This president s day on the cspan networks, starting at 10 00 a. M. Eastern. A leadership challenge at 1992 this is why proudly announce my candidacy for president of the united states. A special presentation on president ial Campaign Announcements from Ronald Reagan in 1979 to barack obama 2007. We will reair these announcements later in the evening on cspan2. Finalist for the National BookCritics Award starting at noon eastern. Prizewinning arthur David Brian Davis on his third and final volume on the history of slavery. At 1 30, Elizabeth Holbrook argues that were undergoing the sixth mass extinction as a result of human action and will be the most devastating. At 3 00, along with senator is elizabeth warren, will talk about wealth and inequality. Cartoonist past that Patrick Oliphant will discuss the president and some of the most memorable qualities. At 7 00 p. M. Eastern, and nbc interview with former president herbert hoover, discussing his life beyond the presidency. 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I think we will enjoy this. We have a couple of starting anecdotes. The year is 1720, the spanish in new mexico are hearing more about french activity coming out of louisiana and canada. They hear these rumors that french traders are moving west. That they are aligned with the indians on the great plains. 1720, the governor of new mexico sends an expedition to investigate. 45 spaniards and 60 pueblo indians go out. Everything is uncertain, but they probably get into what is now western nebraska, and they encounter a large group of indians who were probably pawnees. They attacked the spanish with both arrows and muskets. They are heavily armed. About two thirds of the spanish are killed in the battle. It is estimated about six survivors survive. It is basically a bit of a disaster for the spanish. The survivors contribute to a painting of the expedition. This is hard to see. It was difficult to get a good resolution copy. It is by an unknown artist. There is a group of spanish and pueblo indians, circled by a lot of indians. Some of the indians have bows, and some of them have guns. There is one thing they dont seem to have come and what might you guess that is . Exactly. In 1720, the spanish are on the planes, attacked by indians who dont seem to have horses. Well, the implications of this expedition, one, you can see spanish fear of the french presence and expansion, and particularly guns and french alliances with indians. You can see the absence of horses. Apparently, you also notice a group of planes indians can defeat a spanish expedition easily. They dont have any particular military advantage. In the aftermath, the spanish have no desire to venture onto the planes and have a repeat of this experience. Thats our first starting point. The second starting point has to do with a group of explorers. We will by the way, that is a village that gives you a sense of the habitation the thing countered. Our next starting point is in the early 1740s, to french brothers, sons of the explorer whose document we red for today, go out into south dakota, north dakota, this area around the black hills. They are looking for a number of things, but in particular, they are looking for the headwaters of a Western River that will lead the pacific. That is their ultimate objective. They are probably in the vicinity of the black hills in south dakota. They report back that they couldve seen the pacific from the top. If you know anything about the geography, thats not the case. Their guides, who they know as the bow indians, received reports of rates by another group of indians that they call the snakes, probably shoshones. They want to protect it from raiders. The exploration has to be abandoned as the bow indians go back to their home. At this time, all of the indians have horses. This is two decades later, a little bit farther north. The indians that the french explorers encountered to have horses. One way that we know about the location of some of these explorations is this is a great map these french guys are optimistic that maybe they can see the pacific from the black hills. There are some french views of north america that are different than the views we have today. There are persistent rumors in the first half of the 18th century that there is some cn Western North america. This is the leading geographer in france who put together the speculative image of what Western North america would look like. You see that your state is underwater. Europeans at this time dont really know very much about the chair of Western North america. It is still plausible that french explorers are thinking they can reach the waters of the pacific or some inland extension relatively easily. Any ideas what might give rise to this kind of image . Anybody been to utah . You have that thing salt lake that looks really big. If you been out there, you can easily imagine how the stories of salt lake could be magnified. Puget sound seems like an inland body of water. There are some basis for these rumors, but the conclusion that french geographers come to our farfetched. This is a lead plate, which was left by the expedition, which was found by some schoolkids during recess in south dakota in 1913. Thats back in the days when everything was totally cool. You can find western exploration when youre playing tag or something. Everybody has the idea that virginia has all these historical sites. You can see that as late as the middle of the 18th century, the french are pretty confused about Western North america. You can also see that the french presence out west is meager. You have two french explorers dependent on the indians they are working with. This is not the imposition of french power. This is a few scouts trying to figure out whats going on out there. Horses have moved north by the 1740s, and there seems to be indications of warfare in the northwestern plains by this time. With these anecdotes in view, we can address some questions. One question we might ask is why when did the study of the spanish start . The first half of the course. 1520s, 1530s, the coronado expedition, early 1540s. The spanish have been in Western North america for over two centuries. Why are they still largely confined to places like new mexico, texas. Why isnt there more of a spanish presence as you go into other areas. That is one question. The other question is why are the french moving west . And what of the consequences of these movement that theyre pushing west into the planes from canada and louisiana . The final question is the most interesting. What is the relationship between what happens in the 18th century on the planes and the iconic image of north American Indians that most americans have, which is Something Like a sioux warrior on a horse. What is the relationship between what were going to talk about today, developments of the 1700s, and that big image . We will start with the spanish. Why is the spanish presence so tentative . Why is it only reaching into new mexico and southern texas . Let me give you a couple of images to orient you. I will turn this thing off. This is a man dan indian village. That will be something you can have in mind when were talking about that document. It would have looked Something Like that. This is just a quick image of spanish expansion in texas in the late 17th century. It is moving along the coastal plains. Some key places that we will talk about. The missions around san antonio right there. Those are the most significant ones. Expansion of Spanish Missions into texas, the alamo im not sure it looked like this in the 1740s. This is a representation of the movement of horses north. Horses start up here in the southern parts of north america, mexico, north america, but you can see this movement of horses north along the planes through the great basin into the northwest. We will talk about that as one of the developments of the 18th century. Not the best map of hudson bay but something we havent talked about, there is this great inland body of water in canada hudson day. There are these british trading posts in the late 17th century and 18th century. I want you to get a feel for those. The final image i will show you is basically a sense of new mexico moving up into southWestern North america. It is not controlled by the spanish. That will help to situate our discussion. That should be all we need for the moment. Lets talk a little bit about what the you figure is your top priority as an imperial official in someplace like madrid. Protective line of places like mexico and peru. Other lucrative mines . Thats later on. Not in the 17th century and 18th century. If you think about the spanish empire, it extends down to the southern portions of south america, peru, bolivia, chile. Its not that surprising that it takes a while for the spanish to begin launching these forays into the planes. There are other ways they can allocate their resources. The coronado expedition back in 16th century we did not talk about that much you recall how this went . Not great. The spanish went out there and discovered thousands of formidable plains indians who were not necessarily going to welcome the spanish. They found the planes were an area of meager rewards and significant danger. That is one factor that held spanish expansion back until the 18th century. The texas it gets going in the early decades of the 18th century. The early decades of 1700s. What do you think is the impetus for the expansion of Spanish Missions into coastal texas . What is happening east of texas that might inspire you . [indiscernible] that is it. The french began a colony in 1699. There is some french exploration down the mississippi before that. The spanish are nervous about the presence of these french guys, the presence of a french colony that might conceivably be a threat to mexico and new mexico. That is the primary reason. The spanish expansion into texas is generally a few missions with a small number of soldiers to go with them. The founding of san antonio and 1718, thats the most significant example of spanish expansion. Its a site that what do the spanish look for before they found a mission or settlement . If you recall from new mexico, for example. [indiscernible] thats exactly what they find. San antonio is a place with irrigated fields that has been established by local indian communities. The spanish are trying to move into an area that seems compatible with their style of life and also a place with a can grow food to support the mission. The hope is also that the spanish are looking for settled agricultural indians. Thats what they would really like to find. They think they are the most compatible with the spanish way of life and christianity. It is easier to establish a church that can work them in one place. In fact, the way the Spanish Mission in texas work, theyre not a great success. Generally speaking, only the most desperate indians go there. They dont have any choice. The population does not increase. By 1760s, san antonio only has about a thousand people. What would bring spanish indians to Spanish Missions . [indiscernible] texas is a dangerous place in the 1700s. The Spanish Missions are one potential place of refuge. There are fortifications spanish soldiers with guns, an alliance with the spanish empire. Indians are looking for a place where they can take refuge from some of the other indians in the 18th century. For a lot of indians who went to these texas missions, they did not see it as that major of a step in the way they were living. If you recall, there was that season of migration groups from one place to another, nuts from one particular grove of trees, moving inland, moving to the coast. The texas indians a few the Spanish Missions as another stop and their seasonal migration. There would be food, a place of refuge. They viewed them as an adaptation of their lifestyle rather than a total change. You do get some of these Spanish Missions, but they were not a great success. They dont generate wealth, they dont get a lot of people, highly runnable to indian raids. They dont establish a dominating spanish presence. They are vulnerable to indians in that area. One way you can get a sense of that phone her ability is to look at san saba fiasco. It is an effort to move north beyond san antonio. At the request of some local apache indians, in 1757, the spanish build a mission. You get a Spanish Mission. 1758, a group of indians, most likely an alliance of amenities and wichita indians, annihilate the mission. That is a bad way to start out. It is an indication of a vulnerability, even a spanish fortified position in texas. Seeing that is unacceptable, the spanish pursue the comanches and their indian allies north. What they find as they go north is a well fortified indian camp, a stockade with a ditch and walls. It is flying a french flag on the top. Its not clear with a came from. The spanish were attacked this fortification claimed there are all kinds of guns and ammunition. They also claim a substantial french presence. They claim that there are people caring french flags and wearing french uniforms. The spanish are repelled with 52 People Killed or wounded. The key point is the weakness of the spanish in texas, and also the fact the indians in texas are formidable. They have fortifications, mobile striking power on forces. The spanish dont have a clear military advantage in places like texas. So that helps explain why there is sort of a Spanish Movement to texas, and why its relatively limited. New mexico is also an interesting case, the other key spanish salient in north america. We will talk about california on wednesday. New mexico remains relatively similar to what its been throughout the course. It does not have a massive expansion in the 1700s. New mexico is never a big revenue generator for the spanish empire. The french, in places like louisiana, are convinced it is and theyre trying to get to it. Mexico is a poor Frontier Colony at the end of a long supply route for them. They dont find the silver mines that the spanish were hoping for. It is a poor salient in the north. In 1765, theres only about 10,000 people of spanish dissent and 10,000 pueblo indians in new mexico. So it is relatively poor and relatively small in terms of population. Isolated at the end of a long supply route for mexico city. It still does not have any big earning commodities. There is some trade. Any idea of what its economic basis would be . [indiscernible] theres some production of local crops, but does not great that is not a great export commodity. There is a small for trade, but again, not lucrative. There is a slave trade in new mexico, sending indian slaves taken in raids around mexico down into mexico itself. In that sense, from the sort of brutal logic of an early modern colony, the fact that mexico is new mexico is up there with indians who are not part of the spanish system does mean that there are more indian groups that they can rate for slaves. That is part of new mexicos economy. The biggest problem new mexico house, in addition to the fact that it is relatively meager economically, is what would you guess . Its a long way away from the center. If its a long way from the spanish power, what is a close to . [indiscernible] that is exactly right. There are a lot of indian peoples surrounding new mexico who become more and more formidable as the 1700s go on. New mexico has to worry about the comanches to the west, the apaches who are over the place, the navajos, who are to the northwest. There are a lot of people, a lot of indian groups. The governor of new mexico is concerned. It is a highly vulnerable colony. It is surrounded. It is concerned that some of these indians surrounding it are increasingly carrying french weapons. One big difference between the spanish colonies in new mexico and texas and the french colonies and places like louisiana, is the spanish discourage the trade in guns with the indians. The french encourage the trade in guns. That makes the spanish very nervous. It means the potential enemy are much better armed. Lets talk now about lets shift from the spanish colonies and talk a little bit about these indians out the planes themselves. You can see that weve had a little hint of a very interesting story thats going on. Lets first go back in time of little bit and talk about some of the developments that lead up to what happens in the 1700s. The first thing to talk about is that when we are talking about the 1700s, there are a lot of indian communities on the great plains who are growing crops, agricultural, horticultural, big town surrounded by fields growing things like corn. This development really starts about 700 a. D. , so we will go way back, there is a movement of the growing of corn moving up the mississippi and moving west along the tributaries of the mississippi to the point where a river like the missouri has these significant villages that are growing a lot of cornbread corn around them. These villages are surrounded by cornfields. The pawnees are another example of these communit