Us up to speed and uptodate on that. [applause] face is due tos grace the front of the 20 bill soon. Our speaker is going to talk about that. [applause] she is one of the people that helped to put her there. Harriet tubman is an appropriate subject for her. Will tell you about her she grew up in kansas city, missouri. She received her undergraduate from harvard university. She specializes in American History with an emphasis on the American South in the civil war as well as american women and african American History. She is held academic positions that countless institutions. She is been at the university of richmond, visited l, the citadel, the university of texas at san antonio. As a consulting scholar on a number of documentaries and feature films, including Steven Spielbergs l incoln. She also wrote a wellreceived Childrens Book about Harriet Tubman which she will be selling at signing after the lecture. Please help me welcome Catherine Clinton. [applause] thank you so much. Many thanks for this return to fredericksburg. Thatparticularly heightens both the lecture series and my biography of Harriet Tubman got launched in the same year. It is a testament to the well told story of the life. Since 2004eased that there have been more than half a dozen excellent studies of Harriet Tubman and be underground railroad, including a book called gateway to freedom. That was a bestseller, which shows there is a real hunger about the underground railroad. During the intervening years, the university of Mary Washington has supported the plutarch award. It is a great time to be celebrating great lives. The remarkable accomplishment of Harriet Tubman as an intrepid conductor on the underground railroad were widely acknowledged at the dawn of this century. What of her role in the american in the postwar reforms she supported. Womens suffrage, black civil rights, africanamerican philanthropy. Convictionms from a that scholarly works were in short supply. Work ins one authorized 1859, just after the civil war. Another by a man published in the middle of world war ii. When i was invited to write an encyclopedia entry on Harriet Tubman when i was teaching at harvard, i discovered there were only a handful of scholarly articles. Since there had been a trade biography of her. Languishedtubman confined to the childrens shelf. There are over 300 Catherine Clinton listed on amazon, including my own. I kept getting invited to read manuscripts. Bookwrote a childs published in 2007. My road to Harriet Tubman coincided with important changes in womens contribution to our past. Doc for a degree in American History, it was an uphill climb. I had major in american studies. For my masters i had done africanamerican studies. And ian ardent feminist wanted to see women included in the landscape of American History. The reading list for my doctoral theifying exams included foundational text the age of jackson. Little did i imagine that that book would give way to a new era of Harriet Tubman. My princeton mentor was a pioneer. Many of you might know battle cry of freedom. He was a pioneer of africanAmerican History. He published a collection and 19 five called, the negro civil war. The revolution was under way to showcase africanamerican contributions to the battle to end slavery and the consequent freedom struggle for equal opportunity which continue. Womens history has not yet cracked the graduate curriculum by 1976. The double burden of trying to expand social history and tell stories from the bottom up was a great challenge. My generation of feminist historians felt we had our work cut out for us. In narratives which did mention Harriet Tubman she was always heralded as an underground railroad contributor. This was always for granted. The remarkable story deserves our attention. She made significant attributions as a scout, a spy for the union, a nurse, and she was working closely with the military behind enemy lines. After 1855, she had a strong record in agitating for womens suffrage while establishing her charity. Home, itopened this was the only charity home open to african in all of new york outside of manhattan. For more than a halfcentury following the abolition of slavery until her death in 1913 remains a neglected. Of her life. Seem ready to include her in the framework of africanamerican freedom struggles. Image hasbmans adorned dozens of book covers, logos, websites. She has a symbolic utility for many academic audiences. She is black and a woman. Academy seems ready to embrace her in a long line of heroes who have been there all along. She managed a brilliant career hidden in plain sight. She has had a remarkable historical comeback within the last few years which i will return to later. There are many controversial aspects of her life. And particularly her legacy. One dispute is the date of her birth. Year as theer birth one she put down on multiple government pensions. Others suggested that she might have lied about her age. As a subject of my most recent biography, first lady mary we know that Harriet Tubman appeared in the 1820s. I suggest that she was born in 1825 to enslave parents on the islands Eastern Shore. Lamented that, i grew up like a neglected we. Liberty, having no experience of it. She let a harsh life, being put out to work at the age of six. Being harassed by overseers. Witnessing siblings disappearing. Growing into a young woman, she preferred labor in the field rather than its mother or of domestic house service. She married a free black man herd tubman, but live where master soffit. In 1849 when she heard a rumor that her owner was planning to sell her down the river, many family and neighbors had already been exiled into the deep south. She decided to make an escape. She wanted to make her own journey to freedom. In doing so, she was leaving behind parents and siblings. She would assume her mothers name, harriet. To convince her husband to go with her, but he was not convinced. She took his name, tubman, with her. The infamous runaway advertisement has never been located. Maryland native moved to bucktown, maryland to settle on slaveowning property his owners had once lived on. He helped to create a tourist site. This store was the place where a young Harriet Tubman once ran ahead to warn a slave that the overseer was pursuing him. Came between the enraged overseer and the playing an iron weight was wrong. The store is one of relatively few documented sites from Harriet Tubmans years in maryland. 2003, it was heard that they were filling up a dumpster. He asked if he might take a look at what was being thrown out. Granted permission, he and his gloves, on the rubber put on old close, and dug in. They unearth a copy of the cameras democrat containing cambridge democrat containing an advertisement for the runaway. The First Published piece of evidence that has documented her flight that is always eluded scholars. I wont say never pass up a dumpster, but it is sometimes tempting. Arrived inlive pennsylvania, she launched on illustrious career as a member of the underground railroad. By all rights, Harriet Tubman was the great emancipator, leading scores of africanamericans to freedom in the north, at times even to canada. Scholars may disagree over the numbers she led to freedom, but we all agreed that she sacrificed comfort and safety to liberate others. Blackrked in concert with publishing this in philadelphia abolitionists in philadelphia and delaware. Of a time atstory night when three companions moved. Accompaniedures who her and never been on the road before, the path to freedom. More than the autumn chill in the air content to shiver as they moved as quickly and silently as possible. They hoped to reach their next stop before dawn. If cloudy skies of secured the moon, their god was able to guide ableguy to direct them. Moonlit track, Harriet Tubman decided to move across the field. She faced an unfamiliar river. She walked along the banks to see if there might be a bridge or a boat to get to the other side area after a fruitless search, she insisted they would have to cross on foot. The men refused bering that they would drown. Breath,han waste her she waited across alone. After she made it to the other side, the two men followed. They came to an isolated cap where they could take shelter. They mated it to freedom a few days later. It was incredibly dangerous to assist you to tears on the road. Suspects were thrown in jail with the flimsiest of evidence. A free black minister in Dorchester County was investigated by authorities. He was expected of having harboring a group involved in a massive escape. Searched by the local constable, but yielded no acriminating evidence except copy of uncle toms cabin. Law, possession of this by an africanamerican was illegal. He was prosecuted, convicted, and because of his high profile within the community, he was given 10 years in jail. This punishment was meant to send a message to those who would dare harbor fugitives. They would be prosecuted and there would be no mercy. Harriet tubman crafted her expeditions with extreme care. Woman reported that the would use music and spiritualist to signal to fugitives hidden along the road. She directed them by her songs. No one would know this but with some by an old woman as she trudged along the road. Once when she passed through a town near her maryland home she walked the streets with a hat over her face. Spotted one of her former masters approaching, she made the chickens flap and she avoided eye contact and tended to her birds and passed inches from the former master. Her steel nerves and her ingenuity combined to make her one of the most intrepid workers within the underground railroad. She was always prepared with a change of costume or other diversion. She confided to her colleagues in 1904, i can say what most conductors cannot say, i never ran my train off the track and i never lost the passenger. There were only a handful of conductors who gains notoriety before Harriet Tubman came onto the scene. All of them were white men and most of them were known as abductors who traveled into the south to assist fugitives. They specialized in dangerous business. The reasons these white man became identified as abductors is because they were caught, which in all but one case curtailed their underground railroad activities. Massachusetts sea captain was detained offshore in florida with a boatload of fugitives. He was caught in the act of assisting runaways as he used the open seas as his escape route. He was convicted and locked into a pillar in where he was pelted with rocks in a. That he was given excessive fines and forced to serve a year in jail before antislavery friends could raise enough cash to secure his release. Before he was released and sent on his way, he received a punishment which would become infamous. He was branded on his hand i a. S. Marshall with the mark ss for slave stealer. A home was composed which ended with the verse, then let that manley righthand bold. Prophecypalm shall salvation for the slaves. He was there all along the road to freedom along with Harriet Tubman. Topics for you students out there. Of aield was born the son slaveholder but pronounced his birthright to spend his time and energy liberating slaves, assisting them all the way to canada. Educated minister who resigned his post that a church in providence in 1838 to become involved in the underground railroad. He was caught transporting a slave family out of virginia in 1843. He was sentenced to six years hard labor in the maryland penitentiary. Andied while incarcerated became a martyr to the cause. Reverendnfamous, the Calvin Fairbanks learned to hate slavery and Oberlin College in ohio. He began making trips into kentucky to transport slaves into freedom. Over his ears with the underground railroad, he smile smuggled 50 slaves to freedom. He began with a 15yearold girl who he adopted into his family. Fairbanks spirited the girl away from her 80yearold master in Montgomery County kentucky. Great great henddaughter of a slave whom took as his mistress at the age of 14. Now he was expecting to make this girl his mistress. This kind of sensationalism became standard abolitionist there unveiling the evils of slavery. Paintingis anonymous and a slave sale in lexington kentucky. John brown always caused Harriet Tubman general. It signaled his highest theme for her congressman and that she was a warrior. In the wake of john browns death, Harriet Tubman participated in a public rescue in upstate new york. A fugitive slave was being held by authorities in troy, new york. Harriet tubman was visiting a troy relative when fate was being determined in a courtroom. The chamberps into that made her look very innocuous. Harriet tubman was standing at the back of the rome when it was announced that he would be shipped back to virginia. The crowd below disappointed in the verdict, began to swell. Harriet tubman knew she must seize the moment. She would test the good people of troy. With a rise to the occasion . And help her strike a blow for freedom . Shortly after, Harriet Tubman maneuvered herself into position. The frail old woman surprised the guard by wrenching him free and tracking him down the stairs into the waiting arms of comrades. An eyewitness reported she was reportedly beaten over the head with policemans clubs but she never released her goal. Bleeding and half conscious, he was hauled down to the river and sat across the river on a skin. Once he reached the other side, he was taken back into custody and confined to a judges chamber. It was followed by a very good 400 abolitionist anton protecting him. Ralliedriet tubman she followers to storm the building where he was being held. They reached having. Harriet and other women brought him out and put him into the first wagon passing and started him for the west. Lawyers, editors, public man, private individuals have all been rescued. The rankandfile were black. Harriet tubman has earned the name of moses on the underground railroad, but was also a joshua as well. Knew what most americans would soon discover, when john brown had tried to demonstrate a few months before, slavery was war. Harriet tubman symbolizes the most powerful and purest elements of the underground railroad. Right to selfdetermination, defeat of unjust laws through collective resistance. She risked her own life and freedom again and again. Making daring rescues of others. This was undertaken while she suffered a severe disability. She and her friends refer to it as losing time. There are no records, we can only speculate on her medical condition. Perhaps she suffered from narcolepsy. Some suggest she might have had temporal lobe epilepsy. Whatever her disease, she faced it with courage. Without complaint, a hallmark of her career. After the civil war was formally declared, moving her underground struggles above ground, Harriet Tubman joined the federal forces in virginia then South Carolina. She was the plotter behind one of the most airing union rates beat in the heart of dixie. On in june of 18 63, boats moved upriver. The band of soldiers knew that on this mission their fate rested in the hands of their commander and the famous moses. Of colonelicture mcgovern having a bad hair day, quite clearly. He was a ferocious soldier. They followed him probably. A sneak attack in the dead of night to catch slaveholders offguard was vintage Harriet Tubman. She had been given the location of rebel torpedoes which were stationary mines placed below the surface of the water, they did not move. She guided union ships to avoid them. On the dangerous journey, she more than she freed during the underground railroad days. Boatst tubman guided the to designated spots on the shore where fugitives lay hidden. Once the all clear was given, they approached the water line to be loaded on the ship. Slaves were put on to the gunboats that night. Harriet tubmans plan was triumphant. The official confederate report concluded, the enemy seems to have been well posted as to the capacity of our troops. There is small chance of encountering opposition. To have been well guided by persons thoroughly acquainted with the river and the country. O this was a well executed military operation which was celebrated in northern papers. Heriet tubman continued struggle working as a spy and a scout for union generals. Following her retirement from the army in 1865, Harriet Tubman returned to her home in the Finger Lakes Region of upstate new york. She took up the role of activist and philanthropist. See solicited funds. Active in womens suffrage and other important reform crusade. She sought compensation from the government, petitioning it for back wages and then for soldiers pension. This campaign took her over 30 years. At first, Harriet Tubman received eight dollars a month for widows. She had remarried a Union Veteran in 1869. He died in 1888 after a series of petitions, in 1899, she was granted 20 per month. Not the full pension of a soldier, but more than the pension of a nurse. In recognition of her war work. Died on march 10, 1913. Home, aarriet tubman Charitable Institution she had established for the needy within her community. Following her death, race leaders praised Harriet Tubman for her exemplary sacrifice and contribution. Funeralgiven a military in auburn, new york. Also put up aburn plaque in her memory on the courthouse to commemorate her. This was the first public acknowledgment of an africanamerican woman through this memorialization. I have been to the commemoration life during the annual ceremony in auburn, new york on tubman day, march 10. Ive been to Saint Catherines canada where she i have been to the renovated Country Store near where she received her lifethreatening injury. I have held on the waters by cambridge, maryland, where tubman wrote as a child. I have been to boston where she spoke to quote colored conventions on the road to freedom. Mugs, bought tubman stamps, even a comic book. Search on the internet, and on the popular ebay will yield you a grab bag of tubman memorabilia. Posters, and especially dolls. The tubman doll to American Heritage doll all have one thing in common. They bear prism of two tubman. I was taken aback when a senior scholar endorse my idea. He suggested that a need to remind people that harriets first language was dutch. He was mixing her up with Sojourner Truth. When i told another scholar, a mentor action, that i would be writing a biography about the most famous africanamericans and the 19 century, he only guessed tubman on the third try. Starting with Frederick Douglass , who we know is making a comeback. I only include these anecdotes to illustrate that graduates were more familiar with tubmans achievements than in the formal academy. In the 1980s and 1990s, discussions on electronic lists and letters to the editor tried to use tubman as an advocate for gun rights versus gun control. She not only used a rifle, but we also know she always carried a pistol during her travels along the underground railroad. This matter faction not really influenced modern political debate, but it seems to. It was to migrate regret regret, i took my son each to Harriet Tubman plays, but they were quite different plays. The issue of guns and schools, guns and children, had become much more highly charged in the 1980s. I was also familiar with the idea that was propagated in popular art, such as this print, that Harriet Tubman carried a rifle on the underground railroad. She was so stealthy, so wise, that i think a black woman carrying a rifle around, in the south, behind enemy lines, is not really likely. She did carry a pistol, and the use of that pistol, and carrying a gun, is, as i said, dragged into modern debates. Certainly the black Power Movement of the 1960s created , renewed interest in tubman for trained her as the founding mother of black revolutionaries. As i have taught abroad for the last decade, the image of her was popularized internationally. At the victoria and Albert Museum in london, they had an installation for the of thennial celebration ending of the International Slave trade, and there she was treated, in some ways, as a mama revolutionary. Tubman may have been a revolutionary, but she was also one of the women who sought to build, through interracial cooperation, and she put her Christian Faith into action. Thus, she has become, in a way, a harriet for all seasons, embraced by the black panthers on the one hand, by clandestine and modern movements to shelter women and children in the modern era, and advocates of peaceful nonviolent to such a pinnacle of convicted symbolism, her popularity elicited some backlash. As ans name was invoked example of laws associated with guidelines. After protected protracted debates where the standards were hammered away, tubman became a hotbed for critics. A whipping girl for political correctness. She continued to blossom with an pop culture. Artistic representations of harriet are manifold. Some of my favorite remain the images of harriet done by Jacob Lawrence in his famous series. Public art is impressive and a measure of her growing presence, especially in statues. In delaware,her erected in 1993. A Group Portrait and battlefield, michigan, in 1994. By the way, battlefield, michigan was Sojourner Truths home. In littleh a child rock. In bristol,ting pennsylvania, a 2006 statue. Tubman in manhattan in 2008, at andcorner of Saint Nicholas Frederick Douglass avenue. Markers, much too many markers for me to keep track of. It was a particular triumph when South Carolina named the bridge over the come be river in tubmans honor in 2008. Despite a powerful betrayer of inman portrayal of tubman a miniseries in 2008, she has had a very low profile. Until recently, viola davis is trying to bring her to the screen for a movie. On and and the award in 2015, she paraphrased tubmans words to advocate on behalf of black actresses. In a line, i see beyond the line i see green fields beautiful flowers, and white women stretched out to me, but i cannot seem to get there, i cannot seem to get beyond the line. Davis would go on to say that that was tubman in the 1800s. The only thing that separates women of color from anyone else is opportunity. In march 2017, tubman will appear on a series, underground. Although, sadly, i have not seen the new series, but the promos do show harriet caret carrying a rifle, rather than a pistol. Mercy street has many more historians consulting on it. Thegh she was featured in 2012 Abraham Lincoln vampire say, i and i have to have a special weakness for this, although my friend with quite rightly outraged that this movie would be the first movie to portray lincoln in over 60 years, rather than spielbergs lincoln. Nevertheless, it has a plot twist where the first lady, merrymaking, and Harriet Tubman come together to save the day by smuggling Silver Bullet to gettysburg so soldiers could defeat the vampire confederates. [laughter] i could not have imagined this. When i did see it, it had a certain kind of symmetry for me. Tubman has remained folkloric, and she has only recently been given the respect she deserves. As ans a portrait of her old woman. She is wearing a shawl, you see. You can go to the new african American History and culture see onin d. C. And display the shawl sent to her by queen victoria. We do have to see that, at long last, we are discovering of their ethics other aspects. In the spring of 2015, a popular internet uprising. It followed in the wake of u. S. Treasurer and obama appointee, rosie rios, who advocated for putting women on money. , are was a scheduling redesign for bills, and she felt it was time for us to consider putting money women on the money. The Internet Campaign raised important issues, including a poll with over 600,000 voting, and Harriet Tubman was declared the winner. In the summer of 2015, when the treasury launched its own new 10 campaign, i pronounced tubman as a candidate, and weighed in with other scholars. The unprecedented outcome outcome was unprecedented. It became in many ways a campaign to educate people about women in American History. Was not think it interrupted somewhat by the save hamilton campaign, and i think we cannot really judge how successful it was because, unfortunate, educating the American People on women can be an uphill battle. Were facedcandidates with this, who with a nominate, theyfound the next day were given a very poor grading for the nominations. In the summer of 2015, i became concerned about all the competing agendas. On august 5, 2015, the secretary of the treasury invited a group of scholars to the smithsonian to discuss ongoing efforts to put a female face on american currency. This is the back of a two dollar bill. How many of you remember the two dollar bill . We have some hands. Would surprise you to know that is Thomas Jefferson on the front of the two dollar bill. I think it came out in a flurry. It was often used by africanamericans during black History Month to demonstrate their consumer power, so you would ask he find it circulating more as a protest than as a popular movement. I think secretary lou and treasurer rosie rios wanted to get a crosssection. They had a kind of summit musing meeting. Here is a picture of rosie rios on august 5, 2015. They gathered scholars from history, economics, anthropology, with specialties ranging from america in the late 20th century to colonial history. I suggested that a woman of color must be the female honored on any redesign currency. I was not alone in this conviction. Nor, the only one who advocated tubman. I was the only scholar who brought along my biographies for the secretary and the treasurer so they can learn for themselves a goodman may be such candidate. In my recently published book, step daughters of history, i mammythat dismantling the is a necessary step for including africanamerican women in American History, specifically women like Harriet Tubman. I discussed the issues that arose during a very Heated Exchange at the smithsonian summit. Some of us objected to the idea that womens faces must be treated to a higher aesthetic standard, rather than judging the individuals worth to by contributions to american ideals. Theholar suggested that American People may not be able mammy,pe except a even if it was a beloved icon, like Harriet Tubman. I then pulled out a copy of my book. You can look at the three biographies that came out in 2004, we all use the same image. We argued passionately for her selection. There was. Tubman, even after brandedg, she could be a mammy. However, she is part of a generation of new african sherican scholarship would be part of our revised narrative that allowed flesh and blood of women as fleshy and bloody as necessary to replace cartoon characters. Harriet tubman remains in the medic of africanamerican womens struggles. Harriet tubman is and was proof that mammy remains of weapon in our chair. It was argued that the family of redesign bills would retain hamilton while providing opportunities for more than one woman. Lucretia motts, susan b anthony, Elizabeth Cady stanton, and Sojourner Truth will appear on the back of the 10 bill. Marian anderson, eleanor roosevelt, joined by Martin Luther king are proposed for the reverse of the lincoln five dollar portrait. Harriet alone that will adorn the front of a new 20 bill, dislodging andrew jackson. Getting Harriet Tubman on the. Oney was my goal all of these redesigns will be glacierly slow. When i began my career over 40 years ago, the idea that such a change would happen in my lifetime of fantasy. I did hope to survive to see the opening of the Harriet Tubman underground Railroad Monument on the Eastern Shore of maryland. It will happen this year, 2017, on the beacon of march 11, which follows Harriet Tubman day. This effort is spearheaded by independent scholars, and the tubman might offer biographer kate larson. I also welcome the addition of the Harriet Tubman National Park in auburn, new york. A park established in assigning juny ring ceremony in 2017. Uary portrait of tubman, what experts agree is the earliest known photograph of her. It will be auctioned off in manhattan on march 30. It was not discovered in a dumpster, but in a jumble sale on the streets of new york when someone strolled by and started picking through the pictures. I know some of you out there do that. I know you are looking for treasure. Over 30 years ago, this souvenir purchased. Those of us addicted to searching for valuables should share in this celebration of a treasure finally coming to light. This is a newly discovered portrait of Harriet Tubman. 2016 was a banner year, as we also have miss liberty getting a new face. And, we of course eagerly await tubman on the 20 bill. Of tubman biography last century, i adopted the mantra, let 100 harriets bloom. Sure enough, the u. S. Treasury will make this a reality when we can enjoy billions of tubmans joining lincoln in circulation. Lets give harriet in cheer a cheer in the new year. [applause] [indiscernible] [indiscernible] does anybody know that . Ms. Clinton i always save nobody knows, but we make educated guesses. This is one of the controversial areas where biographers disagree. I think we choose to disagree. I could make the argument that she only smuggles her sister to safety a few months after her self liberation, or she smuggles several hundred that were reported. Another by current for biographer has suggested the only 70 verifiable cases. We are talking about a kind of site network of people. We do know, for example, there is a case where tubman smuggled nearly one dozen fugitives to freedom. She took them to upstate new york and then across the border. We talk of an example of Frederick Douglass taking 11 fugitives to upstate new york. We only have the snapshots. We do not have full evidence. If you could put be put in jail for having a band book in your house, you can imagine how africanamericans feared. Laws were overturned by the federal government. Im sure you have heard of that in virginia, the battle between federal and state. It goes on during this period, but in 1850, many africanamericans who have struggled for 50 years or more were very fearful. Very respected africanamerican was hauled in front of the court and the slave catcher said he was a runaway. Of course, he was known to have been a resident of philadelphia for over 10 decades. We do not know the numbers. They are disputed. I used to get a call every spring about us. Oes not really gel for also we still do not know things. Treed to keep it in a until after the war. Eric former talks about a list an archive,dden in and he only brings it out after the 20th century. Those records will yield things. , in i did my first book encourage people to go into your , and take your papers to archives to take it safe. Thank you for your question. I really enjoyed your presentation. A couple of points. Involved withe john brown . There is some information that he consulted her, and she could not go with them because of illness. Ms. Clinton again, when i say there are controversies, when my reviewer said she quote faked her illness so she would not be involved in the disastrous run. She was involved with brown, she understood his projects. Who was familiar with the slavery of war. That thediscovered slippery slope that some a practiced was a defeat of her mother, i think that turned her, in a way, towards breaking down unjust laws. Certainly john brown was a charismatic figure. In canada. Citing he spoke for him, she had to use harriet garrison, when she was speaking and boston because she did not want to get caught in her association. It is true that brown kept postponing the date and sending information back and forth. New information on brown suggests this conspiracy was known by scores of people. By the time that brown launched his rate, it was known in abolitionist circles. I think she was concerned about keeping her safety and ability to go south and continue to rescue. I mentioned these abductors. We do not use that term because it has a flavor to it. She would hear from the Family Member that someone needed to be rescued, and two would undertake individual rescues. Again, i think that work had become very personal and powerful to her. Of an uprising was knew of in theory. She was active him respected him. She welcomed him as a combat, rather than a martyr. He calls her general. He also used the mail pronoun. Some of my younger colleagues may transgender her. My book does not do that. Sheve an oprah angle that married a younger man the second time around. Someone she met at work during the war. Of road a wartime romance. Inwn was released brownsville, texas, then he met up with her in auburn, new york. My view of her was that she was so much a warrior that john brown called her general and treated her to the male pronoun. The second part is how did slavecape the fugitive tag since she was moving in and out and possibly everyone knew who she was. How did she maneuver that . Ms. Clinton it is interesting spoke, he mcpherson talked about accounts of black women were invisible. The visibility of black women was something they use. Harriets a moment when was on a train, she also, by the way, frequently took a train south because of black woman going south was not assessed as a black woman north. She would gather her money, go individuals,cue and there are times when she would always travel at night, the example i gave, tried to find in the woods some safety, but never travel by day. She had certain route she would always travel. She knew safe stations. Itso, it is so wonderful disappeared, a new image of her. Tubman would often take cart to beast with her. If they knew the name of who it was, then they were a safe person. She had a way of making her rounds. So many were able to help her. She was a real network and the south, and she could make her way to canada, to safety. That was her skill, her talent. Her illness that we do not have a record of. She could do any rescues under her conditions, was quite remarkable. Thank you for your questions. The westernsume is guess,they displayed, i a quilt that they said was a roadmap for directions. Is that something that Harriet Tubman would use for guidance . Ms. Clinton i am afraid i have to dispel the myth of the quilt code. Tubman was a quilter. We have quilts on her bed and her own house, as well as the Harriet Tubman home. The thought that quilts were symbols that africanamericans used for safe houses has not been substantiated. I think we have done a lot of scholarship to dispel that particular myth. At the same time, as one of the few women we can name, study, and find so much information on, we have technology that the quilt may have played an Important Role in her escape. She may have used it as payment in order to obtain food and hiding in the initial stages of her escape. This is all information that we put together. Ught a harrieto Tubman Underground Railroad set. You can buy on the internet. Accruals,a family, the cabin, and a bloodhound. The gunt is like problem. Really . 20cluded in the toys that . Set . The dog that would be tracking her during that period. Becoming ayourself obama to besident on the currency . And, in black king of england on the pound . Ms. Clinton no, sir, im not obama on thearack money. There are two rules, which i wish all of the republican candidates would have known when they suggested their mothers, you have to be dead to be on the currency. That is my First Response to that. Im serious. I was very surprised to learn, as i think Many Americans work, as it is the portfolio and decision alone of the secretary of the treasury, not congress, and not the white house. It is something that has to do with currency design. I learned a lot about it. I do think we can honor those people of our past. One thing i talked to secretary lou about is Harriet Tubman took three years, but she had testimony from upstate people who knew her as a next any philanthropist. She earned the respect of so many, and she was deeply patriotic. For the money, and said, i, who have done so much, why should i not be entitled to what others are. She was eventually given a pension. I think honoring her because she did work for the American Government works for me, and im also in favor of the fact that secretary lou tried to talk about the way in which currency tells a story. How many of us know there are certain countries and places asre u. S. Currency serves currency in foreign nations certainly, your dollar is circulated outside the united states. It hardens me to think that countries all over this hemisphere and other places will look at that picture and want to know about who is on the money. I guess, as she broke the internet on the day of the announcement. I think it would be fitting. Lou how bravery he was because in the u. K. They women onement to put monday, and the woman who. Uggested that was harmed it was suggested that jane austen be on the money. Jane austen is on the money. It is so fitting that it is tubman because she was not recognized in her own time. She was impoverished and working in a charity to help others. She was raising money for schools, even though she was trying to, she was get women the vote. I will not be leaving that campaign. First, i would like to thank you for this great, indepth, presentation. Great job. Know if she ever had any children . Ms. Clinton thank you for another controversy. Quite intense and interesting. When i began my biography, i was struck by the fact that she attracted so many young girls. There is a picture described as Harriet Tubman and slaves she rescued. There was a particularly young intowho she did bring auburn. There was a great deal of controversy about this young girl, who, clearly she adopted, favorite, and in as her own. That daughter, alice, became a favorite. The story was that this was a daughter of one of harriets brothers who was free, brought up to auburn, and then it gets murky. You do find a lot of the extended family being unkind. I found an incident where she was referred to as a pumpkin. I tried look into the language and attitude of the time, and it was no surprise to me that kate larson and i came out with our part biographies around the same time, and we came to the conclusion that it was a possibility she was harriets child by birth, that she had given up, then she brought the child to freedom. Educators,nce became in a way. It is something that fits with the larger profile. How she never acknowledged it or spoke about it, i think, shows a lot for character and dignity during that period. During the civil war, there were few most of came into the army camp, and she would be very protective of them in very aware, sensitive, to the issue that africanamerican women often could not protect themselves. At this time it was the Union Soldiers as well as the larger Southern Community around. She would not send this young woman north until she could find a female escort to take her. There are examples where tubman was quite aware of this, but we do not have letters, we do not have testimony. We do have a lot of collateral descendents of her brothers and sisters who she brought to freedom, but only this one margaret might have been her own daughter. Believe that and have written about that and some other writers have looked into this as well. Yes, thank you. I am curious, you bring up the idea of the invisibility of the africanamerican woman. That brought to my mind with elizabeth l ms. Clinton such a good question. Obamaecently, president named a park for reconstruction. I was asked if tubman was there. In the field, we go around trying to find intersections and moments. We say, for example, a lisbeth must have known Harriet Jacobs because they were in washington working on contraband at the same time. Harriet tubman must have known watkins in the north, they were at the same small town at the same time, but they did not have smartphones, facebook locator. We cannot really find us, and theres no evidence of it. I had worked on a lisbeth in my mrs. Lincoln biography. She is receiving a lot of attention and im very pleased of her portrait in the lincoln film. Im sorry cannot make the connections. It is for your generation and the next generation to keep in the archives, as well as the dumpsters, in biography classes as well as onsite. Thank you. Thank you very much for your time and your perspective on Harriet Tubman. I want to know, you mentioned she had a Christian Faith that guided her. I want to know how you think she came about her Christian Faith. I also have a lot of questions but i will stop with what piqued your interest that you wanted to become a biographer of Harriet Tubman . Ms. Clinton thank you for that. I found it religion question quite compelling for me. When i was talking to a variety of editors about my tubman biography, i had wanted to one or two who confronted me and said, i read that Harriet Tubman thought she could talk directly to god and she would follow his instructions, so how are you going to handle that . I said, you are right, i am going to write in my book that Harriet Tubman. She spoke directly to god, and try to follow what she thought were the guidelines of christianity. I am only joking about this because she was a miracle maker, someone who would go into the office and say, and the money to rescue someone. Thomas garrett would be so taken she prayed, fervently. She was out in a swamp in a group and was afraid of discovery. She is summoned who believed that her strong faith led her andugh many moments of fear danger. Ishink it is something that important. She also believed in individual will. Children are so fascinated by her. , and i wanted to know more about the study of the impact of war, race, and emancipation studies was growing. I was contemplating writing a larger study about women in the civil war, but i thought i had written my first book on white women during the civil war, so i would look at africanamerican women after the civil war. I thought the neglect of her was very unfortunate. I think american schoolchildren have been heartened and inspired by her example. One person can make a difference, can change another , and i think a very important message, at a time when our country was stories,ting holocaust the eradication of people because of their color or faith. She came to me as someone who se full story, she should not be a folk character, but what she was, a very significant activist for justice and freedom, and she should be restored as a hero of the american pantheon. That was my goal. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] interested in American History tv . Visit our website, cspan. Org history. Can preview upcoming programs, and more. American history tv at cspan. Org history. We are standing on the grounds of four anderson. Up next, we speak with author Ford Bonneville about the and its role during the civil war. Were actually standing on the crest of fort emerson. This was the largest confederate fort in the lower cape fear interior that guarded the western land approaches in the
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