Need to think about direct job creation particularly in some of the communities that have been so hard hit. We could go on for a long time. And we even have questioners waiting, but weve reached our witching hour, and were going to have to quit. I want to thank david and gordon and their absent colleague, david dorn, not only for being with us today but for really doing the kind of indepth work on these issues that needed badly to be done, for having enriched really the country and the worlds understanding of these issues and therefore helping pave the way for policy changes that will help preserve the benefits of globalization. Were all deeply in your debt. We thank you for being with us today. Jared, thanks to you for your comments and policy advice. Thanks to the audience for being here. Meeting adjourned. Thanks very much. Coming up, next a discussion on islamist terrorism in europe. After that a House Transportation Committee hearing on the rising cost of federal Disaster Response efforts. Today representatives david jolly and rick nolan discuss the amount of time members of congress put into fundraising and a proposal they have to place limits on the activity. Thats at the National Press club. Well take you there live at 10 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan. Later in the day the israeli ambassador to the u. S. Speaks at a leadership summit in washington, d. C. Hosted by the Antidefamation League on cspan 2. Tonight on the communicators while visiting a Technology Fair in capitol hill we spoke with republican congressman fred upton from michigan and bill shuster from pennsylvania. We interview innovators from Ford Motor Company about new technology, spectrum issues and the upcoming auction. Look where we are today in terms of communication, job creation. We are working on a major bill or legislation that we have passed but we are going to see the fcc free up more spectrum which can enable these devices to be built and used to communicate. We are on the run. Putting in legislation and encouraging the states to look at how you build a road to the future. Dealing with companies here today, what do you need for your technology to work even better. From the first generation that we launched almost a decade ago our focus has been on making your device as useful as possible in a car in a way that lets you keep your hands on the wheel and eyes on the road. For us that has always been about voice technology. Ford understands there is great demand for more spectrum so we are working with colleagues to come up with a sharing solution in the 5. 9 band. We are working with colleagues at department of transportation and most importantly federal communications commission. Watch the communicators tonight at 8 00 eastern on cspan 2. The campaign 2016 bus continues its travels. The bus made a stop at Cherry Hill High School east in new jersey to recognize Madeleine Bell for her video when the house becomes a home. She was honored in front of classmates, family and Community Members before having a chance to visit the bus. The bus travelled to pennsylvania to honor eighth graders for their second prize winning Video National immigration issues. During the ceremony they donated 500 of their 1,500 winnings to the local charity. Following this event the bus drove to Clinton Township middle school to celebrate the second prize winning video the next big problem. Over 250 classmates, teachers, family members and elected officials joined in the ceremony. A special thanks to our cable partner comcast for helping to coordinate the community visits. You can view all winning documentaries. Madam secretary, we proudly give 72 of our delegate votes to the next president of the united states. Now, terrorism expert discusses his new book islamic terrorism in europe about the rise of militant extremism in europe and its ties to terrorist organizations around the world. This is an hour and ten minutes. Welcome. Im Program Associate here at numerics International Security program. We are going to hear from dr. Huszer, senior fellow at Norwegian Research establishment on his latest book which incapsulates a lot of research he has been doing. The book is entitled islamist terrorism in europe. It is also available outside if you would like a copy. Im sure he would be happy to sign some afterwards. And without further ado i turn it over to you to get to your presentation. Thank you. So first of all i want to express my gratitude to numeric and to peter bergen for giving me this opportunity to present my new book on jihadi terrorism in europe historical study. Thank david for organizing the event and moderating after my presentation. The book is based on more than 12 years of research at the Norwegian DefenseResearch Establishment and its a Terrorism Research group. I think one of the value of this book compared to many other books on terrorism in general and also on terrorism in europe is the historical dimension, of course. Because the attacks in paris and brussels lately have historical roots both within and without europe. I think it is important that we base our understanding of this threat and also think about counter policy. When we do that we also need to take into account the historical dimension. So the book examines jihad terrorism in western europe between 1994 and 2015. I gathered information about more than 150 terrorist plots and studied more than 40 of them in detail. I look at the biographies of the terrorists, how they are radicalized and how they joined forces to launch an attack. I examine in detail what they say, what they have said and what they have done on their road to militancy. I also look at how they operate. Today i will focus on how terrorist cells are formed. The book starts with the attack by the Al Qaeda Linked group gia to air france jet over paris in 1995 and the bomb campaign the following year. Or in 1994 to 1995. I end the book with the attacks on offices of Charlie Hebdo in the same city. This slide shows the number of plots per year. When i talk about plots i include failed, foiled and executed attacks and by individuals and groups that could be defined as jihadi. I refer to anything that emanates from groups, networks and ideology. I use objective jihadi to refer to that. So what i aim to explain in the book is basically what drives jihadi violence. I explain why and how the terrorists strike, when and where they do. By doing that i want to shed light on what goes on within the networks more generally. This overview per year gives some indication as to why plots occur. Also, i think, it raises some serious questions about the perception or the term homegrown. We can see that the number goes up amid Armed Conflict in western countries such as algerian civil war, the iraq war in 20032004. We see an uptick in the plots in connection with the syrian uprising. I also find that escalation in the Israeli Palestinian conflict may also have affected the threat pattern. As may arrests of jihadi figures within europe. I say this both because these events coincide in time but also because Qualitative Analysis of what perpetrators have said indicates this. The only event inside europe that seems to have profoundly affected attack activity was in 2005. There was substantial increase in the number of plots in scandinavia following and most were aimed at people and institutions involved in the cartoons. If you look at the distribution of plots in europe over time it has been france and uk that have been most exposed to plots. France and uk are main enemies of the jihadis in europe. What is interesting is that in the period following from 2005 to 2013 we see that number of plots in scandinavia, in denmark is higher than the number of plots in france. France is widely considered arch enemy of jihadists in europe. This event in scandinavia indicates that this is a homegrown driver. Thats a difficult question because many of the people who were involved in plots to avenge the platoons were under influence by pundits, al qaeda spokes leaders in conflict zones. They pursued or operated within the framework of the groups in conflict zones. You can ask the question home grown is the dimension of the threat pattern. Overall the attacks are linked to western interference in western conflicts. It is hardly surprising at all. And its completely in tune with what al qaeda and is are saying about the strategy and ideology. This is not something surprising at all. However, this alone does not explain terrorist cell formation. To find out more i explore Network Dynamics which is the main focus of my work. So what about the network. Nearly all the plots i study can be traced to one and the same network. This network was formed first in the early 1990s around arab mainly in london and then spread across the region. The Network Expanded to constant interplay with groups operating out of conflict zones. I mentioned nigeria in the 1990s, various al qaeda affiliates throughout the 2000s and is today. Hubs in the network the way i interpret it are formed around what i refer to as critical masses or militant activists who have authority, experience and contacts. This is where the hubs have been forming in the network. I argue that hubs may emerge anywhere and under different circumstances and they have. Not only in british suburbs like bellium and brussels but university circles and capitals as well as small towns and in scandinavia welfare state without suburbs and very few problems related to immigration and integration compared to a country such as france. In my work i distinguish between two interlinked generations of terrorists operating in europe. The first generation was dominated by the gia and al qaedas african Training Camps. This was the first generation. What i refer to as a new generation emerged in the mid 2000s in the uk. The iraq war was a main mobilizing cause for that. The moment which branched out in europe under labels was a main platform for the new generation. Most of the foreign fighters can be seen as part of this new generation and this cheria for islam for movement. So are the people behind paris brussels attack i argue. However, at the same time first generation veterans of the networks remain playing roles in the shadows behind the scenes in a sense and also interacting with a new generation. As an illustration of the Network Dimension of generations of european jihad this picture here is very interesting. It has not been confirmed but it likely portrays the coordinator of the paris Brussels Network. Malouk was part of the first jihadi attacks in europe in 1995. This picture here is most likely taken in syria in 2014, most likely. He escaped prosecution after the attacks in 95 in paris and went underground in belgium. Soon from there he was operating cells for al qaeda for which he was arrested, transferred to france, prosecuted and jailed. This here is another interesting picture taken by french spies in South Central france in 2010. At the left you can see malouk again. He is together on his left side you can see one of the brothers who attacked the offices of Charlie Hebdo in january 2015. Beside him is another veteran who became a recruiter for al qaeda. Begal supervised a terrorist network in 2001 for which he was arrested and jailed. On this picture he was out of jail again. The man to the right is linked to the network. I dont have time to go into what is going on here but its surely one of the most interesting cases or episodes that i write about in the book. I think it is perhaps the best example of how the generations of european jihad collude, in a sense. To explain terrorist cell formation within europes Jihad Network i identify some reoccurring components. All plots involve complex motives, social grievance, personal crisis as well as political grievance or western interference in muslim countries such as iraq. Nearly all terrorists had ties to radical at some point. This is a pattern that is reoccurring. The plotters spent time together and socialized in mosques and prisons, on the sports arena or online. Social interaction seems to me highly significant factor in radicalization and cell formation. And results are reflected in that it is very far examples of people operating as lone wolves or independently, examples are few and far between in the material i have looked at. Also in the vast majority of plots at least one person had foreign fighter experience. And nearly always there was a link to the conflict zone or some conflict zone. This is the pattern. At the same time we know that scores of european muslims struggle with grievance related to middle east or life in europe, but a tiny minority resort to terrorism. Many seek out radical preachers without becoming terrorists. All people meet facetoface or online without having radicalizing effect in itself. It is also true that its only a minority among foreign fighters who move on to International Terrorism. So this is why i emphasize the inner dynamic of cells to explain why plots happen when and where they do. Which is the main theoretical contribution i try to make in this book. When i studied biographies of terrorist plotters i found also peter bergen pointed out in his work on american jihaddest that very few generalizations hold. Young men dominate the picture but beyond that exceptions from stereotypes were too many to ignore. Many werent criminals. Many werent particularly young. And there were also quite a few examples of women involved in relation to plots historically speaking. I decided to focus on roles and interpersonal dynamic rather than social profile. For this purpose i developed an ideal type model of a terrorist cell. It is based on my interpretation of what the plotter said and did and how others depicted them. I distinguish between the entrepreneur, protege and what i dub misfits and rifters. And the cell on the slide here matches this pattern almost perfectly as i see it. The entrepreneur is more resourceful than the others and has been radicalized through political religious process through activism, reading, discussion. In some cases almost intellectually not only reading jihadi ideology. He is strongly committed, talent for manipulating people. This is one of the main features of entrepreneurs. He has a talent for manipulating others. The entrepreneur is the one that binds together the various components of terrorist plots. He builds the cell. He recruits and socializes the others and functions as the link between the cell, Trans National networks and conflict zones. The entrepreneur is the one that Trans Nationalizes the phenomenon and brings structure and organization to the other types involved. The protege is very similar to the entrepreneur. He is usually functioning as a second in command or also has certain skills that cell needs for some purposes. For instance, Technical Education or the like. As for the misfit, he is drawn in from a difficult life position. He is the outsider. He may suffer a personal crisis, have experienced problematic childhood, come from a broken family. He may have dabbled in crime or may have been into drug abuse. For the misfit, terrorism becomes a way out from despair and meaninglessness in a sense. There may be an element of cleansing oneself from sin especially coming from a traditional muslim background and you have done things that does not conform with islam in a sense so it becomes kind of a turn around operation. The drifter has no specific characteristics beyond the social tie to insiders. It could be a brother, a brother in law, a friend or a role model that draws the drifter into the cell. So for the drifter the social network and community kind of attracts them and puts pressure on them to conform with the practices, activities, ideology of the cell. I find that in the last two categories the misfits and drifters, the nonideology elements seem more significant. There is fascination with violence, youth rebellion, ad venturism, culture aspects attracts them and so forth. This for me gives three main pathways to the terrorist cell, ideology, grievance and community. And it also kind of deconstruction of a cell helps to explain why seemingly unideology youths end up acting according to the ideology of groups such as al qaeda and i. S. It also helps bridge the gap between models that portray as leader led or leader less. Here they converge within the cell. You have leaderless and leader led aspects. I find the leader led aspect is more important in shaping the actions of the cell. Even though we only know the contours of the i. S. Or paris Brussels Network for now we recognize the pattern. Mostly misfits and drifters, criminals as foot soldiers and entrepreneurs in coordinating roles both within the attack role itself but also in the surrounding networks. The terrorist plots are examined, illustrate an interplay between european extremists and foreign militants between bottom up and top down recruitment dynamics. Radicalization usually starts at home but is given direction and capability by actors abroad. Attackers do not defer from control groups. The main difference is they are tied to Trans National jihadists and have come under the influence of entrepreneurs. The key ingredient for a terrorist plot to occur. So when i emphasize this, i say that the terrorist cell forms in the absence of the entrepreneur, which may be an exaggeration, but it makes the point clear. In such a perspective, european jihad is driven forward by a hardknit uniqnucleus drawing t motivation primarily from foreign conflicts. This makes the threat more external than internal and more organized than many assume. Networks emerge and behave similarly in Different Countries under di