15 minutes. Professor waugh this is for my lecture baseball becomes professional. It wasnt too long ago that , if youre controversial can can imagine. Sports and consumerism wasnt important enough. It would have raised eyebrows. Sports, Department Stores buying stuff, will not anymore. Sports and consumer culture our research and written about, made during like every other topic by historians. Now theyre even professors of sports history. Why . Because professors have found that we cannot ignore sports. Why . Because it represents money and big our, big big power, big business. Its also cultural and emotional. There is this tension between professionalism, big business, and the emotional ties that is exemplified by this letter, written by a baseball fan and published in a newspaper sports section. Let me read a quote. Care modern ballplayers about nothing but money. They dont care about their team , or their city, with their fans. In my day, things were different. That sounds familiar. At least it does to me. Quoted from a letter written in 1859. If it sounds familiar, it is. We would do well to listen to baseballs major philosopher, yogi berra, who said its deja vu all over again. That is kind of the motto for historians as well. I will say this as i begin the sports lecture, as a sports fan myself, ucla fan a dodgers fan, i could go on but i wont your life is to experience a broken heart on a regular basis. Hope,sion, english, and this is a time of hope for baseball fans. Occasionally thrilling moments that you will never forget if you are lucky. Lectureine for todays is this. Were going to talk about origins, baseballs from immature to professional, capital labor, the strikes, the fans, something were going to quote that i call heads up. That we are going to look at sports mania in the gilded age. Background byn my making the point that between the civil war and the turnofthecentury, america went sports crazy. Baseball became vague knowledge national game, boxing exploded in popularity. Football became a College Mania in basketball took firm root. He urban Athletic Club croquet, polo, tennis, golf, swimming, and bicycling swept over the middle class, including women, in successive waves of popularity. Then, i get to baseball my main topic of this lecture, i want to briefly discuss this background by selecting two previews of an example of the enthusiasm at work for sports that really in cap civilized and symbolized the gilded age that would be sports for women, and college football. Im going to show you a series of slides that shows this. If you could advance the slides. Another one. This is croquet. How many of you have played croquet . More than i thought. In my backyard when i was growing up, we had a croquet set. Here you can see that women are participating in this area. Well, fully dressed women in the victorian age, engaging in physical exercise. If you could advance to the next slide. This is a tennis game. You see the tennis togs these women are wearing, they are fully covered, not the way we are used to seeing tennis players. This is coney island beach, you read about that in your essay. Coney island is a pleasure park, so to speak. Swimming togs are not the ones we are used to, but you see that it was for men and women and children. Another one. These are bicyclists and one of my Favorite Places in the world, general grants tomb in manhattan in new york city. Men and women participated in the bicycle craze as well. Very, very popular. One more. Women Baseball Players. Team nameds to be a the vassar resolutes, a women team. You might notice their uniforms look a lot different than our excellent ucla womens softball team, which is advancing to the finals, they play at eden easton stadium, our own beloved campus here. I want to take just a minute to expand the slides. At first, women were only supposed to bring to be spectators. To bring refinement any given sport. It was found that you can keep them out. They wanted to join exercise clubs. They wanted to go boating and swim, they became very popular among young women in the 1816s 1860s, agent 70s, 1880s, 1890s. The gilded age. Baseball and other sports flourished like womens colleges, where freshmen women in this depiction, formed a Baseball Team. And they really loved it. They really loved it. However, you should note that tragedy ensued, and that is because their mothers complained to the college. They complained that baseball was too violent for young ladies. And it was disbanded, only to be reformed when those mothers saw their daughters graduate, and there was no other concern about it. From this point on, there was also ladies Baseball Clubs. These were professional Baseball Clubs, women participated in them, as you can see, ladies thisall clubs presenting lizzie arlington, the famous lady pitcher. These of the bloomer girls with appropriate costumes. Advertised and honestly conducted, very important. A highclass organization suitable for the most fast hideous, and one can hardly imagine an advertisement like that today. But then, we are studying history, our wait arent we . This is basketball, if you could advance the slides. Basketball also took root all over the country. Especially Womens Basketball teams were popular in the midwest. Where they still are very popular today. Explain this mania for sports . There were two things that we are studying in this class in the gilded age that speak to us in this. Bigt of all, the rise of business, and with it, the rise a productivity, which led to rise of the standard of living. In other words, everybody had more money in their pocket. Obviously, the working class didnt have as much money as the middle class in the middle class didnt have as much money as the extremely wealthy, but it brought an interest in a possibility of engaging in various leisure activities. There was also something else, anxiety about the kind of society, the kind of life, the kind of culture that was emerging in these decades. Live young men and women up to the standards of their parents . Would they be able to be patriotic americans . And what they develop the character that americans like to think that they had, and they would put in their children . All of these concerns and changes were part of the explanation of why sports became so popular. Lets look at my second example of the enthusiasm for sports in the gilded age before we get to baseball. I look at college football. So we can have some basis of comparison. Look at this. The rise of college football, and what at this time was a sport of the elite. This is it defection of a Football Game between yale and princeton. In the time that we are speaking about. Ucla, when ucla exist and then come about on campuses across the country, there were all kinds of sports the became popular. I already mentioned baseball, but boxing, wrestling, rolling, swimming, sailing. As the popularity of College Sports arose, intercollegiate competition group. It grew especially prominent in importance, and sporting events became serious things, especially when it came to football. Can you go to the slide . This is a game between army and navy in this period. Football originated in informal matches or games between intraclass intercollegiate colleges, and football was originally played with the rules of two games, sort of combined. Rugby and soccer. Popular thatme so it almost immediately grew into more formal contest matches. Gameirst allegedly formal between colleges was played by rutgers and princeton in 1869. Harvard and yale played in 1875. Four Ivy League Institution to form the Intercollegiate Football Association to standardize the wons, and rugby one out out. Oftball follow the rules rugby rather than soccer. The new rules might be familiar to some of us in this class. Alternating bouts, possessions, and fixed numbers of downs that made american football unique. 1890s,880s and football was a central feature of college life. And it had become a really important sport. The ivy league and western conference that was established, bringing in such Public School universities as the university of michigan, they were wellestablished, rivalries informed, and teams traveled long distances for games. As the boss popularity increased, the alumni gained more and more power over College Sports. Ball wasy saw that the a machine for making money. For example, yale football receives average 100,000 a year. Almost 1 8 of that institutions total income in the gilded age. The annual thanksgiving day championship, a game that was wellestablished during this time, featured a contest between the two best teams, usually yale and princeton. It drew as many as 40,000 spectators. The ivy league schools, the schools of the elite were the powerhouse football teams during the gilded age. College football, even though it was accepted in popular, did generate some controversy. Considered a brutal sport, causing frequent injuries. , 50 college span players died from injuries sustained on the field area in 1905 alone, 18 died on the gridiron. Can you imagine that happening today . Rate, as of casualty we call we speak of war . Lets look at one of the rules again under scrutiny. It wasnt acceptable. One of the rules that was common during this time allowed one player to hit another three beforeith closed fist being ejected from the game. You had to do it three times though. We times and you are out. Obviously, it was beginning to develop a winning at all costs mentality that invited corruption. I know youre going to be shocked, but colleges in the gilded age began to engage in shady, dishonest reporting practices. Performede, a player for 13 years at nine different schools. What a career he had. As the century came to a close, University Officials looked at this, and began to denounce football, the sport. They were led by harvard president charles elliott, who, for posterity, said this about football. No honorable sport, he said, embraces the barbarism of warfare. Is a boy killing indication prostituting editorial sport. Added the president of columbia for good measure, football is nothing more than madness and slaughter. In 1905, as i mentioned before, so many players that died that College Season that president theodore roosevelt, a huge champion of football as a manly sport called a white house conference of footballs leadership that led to the establishment of the ncaa. And now every thing is all right, no more scandals. Happily ever after. That football survive these early controversies is largely due to the effort of one man, youll football coach walter camp. Let me just tell you a little bit about walter camp. This is walter camp, appearing in his football togs at yield university, where he was a star football player. Walter camp went to medical school but dropped out of medicine to take a position with the new haven connecticut clock company. Ultimately becoming the president of this clock company. In his off time and unpaid, he coached yale football teams and builds it into a powerhouse program. Walter camp was a brilliant innovator, organizer, and tactician. He transformed rugby style football into american football. Footballitly links with business principles. This is a portrait of walter lifetowards the end of his , and it is currently hanging in the National Gallery in washington, d. C. Walter cant, from the very ,eginning of his career explicitly links football with business principles. By the way, football was the first major American Spectator sport in which the clock played a major role. In any case, he links football with business principles, and the battlefield. That is organized violence, focused on the capture of territory, with bureaucratic efficiency of training and practice. Business putsan down American College football, the opinion is asian of presentday business methods. , and maded the game its controversial style of play into a virtue, returning boys into men. Camp was the Games National spokesman for decades. He articulated the ideals of student athletes, and of football, in speeches published essays, and in over 30 books. Classic and published a on the ideals of the studentathlete, which even if you are a student athlete and you have never heard of walter camp, that is what you aspire to. Like any set of ideals that we have been talking about in this class, or throughout history, theyldom lived up to are seldom lived up to, but worthy of aspiration. By the way, football was mostly immature in the 19th century, although an early professional organization was established in 1895, the nfl was not founded until 1921. But football was not the National Sport in the gilded age. It was not americas pastime. Todays, we turn to case of study and focus, baseball. Baseball was the National Pastime by the early 1900s. It was not a natural occurrence anymore than the rise of the Steel Industry or the transcontinental railroad, or the meatpacking industry was natural. Dare i bring up human initiatives . Human ingenuity, and human energy . The three important ingredients that explain the surging economy in the late 19th century. It took all of those three things and much more to bring baseball into the lives of millions of americans, where it remains more or less today. I love this quote. Whoever wants to know the heart and mind of america had better learn baseball. I would add whoever wants to know the history of america had better learn baseball. Why . Baseball writers have often the that 19th century 19th century game and body the best and worst of american character. In claiming so, they point to the fact that baseball was much more than a game, it was more than entertainment. In best of america is found baseballs expression of 19th century rural origins, and its adjustment to a new urban scene. Found inof america is baseballs expression of a unique individualism, the batter versus the pitcher. In the expression of teamwork in baseball, each side, age team taking an equal turn. The worst is also part of baseballs story, as it is the part of americas story. And that is racism. There was jim crow, or jim crow laws and terrible discrimination in the south. But there was also jim crow baseball. It didnt start out that way. Is in theappens 1870s, a few africanamerican stars emerged such as Moses Fleetwood walker. And their presence bother the white players to such an extent that they threatened to boycott against any owner that employed africanamericans. By the 1880s, they were shut out of the white leagues. But they have their own leagues and clubs. This is the bristol Baseball Club. As far as i have been able to determine, i dont know the names or the information regarding this team, but it was on the circuit and played baseball games, they were very popular. Uclave a heritage here at that i do want to talk about. The heritage came in mid1940s, on the left, wearing the bruins uniform is Jackie Robinson. A starredon was sports and ucla in 1945. Plays in Baseball TeamJackie Robinson stadium. Teamsre womens and mens are doing very well this year, we are excited for them. We hope they continue the shining example and add to uclas recordbreaking ncaa championships that we have won. Heres a closeup of Jackie Robinson. Jackie robinson is famous for many things. But we do know, or you should know that he broke the color ine in professional baseball 1947. If you could just this is a picture of Jackie Robinson in a dodgers outfit. Bu might note that there is a on his cap. That is part of dodgers history you dont really have to know. Its a very unimportant part when they were in this place called brooklyn, new york. Their real history and achievement came when they moved to los angeles in the mid1950s. [laughter] just professor waugh so you are clear on that. The game of baseball was a symbol of an early model american pastime, innocent and fun. Get its glowing popularity brought both professionalism, and with professionalism, with the idea that it was a business, it made it a symbol for the growing tension between capital and labor, between black and white, between fun and profit. And between business and pleasure. Lets go back to the origins of america in baseball. This is a painting that was completed in 1845. Like so many portraits, in the 19th century, especially of children no real boy ever look like that, so needs. Especially when he was going to engage in sports. But thats what it is. Thats what we should know right now, that baseball started as a childrens game. And it became very popular by the 1830s and 1840s. It was known by many names. Old bat, feeder, and bat and ball, but the most , from game was rounders an english childrens game dating from the 17th century. Heres a boys Baseball Team. Whatever it was called, the game involved this. This is a slide eliminating what im going to be talking about. Four basesvolved laid out in a diamond shape, a feeder, which is the picture, who tossed the ball to a striker, meeting the batter. And out, when a striker missed the ball three times or the ball was caught in the outfield and so forth and so on. Century,e early 20th the official story of how baseball was invented was published by the National League, the most powerful organization of baseball owners at that time. Heres how the story went. Its a wonderful story. In 1839, infternoon cooperstown, new york, boys from local school were playing rounders. One bright boy named Abner Doubleday sat himself down the field, pulled out a pencil, and rulesp the name and the for game that he called baseball. The story, which is enshrined a cooperstown, baseballs hall of fame, has been demolished by baseball historians, it turns out to be a myth with no foundation in truth. The next thing they are going to tell me is there is no santa claus. Picture of Abner Doubleday, who is credited with founding baseball. Famous inleday was the 19th century. He wa