of the army did not surrender at mathematics. At appomattox. What we make of the 20,000 men who failed to show up for whatever reason between april 9april 12 . What would happen to them . Would grants terms apply to them . Nobody was sure. All of this, and it is important to keep in mind this is an evolving policy. Changes are made as circumstances necessitated htem them. History is a series of action and reaction, and that is what is going on in the days after appomattox. On april 10, the day after the surrender, Edwin Stanton writes to grant, he is concerned about the troops, the confederates still in the valley in Northern Virginia. He said, what about those men . Do the terms apply to them . He said, are we only considering those under lees immediate command . Thet rights writes, terms only apply to those men who were with lee on april 9, but in fact i want the war to end, so i will generously extend those terms to anyone in the army. Grant wants to into the war. It is an important point we need to come back to. What does this have to do with the valley . Well, it turns out a great deal. Ending the war would happen in the Shenandoah Valley in many ways as much as it would happen at appomattox courthouse. In order to understand that, we will go back to the calvary, and talk about major rosser. Temporarilyhe had disbanded the calvary at lynchburg. On the evening of the next day he rides to danville where he will consult with the secretary of war, breckenridge. He would instruct major rosser to go back to the valley to collect his men that had not been paroled, it is an important component, to gather them up and prepared to fight again. Rosser does just that, he goes to stanton where he issues a proclamation on april 12, from which he declared was the new headquarters of Northern Virginia. The document, which does not show up, is right over here in special collections. One of the many flyers posted throughout the area of stanton. I will read to you a bit of it. I should point out, you cannot see it at the bottom, but he has promoted himself to lieutenant general. [laughter] again, he now has the headquarters. He called upon his men to shoulder their muskets and return to the field to meet the invader that had insulted you. Rob you and murdered your dearest friends and relatives. Outraged your women. Spoiled your homes and dishonored what you held dear and sacred. Sound like taylor. He said he would lead the men against this dastardly foe and he promised he would Never Surrender until the purple current ceases to flow from my heart. Or until you are free, independent and a happy people. Rise like men and come to me, it says. And he instructed his companies and recommends to assemble and charlottesville, lynchburg and stanton without delay. Men like rosser and mumford and others, to them the war was not over. And weon high command, just heard a great deal about, they saw things differently. We will go back to major winfield and scott hancock, who is in charge of the middle military division. The map you see is representing the valley. He is in charge of a much bigger area. His headquarters is in winchester in april 1865. From his headquarters, hancock writes the secretary stanton. He asks what he is supposed to do. Should he extend the same terms . In fact, he gets orders from stanton on april 10 to circulate the correspondence, the famous correspondence that had gone back and forth between grant and lee, he is asked to print it and post it all over winchester. And that is over here in special collections. Hancock was to offer the same terms that grants had offered lees men. He prints in the newspaper newspapersth the still in circulation, he posts these up and down the valley. I will review that. All detachments and stragglers from the army of Northern Virginia, with the exception of mosby, would be paroled under the same conditions at appomattox and be allowed to return to their homes. Every military restraint shall be removed that is not actually necessary, he promises. And your sons, husbands and brothers shall remain with you unmolested. Those who fail to do so, will be arrested and considered present of war. Prisoners of war. Any of the men capture before april 8, where visitors of war. They were not paroled. This is what hancock and others are threatening, if people do not come in and get paroled the will be sent they will be sent to northern prisons. These instructions do not just go to hancock, they are said to Union Commanders elsewhere in farmville, lynchburg, in the north. Here in the valley, there were a great many stragglers or detached calvary from the army. In the days that followed, soldiers from the valley began to go to headquarters in winchester, to hancock. We have some postwar pictures. We do not have a picture of the office in winchester, but more than likely there was a sign like this and the men knew where to go. Among them, two Young Brothers from outside of newmarket, 19yearold john and his brother luther, both of the virginia calvary, who had walked to winchester. And on april 19, they turned themselves in. These are parole records for them. And if you could read it, not only does it identify the name and unit, but it gives a physical description of him, his age, height, complexion and i color. This is important because in future cases there will be men whose paroles are questioned and the army will say we have a description of the person. Day, 22yearold william wilson, who i mentioned wrote his diary account from the 12th division cavalry, he made his way to winchester as well where he signed his parole. He had further connections to the valley. He had been a student at uva. In the years that followed, he would return to his West Virginia home where he would practice law and he would serve as the president of West Virginia university, going on to serve six terms in congress and eventually serve as the president of washington and lee. Again, this connection of the men from jefferson county. Hancock did not just wait for men like wilson to make their way into the marshals office. Instead, when he starts to hear that there are units throughout the valley that are willing to surrender themselves, he decides to send out cavalry to send out troopers up and down the valley looking for soldiers. And on the 17th of april, arriving in strasburg a calgary reno,r who is probably but i am not completely sure, he said a great many stragglers from the army of Northern Virginia had accommodated in the city. And for those familiar with this, he is in Mount Jackson, excuse me on straws burke. He rides to Mount Jackson the following day where he sets of the parole office. He realizes there are some any people in the valley, here is the wartime picture, that he establishes an office here. A second one in newmarket. To encourage people to come in. Among those men, where many of the calvary men, many troopers who had escaped with mumford and rosser. Whether or not they had heard rossers proclamation for them to reassemble, or whether they simply decided to call it quits, remains unclear. In the days that followed, then he began coming in. On april 18, for example, 27 members of company b of the 12th of virginia cavalry brought themselves to Mount Jackson. For more than a week, they had stayed together, led by their captain, captain kearney. The following day on april 19, men from the first maryland cavalry, of the confederate army, and these are the records from the national archives, gathered seven miles to the south in newmarket. They arrived and turned themselves in as a unit. What is interesting about these cases is unlike so many men who had been arriving in winchester and other places, other places throughout virginia, these were not men that had returned to their families yet, who had already returned to their homes. They had been staying together as a unit. And men from the 12th virginia cavalry had hailed from shepherdstown, jefferson county, West Virginia, a county up for debate about whether it should be in West Virginia or virginia. Members of the first maryland calvary had been organized in baltimore, pittsburgh and washington dc. In other words, these confederates were at the reluctant to return to their homes and loyal states where they did not have the means or they did not have the means to do so. These were not men that decided to go home and turned to themselves and, these were men staying together. Throughout the valley, the u. S. Cover he was successful in searching out and seeking out and finding lees men to convince them to get paroled. Paroledreno said he had over 100,000 men, collecting 66 20 pistols, but few horses. Hancock had instructed him the confederate would be allowed to keep their horses, like grant had said at appomattox, unless they were branded with the u. S. Brand, then they would have to be returned. [laughter] reno writes a letter, estimating that their air are approximately 2000 calvary on men still in the valley, and in page valley. Of these, the better portion will come to take their paroles, he predicted. The work continued. The calvary went on to harrisburg and eventually by april 29, they had made their way into augustine county augusta county. Even as the men come in, we have to be cable to assume to not assume that all were eager to sign paroles. One that was not excited to do theas dated i hospice famed mapmaker. His diary has an account of somebody that is trying to decide whether it is in his best interest, the interest of the men around him, to come and assign the parole. He had been in lynchburg when lee surrendered. He and others decide that they will return to their homes. They do it by april 13. By april 17, they made it as far as lexington when he notes in his diary he has heard about hancock, the flyers, that the men are invited to come and receive the same parole. In his diary that evening, he observes that in fact many are disposed to go and seek the parole. But many, including himself, were not certain that this was the course to take. With these paroles really protect them . Especially in the wake of lincolns. Assassination had the terms changed . On april 18, he wrote, the minds of soldiers are much exercise as to what course to pursue. They are still not convinced this is what they need to do. Even as he is debating this, to the north in winchester, members of company f of the recovery, these are members of the brigade which had been on detached duty in the valley, finally decided that they would go seek the paroles as a unit. Again, april 22, all this time they Stay Together as a unit. These are not the roving bands of confederates we often hear described in the aftermath of appomattox. Members of the 18th virginia calvary that they would join up with johnston, but after seeing the posters and newspaper ads hancock park out, they decided put out, they decided to turn themselves in. We have this from a diary of baker, who wrote we met and went to winchester. The people told us where we could find the outpost, so we all gathered in marching order before we got to the site. The guard saw us coming and it raised a commotion and long before we got there all the guards were across the road in a line of battle. Step,ched and kept in when about 25 yards from them, they ordered us to stop. It sounds in some ways like the official surrender ceremony at appomattox on april 12. An officer escorted the men under guard to the office in winchester were individually, individually each of these men would find their paroles. We wrote our names and they gave us free papers to walk out with. We can maybe come back later and talk about his use of the term free papers. Instead, they were still debating whether they should surrender. On april 30, the matter seemed even more uncertain. Here he is again, soldiers doubt what to do. Some of them indisposed to be paroled. This point, ony april 26 boot has been killedh and conspirators have been captured and they are waiting on their trial. Johnson has surrendered. It has taken some time. Officially, april 26, he surrendered, dashing hopes of those that thought they could join up with him. Nobody knows what will happen with the conspirators, the former confederates, and the ry on whether or not they should sign the paroles. Others are Still Holding out hope. Including rosser, who had gathered nearly 500 men. They are about 10 miles west of stanton. Even though many cover he men had volunteered to turn themselves in, when he learns that johnson had surrendered, he does not say, ok, i am done. He chooses to make a second proclamation. Tourged his men to continue struggle for liberty as long as there is hope of success. He directed all trim and determined never to abandon their cause to meet him at stanton on may 10, for the purpose of real estate reenlisting. They would go west to join up with other troops who were in the field. He only gets 500 men and he fails to rally enough. By may for, even before the deadline, he has decided that all hope is lost. He sends word on may 4 to u. S. Authorities that he would come to stanton on may 10, not to reorganize his men, but to formally surrendered them. That they would sign paroles and to turn over arms. In fact, rosser makes little effort to surrender his command. There would be no single patrolling per rolling paroling of all his men. It would not be as formal. Instead, they would continue to trickle in individually into different posts throughout the valley. They would arrive in small detachments or as individuals. Moreover, rosser made no attempts to turn over confederate property. He admitted to Union Officials that he had concealed artillery pieces between stanton and lexington but he would not say where. Another 8 new the pennsylvania courthouse, and that he had buried arms near charlottesville. This is part of the problem, the hiding of arms, the dispersal of small bands into the countryside, this is precisely what grant and perhaps to a greater extent sherman, had most feared as the war came, as this renders were taking place, they were afraid that even as the armys were formally grinding down, the dispersal of the men, the hiding of the weapons would mean there would be a continued guerrilla war going on. In the wake of the assassination of lincoln, many U