Transcripts For CSPAN3 Military Effects Studies Of Operation

Home fallout history begins with millions of tons of earth. The device with 10,000 times the multimegaton weapons are here. Without a knowledge of those to intelligence revision is possible. To gain such knowledge, this the dataains obtained will serve as tools for technical findings this will take us from them familiar ground and no problem as well as new power. The program was to take and devices to powerful. Five of the six castles and the team knew this island, to do in the north side of the lagoon. Another one. Some 200 miles to the west, only one shot was fired, number six, on a barge in the old ivy mike crater. Many of castles projects were handicapped. For one thing, it was not practical in most cases to layout instrument lines over dryland alone for sizable distances. It should also be remembered that all castle shots, like ivy mike, were surfaced bursts, two fired from the surface, and the other four fired on barges. We do not yet have any Empirical Data on full megaton airbursts. Looking at the data we did obtain, we must first consider the Nuclear Radiation aspect. Initial gamma measurements from this operation employed orthodox techniques with chemical and fi lm detectors at a number of island and reef stations. Initial gamma from a highyield device differs considerably in delivery timing from that of a weapon on the kiloton range. Roughly 50 of the initial gamma dose arrives within the first half second after the first, allowing no time for target personal to take cover. With the multimegaton bomb however, some 80 or 90 of initial gamma when i arrived on target until after arrival of the shock. A fair distance, this can provide a number of seconds for personal to take cover is available. This timing differential comes of academic interest only with another castle finding. Gamma doses enrages of concern reached only 1 10 of the predicted level. This means that initial gamma from the big weapon drops off to military unemployment military on importance causing study countries outside of military bunkers. Measurements were made indirectly by a study of nuclear changes and elements exposed on simple mounts at various distances. It too may be considered to have little military value. We, next to a field in which the radiological effects of megaton surface bursts are far from negligible, are in fact of profound importance. Ever since the one kiloton surface burst in nevada, we recognize that such bursts may include transmission of intensity. Ivy gave us scanty data, so our biggest project was in this area. Further knowledge was the military necessity as well as grimly relevant to the defense of american cities. Only surface or subsurface bursts produced significant fallout. For the moment we will only consider land bursts recently approximated by the first castle shot. The seawater in this fireball did not significantly alter the radiation levels or distillation of local fallout from what would be expected of a land surface burst. Fallout history begins with millions of tons of earth. This material, which rises with the fireball has need has no radioactive activity. It stops radioactive bomb popups, significant for intense gamma emissions. In the first few minutes, the visible cloud will reach from 60 to 100,000 feet or more for multimegaton bursts with a span over five miles in diameter. Followup of the radioactive particles inside the visible specter now begins. The operation of gravity, rainouts and other mechanisms. The active airborne particles move downwind, causing significant fallout for aperiod of 10 hours or more. It reaches ground and is reasonably represented as the long chain. Starting back at the time of first, it is important to note that the visible cloud will move with the wind, the fallout particles will settle through lower wins with conflicting directions of various types. Orientation of the fallout pattern are determined by a win vector, which is a pattern from all wind from ground to cloud height. The fallout pattern may taken in a different path from an invisible cloud. Changes in the average wind vector as it most across country can cause major major distortion of the fallout pattern. The most important collectors were of two main types. Total collectors, the gun paper trays and tunnel sizes, intermental collectors. And the rotating drum, both of which exposed collection trays at timed intervals. Such instrumentation and varying was placed at a number of islands. Since this constitute of coverage, 26 stations were located at three miles apart throughout the bikini lagoon. Losses of this type of equipment were heavy on the powerful first shot, but only 12 of the 26 stations survive. All those within a 10 mile radius were overturned. A similar grid of 32 of the stations were employed to document the lagoon. To extend the coverage outside the lagoon, original pattern calls for floating with 100 miles from ground zero. They were instrumented with final and sticky paper collectors. Plus, small radio transmitters to assist in locating them. Success of the project was limited by recovery due to high seas and change of schedule. On the last two shots, open ocean fallout was documented by a new technique of water survey and sampling methods. One gallon water samples were taking out a number of stations in number of stations in contaminated areas. They were several hundred meters down. On the last two shots, open ocean fallout was documented by a new technique of water survey and sampling methods. One gallon water samples were taking out a number of stations in contaminated areas. They were several hundred meters down. Further data would be obtained from underwater gamma meters for determination of radiation. There were contoured surveys. Vertical profile data from the meters and an analysis of the water samples indicated the radioactive brought uniformly throughout the surface layers and around 120 meters. The vertical mixing information made it possible to estimate further fallout intensity at a given ocean site by measuring the activity of a sample of that spot. All competitions had data from stations, ships and island weather stations. In fact, infosys saw the open ocean survey resulted from the unforeseen fallout on some populated distant item islands. A weather station on one of them. These islands were fallout shelters. They were the first real areas affected by high surface bursts. Within a few hours after that shot, a snow like fallout began. For 78 hours, two hundred 28 islanders and 28 American Service personnel were evacuate for a survey and treatment. It was tentatively estimated that the gamma dose may have approached 70 roentgens for the people. 175 roentgens on , 80 on ranjit and 40 on unit. It did not appear to reach levels of america of immediate combat submission. Nor did any capacity that show up in excess of 40 days. A majority of those receiving heavy radiation reported nausea on the first or second day. There was small incidents of gastrointestinal problems. Some loss of hair was a frequent system. Most of the marshallese developed multiple skin lesions, not severe, predominantly on the scalp, neck and feet. Only if you develop mild secondary infections. The lesions appeared to be directly related to the amount of fallout deposited on the skin, rather than to the generalized full body radiation. It appears that even one layer of clothing had substantial protection, suggesting that beta energy of the fallout material was relatively low. Significant blood changes were from inpatients from the heavier follow areas, which would reduce the bodys ability to combat hemorrhage or infection. Returns to normal were not complete after six weeks. Subsequent surveys of the fallout, with Domestic Animals has indicated that intake of contaminants in lungs would be negligible compared to the external radiation. It will be negligible in comparison to whether the intake was food and water and if the supplies are affected. Possibly some new air force equipment. We can now take another look at the fallout material that came down. The small portion of the cloud material destined for the southern with the natives lives, emitted gamma at 130 roentgens per hour. Or one hour after the shot. There was another four hours downwind, the material omitted and still became 100 miles from zero. By is accurate and time, the maximum accumulated dose at that point was around 175 roentgens, a dose was less than 60 of exposed personnel. The activity increased rapidly towards the uninhabited north. In 10 miles reached the level for exposed humans on the order of 450 roentgens. On the upper islands, the 50 hour doshi us to doses ran from 350,000 roentgens. We can plot a line, but considering the average wind vector, the centerline of the fallout was apparently still farther north. Mapping some few established values, we can approximate the minimum fallout pattern. The contours are selected to represent accumulated dosage from a time to age plus 50 hours. 450 roentgen dose has an area exceeding 7000 statute square miles. An area from 250 miles long. In area, which on land could blanket large segments of population. Inside this 450 roentgen border, the dose accumulated by age plus 50 hours for exposed humans. On the defensive side, it should be remembered that the gamma intensity of fallout at age plus seven hours has decayed to 1 10 of what it was at age plus one. At age plus 48 hours, it is only one 100th of the age plus value. Additionally, the shelter of a drilling will test those cut those rates to one half of the outside rates. The basement would reduce it to a 10. Attenuations in excess of 1000 can be gained in basements or multistory buildings, or shelters with three feet of earth overhead. In general, it should be recognized that the best averages shelter available in cities will cut those rates between 1 8 of the full dose. Immediate evacuation one fallout begins is not because of sheer physical disability and dangerous areas. Tactical solution appears to be the widespread use of available shelter for threefour days before attempting mass evacuation. We will consider now a phase of the fallout studies, which was of major importance to naval operations. This was an experiment with a pair of liberty ships to be of the fall water spray system designed to wipe contamination from Weather Services as the ship regresses to a heavy fallout area. Additional studies were made, other ships were shielding in locations. The entry of airborne contaminants through boiler air systems. The liberty ships designated as vehicles for these and related studies were fully equipped with a wash down system. Each ships modification included a flight deck, to gun installations, and an aircraft carried aft. Both ships were heavily insured rented to measure pulses. Each of them participated in with 400 tech dirt channels. Transmitting data to the recording rooms. Airborne and whether debt distribution studies were also accomplished. This ships were a clip with troll control systems for remote operations of steering in the wash down. During the first two shots, both ships were unmanned into the fallout region. They were controlled from an aircraft with a secondary control center. During the remainder shot on which the project was active, shots four and five was manned by a small crew, which controlled the ship. This party exercised radio control of the nearby 40. The flow rate was approximately 2000 gallons per minute. Radiation levels below decks remained low enough to take the ship back after each shot. Unprotected by washdown could not demand for the return trip. After each past period radio control was dropped. The f4 u airplanes were removed to shore for further study and cleaning operations. Comparisons of radiation data led to an estimate of washdown affected this on exposed aircrafts effectiveness on exposed aircrafts. The weather deck gamma level will be by distance estimated at 2 10, in compartments close to the weather system. Approximately one 1000th of interior below decks. The system appeared to be minor. The mushroom had intakes that would dos the airborne contamination by 99 . Stopping the fans made no apparent difference. Some thought five figures would give a rough idea of the levels of intensity involved in the project. 10 hours after the shot, areas on the debt on the deck accumulated a total dose of 40 roentgens. They had 400 roentgens approaching a lethal dose. Random sampling on the deck showed a dangerous 45 roentgens per hours. It was only two, and negligible rate by comparison. The weight of the Spring Assembly can be minor, even for fighting ships. The entire ahead of water can be handled by a ships normal pump. The washdown system can serve the purpose for which it was designed, to hold Gamma Radiation below decks to combat ships and fallout areas, and to hold whether surface contamination to levels emitting immediate topside Emergency Action after the fallout. No thermal military effects were scheduled, the measurements were made of the thermal spectrum and total energy. The graph shows that the main thermal of the weapons is completed inside of a couple of seconds. The high yield weapons takes three seconds to reach the peak of the polls, but has a long duration. Therefore, it would allow target personnel to repeat the thermal affect. The slower delivery time requires youll wield thermal data low yield thermal data. If requires price twice as many calories per centimeter. It is 350 for 15 megatons and still more for higher yields. The thermal destructive range of megaton weapons is huge. Wearing for layer winter uniforms, a maximum burst height with a 100 military bomb can present 50 casualties from 10 square miles. With the same 25 mile visibility, a 15 megaton burst will produce 50 casualties over 75 square mile area. It should be remembered that far higher casualty rates will be produced near zero. Extending the comparisons, we see the 100 kilotons will probably cause heavy primary or secondary fire damage, over the same 10 square miles. A great many small types and fires will be initiated over some 25 square miles. Using the 15 megaton burst, we give very heavy fire damage over 75 square miles. The small fire may become an excess of 200 square miles. No estimate can be made as to how many of these fires would survive the blast went. Based on hiroshima and nagasaki, destruction could be extensive. Tied directly to thermal effects of magnitudes as the highpriority problems of minimum safety parameters for aircraft delivering high yield bombs. One attack on this problem was early work on means of delaying bomb burst until it reaches a safe distance. Rogue parachutes parachutes were designed. It remained to derive more solid data as to what does the states difference. The aircraft was at the 36 and abc six nab 47 and a b52 may be possible. On the b 57, it was on the aluminum skin. A temperature rise and the skin of 370 degrees fahrenheit over ambient were critical to the airplane safety. The critical peak overpressure for the b 47 was one psi. The gamma and gus loading envelopes would be well inside 35,000 feet. Instrumentation was extensive, primarily to measure thermal affect. 43 couples were installed at selective points in the supporting structure. They gave formal time history and total input. Additional and shermans included additional instruments included pressure gauges. Six hammers under the fuselage were aimed at zero to assist calculation. A thermal shield was designed for attachment inside the canopy of the aircraft to protect pilot and copilot. Locating the test aircrafts flight provision, radar was supplemented by the system, which use the phase relationship of radio signals and transmitters on the ground and aircraft. Participating on five of the shots, the b 47 flight pattern was selected to position at that allowable temperature rise, 370 degrees. In practically every instance, the maximum skin temperature rise was substantially lower than protect predicted for the income. And the cooling factors were conservative. Heat damage was minor, involving only some patches of blistered paint at various points. Because of the b 47, the pressure recorder was a third of a pound. The only blast damage was the inflight refueling. On the p 36, also heavily instrumented, the maximum save their dont their moment had a 4 thermal measure at a 400 degree temperature rise. This and other critical underside areas were quoted to increase thermal activity. It was estimated to be the overpressure level, beyond which the bombay doors and buckling of skin might occur. The p 36 is flight pattern was on all but the last shot. If shot later to avoid the crowd. As a matter of record, no fallout problems were encountered by either attempts. The highest intensity thermal recorded on the b 36 with skin temperature rise, 65 critical. Prediction would generally conservative with some inconsistencies. One effect observed was a momentary rise in temperature above the normal 500 degree fahrenheit. It was the result of choking of the just jet exhaust by overpressure and when shock waves pass. No jet turbine damage was observed. Last arrival, the b 36 momentarily dropped and raise their seat by 700 rpm before returning to normal. This was due to the engine torque talents being absent being upset by the shockwaves. Visible thermal damage included buckling on the elevators were it had peeled or blisters blistered. Some unprotected sponge rubber was burned, one that developed thermal and or shock effect. Blistering and blackening appeared. The highest overpressure reached a tense of the pell level with the average around half a pound. Last damage included characteristic sheetmetal dishing of wings, bombay doors and landing doors. Failure and severe crushing of the radome. The highest loadings were on shop five, reaching 16 to 90 of the load at various critical stations. The b 36 can withstand the critical overpressure of 8 10 of a pound with minor damage. With delivery techniques, that b 36 delivering multimegaton alms will experience less than overpressure. Another phase of the aircraft delivery problem was cameras, which recorded time on the corner of their film. These aircraft carefully positioned to pictures of cloud rise and spread. They determine their dangers to delivering bombers. Adding the preliminary daters data from these progress, we saw the b 36 can deliver weapons with this with assurance of surviving the attack. Strategic air command bombers from guam were in the skies on the castle shops because of the indirect bomb damage, which was just one of many projects. Many phases of basic blast phenomenon were measured, the projects were not on a wide scale. Structured testing was minimize for reason of economy and lack of suitable site. Bikini blast line instrumentation was a familiar type. Air density and temperature gauges, ground battle gauges and accelerometers, dynamic pressure , and some gauges designed because of uncertainty as for the degree that excess existing gauges had of the air. It is been expected that waveforms from the castle shop, largely propagated in cool air over the water would be clean and ideal shape. Some records suggest that water loading indicating that the lagoon water was not a perfectly reflecting surface as had been assumed. The nonideal behavior did not significantly affect the levels whose curves went with the theory. An Empirical Data<\/a> on full megaton airbursts. Looking at the data we did obtain, we must first consider the Nuclear Radiation<\/a> aspect. Initial gamma measurements from this operation employed orthodox techniques with chemical and fi lm detectors at a number of island and reef stations. Initial gamma from a highyield device differs considerably in delivery timing from that of a weapon on the kiloton range. Roughly 50 of the initial gamma dose arrives within the first half second after the first, allowing no time for target personal to take cover. With the multimegaton bomb however, some 80 or 90 of initial gamma when i arrived on target until after arrival of the shock. A fair distance, this can provide a number of seconds for personal to take cover is available. This timing differential comes of academic interest only with another castle finding. Gamma doses enrages of concern reached only 1 10 of the predicted level. This means that initial gamma from the big weapon drops off to military unemployment military on importance causing study countries outside of military bunkers. Measurements were made indirectly by a study of nuclear changes and elements exposed on simple mounts at various distances. It too may be considered to have little military value. We, next to a field in which the radiological effects of megaton surface bursts are far from negligible, are in fact of profound importance. Ever since the one kiloton surface burst in nevada, we recognize that such bursts may include transmission of intensity. Ivy gave us scanty data, so our biggest project was in this area. Further knowledge was the military necessity as well as grimly relevant to the defense of american cities. Only surface or subsurface bursts produced significant fallout. For the moment we will only consider land bursts recently approximated by the first castle shot. The seawater in this fireball did not significantly alter the radiation levels or distillation of local fallout from what would be expected of a land surface burst. Fallout history begins with millions of tons of earth. This material, which rises with the fireball has need has no radioactive activity. It stops radioactive bomb popups, significant for intense gamma emissions. In the first few minutes, the visible cloud will reach from 60 to 100,000 feet or more for multimegaton bursts with a span over five miles in diameter. Followup of the radioactive particles inside the visible specter now begins. The operation of gravity, rainouts and other mechanisms. The active airborne particles move downwind, causing significant fallout for aperiod of 10 hours or more. It reaches ground and is reasonably represented as the long chain. Starting back at the time of first, it is important to note that the visible cloud will move with the wind, the fallout particles will settle through lower wins with conflicting directions of various types. Orientation of the fallout pattern are determined by a win vector, which is a pattern from all wind from ground to cloud height. The fallout pattern may taken in a different path from an invisible cloud. Changes in the average wind vector as it most across country can cause major major distortion of the fallout pattern. The most important collectors were of two main types. Total collectors, the gun paper trays and tunnel sizes, intermental collectors. And the rotating drum, both of which exposed collection trays at timed intervals. Such instrumentation and varying was placed at a number of islands. Since this constitute of coverage, 26 stations were located at three miles apart throughout the bikini lagoon. Losses of this type of equipment were heavy on the powerful first shot, but only 12 of the 26 stations survive. All those within a 10 mile radius were overturned. A similar grid of 32 of the stations were employed to document the lagoon. To extend the coverage outside the lagoon, original pattern calls for floating with 100 miles from ground zero. They were instrumented with final and sticky paper collectors. Plus, small radio transmitters to assist in locating them. Success of the project was limited by recovery due to high seas and change of schedule. On the last two shots, open ocean fallout was documented by a new technique of water survey and sampling methods. One gallon water samples were taking out a number of stations in number of stations in contaminated areas. They were several hundred meters down. On the last two shots, open ocean fallout was documented by a new technique of water survey and sampling methods. One gallon water samples were taking out a number of stations in contaminated areas. They were several hundred meters down. Further data would be obtained from underwater gamma meters for determination of radiation. There were contoured surveys. Vertical profile data from the meters and an analysis of the water samples indicated the radioactive brought uniformly throughout the surface layers and around 120 meters. The vertical mixing information made it possible to estimate further fallout intensity at a given ocean site by measuring the activity of a sample of that spot. All competitions had data from stations, ships and island weather stations. In fact, infosys saw the open ocean survey resulted from the unforeseen fallout on some populated distant item islands. A weather station on one of them. These islands were fallout shelters. They were the first real areas affected by high surface bursts. Within a few hours after that shot, a snow like fallout began. For 78 hours, two hundred 28 islanders and 28 American Service<\/a> personnel were evacuate for a survey and treatment. It was tentatively estimated that the gamma dose may have approached 70 roentgens for the people. 175 roentgens on , 80 on ranjit and 40 on unit. It did not appear to reach levels of america of immediate combat submission. Nor did any capacity that show up in excess of 40 days. A majority of those receiving heavy radiation reported nausea on the first or second day. There was small incidents of gastrointestinal problems. Some loss of hair was a frequent system. Most of the marshallese developed multiple skin lesions, not severe, predominantly on the scalp, neck and feet. Only if you develop mild secondary infections. The lesions appeared to be directly related to the amount of fallout deposited on the skin, rather than to the generalized full body radiation. It appears that even one layer of clothing had substantial protection, suggesting that beta energy of the fallout material was relatively low. Significant blood changes were from inpatients from the heavier follow areas, which would reduce the bodys ability to combat hemorrhage or infection. Returns to normal were not complete after six weeks. Subsequent surveys of the fallout, with Domestic Animals<\/a> has indicated that intake of contaminants in lungs would be negligible compared to the external radiation. It will be negligible in comparison to whether the intake was food and water and if the supplies are affected. Possibly some new air force equipment. We can now take another look at the fallout material that came down. The small portion of the cloud material destined for the southern with the natives lives, emitted gamma at 130 roentgens per hour. Or one hour after the shot. There was another four hours downwind, the material omitted and still became 100 miles from zero. By is accurate and time, the maximum accumulated dose at that point was around 175 roentgens, a dose was less than 60 of exposed personnel. The activity increased rapidly towards the uninhabited north. In 10 miles reached the level for exposed humans on the order of 450 roentgens. On the upper islands, the 50 hour doshi us to doses ran from 350,000 roentgens. We can plot a line, but considering the average wind vector, the centerline of the fallout was apparently still farther north. Mapping some few established values, we can approximate the minimum fallout pattern. The contours are selected to represent accumulated dosage from a time to age plus 50 hours. 450 roentgen dose has an area exceeding 7000 statute square miles. An area from 250 miles long. In area, which on land could blanket large segments of population. Inside this 450 roentgen border, the dose accumulated by age plus 50 hours for exposed humans. On the defensive side, it should be remembered that the gamma intensity of fallout at age plus seven hours has decayed to 1 10 of what it was at age plus one. At age plus 48 hours, it is only one 100th of the age plus value. Additionally, the shelter of a drilling will test those cut those rates to one half of the outside rates. The basement would reduce it to a 10. Attenuations in excess of 1000 can be gained in basements or multistory buildings, or shelters with three feet of earth overhead. In general, it should be recognized that the best averages shelter available in cities will cut those rates between 1 8 of the full dose. Immediate evacuation one fallout begins is not because of sheer physical disability and dangerous areas. Tactical solution appears to be the widespread use of available shelter for threefour days before attempting mass evacuation. We will consider now a phase of the fallout studies, which was of major importance to naval operations. This was an experiment with a pair of liberty ships to be of the fall water spray system designed to wipe contamination from Weather Services<\/a> as the ship regresses to a heavy fallout area. Additional studies were made, other ships were shielding in locations. The entry of airborne contaminants through boiler air systems. The liberty ships designated as vehicles for these and related studies were fully equipped with a wash down system. Each ships modification included a flight deck, to gun installations, and an aircraft carried aft. Both ships were heavily insured rented to measure pulses. Each of them participated in with 400 tech dirt channels. Transmitting data to the recording rooms. Airborne and whether debt distribution studies were also accomplished. This ships were a clip with troll control systems for remote operations of steering in the wash down. During the first two shots, both ships were unmanned into the fallout region. They were controlled from an aircraft with a secondary control center. During the remainder shot on which the project was active, shots four and five was manned by a small crew, which controlled the ship. This party exercised radio control of the nearby 40. The flow rate was approximately 2000 gallons per minute. Radiation levels below decks remained low enough to take the ship back after each shot. Unprotected by washdown could not demand for the return trip. After each past period radio control was dropped. The f4 u airplanes were removed to shore for further study and cleaning operations. Comparisons of radiation data led to an estimate of washdown affected this on exposed aircrafts effectiveness on exposed aircrafts. The weather deck gamma level will be by distance estimated at 2 10, in compartments close to the weather system. Approximately one 1000th of interior below decks. The system appeared to be minor. The mushroom had intakes that would dos the airborne contamination by 99 . Stopping the fans made no apparent difference. Some thought five figures would give a rough idea of the levels of intensity involved in the project. 10 hours after the shot, areas on the debt on the deck accumulated a total dose of 40 roentgens. They had 400 roentgens approaching a lethal dose. Random sampling on the deck showed a dangerous 45 roentgens per hours. It was only two, and negligible rate by comparison. The weight of the Spring Assembly<\/a> can be minor, even for fighting ships. The entire ahead of water can be handled by a ships normal pump. The washdown system can serve the purpose for which it was designed, to hold Gamma Radiation<\/a> below decks to combat ships and fallout areas, and to hold whether surface contamination to levels emitting immediate topside Emergency Action<\/a> after the fallout. No thermal military effects were scheduled, the measurements were made of the thermal spectrum and total energy. The graph shows that the main thermal of the weapons is completed inside of a couple of seconds. The high yield weapons takes three seconds to reach the peak of the polls, but has a long duration. Therefore, it would allow target personnel to repeat the thermal affect. The slower delivery time requires youll wield thermal data low yield thermal data. If requires price twice as many calories per centimeter. It is 350 for 15 megatons and still more for higher yields. The thermal destructive range of megaton weapons is huge. Wearing for layer winter uniforms, a maximum burst height with a 100 military bomb can present 50 casualties from 10 square miles. With the same 25 mile visibility, a 15 megaton burst will produce 50 casualties over 75 square mile area. It should be remembered that far higher casualty rates will be produced near zero. Extending the comparisons, we see the 100 kilotons will probably cause heavy primary or secondary fire damage, over the same 10 square miles. A great many small types and fires will be initiated over some 25 square miles. Using the 15 megaton burst, we give very heavy fire damage over 75 square miles. The small fire may become an excess of 200 square miles. No estimate can be made as to how many of these fires would survive the blast went. Based on hiroshima and nagasaki, destruction could be extensive. Tied directly to thermal effects of magnitudes as the highpriority problems of minimum safety parameters for aircraft delivering high yield bombs. One attack on this problem was early work on means of delaying bomb burst until it reaches a safe distance. Rogue parachutes parachutes were designed. It remained to derive more solid data as to what does the states difference. The aircraft was at the 36 and abc six nab 47 and a b52 may be possible. On the b 57, it was on the aluminum skin. A temperature rise and the skin of 370 degrees fahrenheit over ambient were critical to the airplane safety. The critical peak overpressure for the b 47 was one psi. The gamma and gus loading envelopes would be well inside 35,000 feet. Instrumentation was extensive, primarily to measure thermal affect. 43 couples were installed at selective points in the supporting structure. They gave formal time history and total input. Additional and shermans included additional instruments included pressure gauges. Six hammers under the fuselage were aimed at zero to assist calculation. A thermal shield was designed for attachment inside the canopy of the aircraft to protect pilot and copilot. Locating the test aircrafts flight provision, radar was supplemented by the system, which use the phase relationship of radio signals and transmitters on the ground and aircraft. Participating on five of the shots, the b 47 flight pattern was selected to position at that allowable temperature rise, 370 degrees. In practically every instance, the maximum skin temperature rise was substantially lower than protect predicted for the income. And the cooling factors were conservative. Heat damage was minor, involving only some patches of blistered paint at various points. Because of the b 47, the pressure recorder was a third of a pound. The only blast damage was the inflight refueling. On the p 36, also heavily instrumented, the maximum save their dont their moment had a 4 thermal measure at a 400 degree temperature rise. This and other critical underside areas were quoted to increase thermal activity. It was estimated to be the overpressure level, beyond which the bombay doors and buckling of skin might occur. The p 36 is flight pattern was on all but the last shot. If shot later to avoid the crowd. As a matter of record, no fallout problems were encountered by either attempts. The highest intensity thermal recorded on the b 36 with skin temperature rise, 65 critical. Prediction would generally conservative with some inconsistencies. One effect observed was a momentary rise in temperature above the normal 500 degree fahrenheit. It was the result of choking of the just jet exhaust by overpressure and when shock waves pass. No jet turbine damage was observed. Last arrival, the b 36 momentarily dropped and raise their seat by 700 rpm before returning to normal. This was due to the engine torque talents being absent being upset by the shockwaves. Visible thermal damage included buckling on the elevators were it had peeled or blisters blistered. Some unprotected sponge rubber was burned, one that developed thermal and or shock effect. Blistering and blackening appeared. The highest overpressure reached a tense of the pell level with the average around half a pound. Last damage included characteristic sheetmetal dishing of wings, bombay doors and landing doors. Failure and severe crushing of the radome. The highest loadings were on shop five, reaching 16 to 90 of the load at various critical stations. The b 36 can withstand the critical overpressure of 8 10 of a pound with minor damage. With delivery techniques, that b 36 delivering multimegaton alms will experience less than overpressure. Another phase of the aircraft delivery problem was cameras, which recorded time on the corner of their film. These aircraft carefully positioned to pictures of cloud rise and spread. They determine their dangers to delivering bombers. Adding the preliminary daters data from these progress, we saw the b 36 can deliver weapons with this with assurance of surviving the attack. Strategic air command bombers from guam were in the skies on the castle shops because of the indirect bomb damage, which was just one of many projects. Many phases of basic blast phenomenon were measured, the projects were not on a wide scale. Structured testing was minimize for reason of economy and lack of suitable site. Bikini blast line instrumentation was a familiar type. Air density and temperature gauges, ground battle gauges and accelerometers, dynamic pressure , and some gauges designed because of uncertainty as for the degree that excess existing gauges had of the air. It is been expected that waveforms from the castle shop, largely propagated in cool air over the water would be clean and ideal shape. Some records suggest that water loading indicating that the lagoon water was not a perfectly reflecting surface as had been assumed. The nonideal behavior did not significantly affect the levels whose curves went with the theory. An Interesting Development<\/a> on shop three was the rainstorm. There was one edge roughly over ground zero, which was on the island. Instrumeea this unmeasured rain dampened pressure levels i approximately 15 , which is compatible with theory for a rain of moderate intensity. The real military importance of high yield last fx is not on the quality or types, but enormous s weapons. It may be more arbitrary than precise. The japanese survey indicates psi will destroy all would structures, multistory masonry structures, light steel plane buildings, unconventional reinforced or brick buildings. This can reasonably be designed as Severe Damage<\/a>. For psi, heavily damaged portions of any building would collapse with those structures. We will call this moderate damage. A 100 kiloton weapon will cause Severe Damage<\/a> over an area of five square miles. Moderate damage over 12 square miles. Contrast this five and 12 and square miles of moderate damage from his 15 megaton surface burst. 240 square miles more than 20 hiroshimas in a group, more than 10 manhattans in which blasts with fire bring almost total distraction. In idea of the extensive damage the 15 megatons skin due at greater distances is obtained by a look at the bikinibased tent, almost 16 miles from shop one. The pressure reached around 1. 6 psi with a 12 second positive phase, the area concerned in destruction of the order would be some 800 square miles. Nearly three times the area of all the boroughs of new york city. Numerous secondary fires would probably aggravate the damage in any metropolitan area. Studies involve mainly coconut palms up to 50 feet tall, and stands of python yet, a leaf, that reducing up to 80 feet high. Before and after pictures, four and a quarter psi. Here is a before picture 12 miles from shop one. Then there are some afters. Overpressure to play for psi, principal damage, crown and branch breakage, tested. Groundlevel measurements taken at intervals through a 2000 spectral trees indicated that large tree stands will not reduce pressure in the for psi region. Crater measurements made by the limoneira showed the equator depth, which may be 32 less, which were partially disturbed. 14 and a half megatons fired on a resurface must equator some 6000 feet across. Estimated depth, 240 feet. The depth was only 8 of the width. 130 kilotons fired on the surface of the island made the crater 700 feet across. Estimated deaths, 75 feet. One small estimated death depth, 75 feet. The creator went 90 feet into the lagoon bottom and was 1500 feet across. In general, the craters were shallow shallower than anticipated. It derived for application to land surface versed in general. It was extensively improved. A considerable grid of an sure mentation was established from 6000 to 20,000 feet from zero for measure underwater pressure transmissions. The pressure time gauges would extended to various depths. Some being self recording and some sending data to large cylinders referred to as tuna cans. A number of the tuna cans teleporting data. They gauges would have several phone fridays. Mechanical, electromechanical and electric. It would affect ships, submarines, harbor facilities, minefields. The primary findings was that the pressures from a Shallow Water<\/a> surface burst with the same magnitude of the air over pressures of the same distances. Small military valley now therefore at small military value. American and russian mines were more between 18,000 feet from a Water Surface<\/a> burst. Only the american marked 39 mines, survived a 3500 feet. At 45 hundred feet, the russians will also survive. 60 of the older United States<\/a> model survived at 17,000 feet. No mines were damaged at 11,000 feet. It should be remembered that it took six megatons for these fx. A 20 kiloton device might not be reliable beyond 500 feet, though the scaling factors are uncertain. Instruments were set up on some of the bikini islands and call heads in the lagoon to study waterways, which followed Shallow Water<\/a> propagation theories. A number of anomalies remain to be explained. A 12megaton shot in the Northern Lagoon<\/a> sent water five feet deep over an island 12. 5 miles away, eight feet deep over one at 12 miles and 10 feet deep over an island at seven miles. Such waves could obviously be very damaging to certain categories of shoreline pipe. One aspect of the wind pressure investigation involved exposure to what were expected to be under formed undeformed shockwaves. A cost substantial lowering of its pressure. Equipment damage was excessive for criteria based on the low static pressure, which is the usual parameter, so the question arose as to if the dynamic pressure was an adequate criterium. The influence of the heavy dust floating in the air was also in question. Damage correlated well with the same dynamic pressures, so it is concluded that dynamic pressure is a valid criterion for damage to targets of this class. In summary, it could be said that cassel gave us more substantial knowledge of the possibilities of ridiculous warfare. Castle filled in the outlines, pinpointing great quantities of data. The finding that must be considered most significant is that of the thousands upon thousands of square miles that remain potentially lethal by windcaret fallout from a multimegaton surface birth berth. You are watching American History<\/a> tv, all weekend every weekend on cspan3. To join the conversation like us on facebook at cspan history. Up next on American History<\/a> tv from the National Constitution<\/a> center in philadelphia, the editor in chief of the daily beat discusses his new look. The Founding Fathers<\/a> warning to future generations. In a conversation with the mr. Avlon argues that president washington warned to future generations about the ,uture of hyper partisanship and foreign wars. This about one hour. We are enormously fortunate today to have as our guest john avalon that is the editorinchief of the daily beast and the cnn political analyst. Hes here today to discuss his new book, the Founding Fathers<\/a> warning to future generations, which has already been praised as a fantastic addition to national literature. Please join me today and welcoming our wonderful guest","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia800803.us.archive.org\/33\/items\/CSPAN3_20170806_015300_Military_Effects_Studies_of_Operation_Castle\/CSPAN3_20170806_015300_Military_Effects_Studies_of_Operation_Castle.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20170806_015300_Military_Effects_Studies_of_Operation_Castle_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240628T12:35:10+00:00"}