The liquor store at 14th and elm should the suspect is a white male wearing a red jacket. He is armed. He went that way. I request assistance. Take cover. A basic role for survival against hostile fire. Warily,icer advances selecting possible cover as he moves. Now hes in position to return fire or pin down the suspect until help arrives. With minimum exposure to himself. Training,firearms shooting for survival, normally follows basic instruction. It stresses proper use of cover and the firing positions from behind it. Oneonone is a good method or defensive firearm instruction. The instructor can correct stance or grit for the people continues. Grip before the p upil continues. The result of correcting the event risk is immediate and satisfying. Even good shooters may acquire bad habits when shooting from behind barricades. Ready to fire from strong right hand side, the student benefits from another correction. Keeping elbow and knee safely behind cover, removing two targets from hostile fire. Pattern with a minimum of bodily exposure. Each firing range may set up its own course, but defensive Firearms Training objectives remain. Teaching the application of a six student techniques to confrontation situations. Basere to provide a firm when shooting from covered makes for an accurate shooting. Wide provide a tempting target for an assailant. Now the shooter can fire safely from a steady rest, putting all of his shots in the kill zone and using the barricade for maximum cover. This is shooting for survival. [gunshot] this game warden owes the survival to knowing how ricochet shots may behave. The bouncing bullets may kill a man even when you believe himself safe undercover. Behind this car or this one. In this demonstration, the instructor aims at a target well in front of the car. Not leaveslug does the roadway like a rubber ball. It has ricocheted almost parallel to the ground, to pierce the target under and behind the car. Only in putting a solid object like the wheel or engine of the car between you and your assailant. Let us review the surprising effect again. The i rubber ball thrown to ground would bounce upward at bullete angle, a ricochets almost parallel to the Heart Service struck. Surface struck. With targets at ground level, the instructor aims at the silver tape, a good deal closer than the balloons. Think of one of the balloons as your head and you may change your evaluation of safe cover from ricochets. [gunshot] the same principle remains when the ricochet is from a hard vertical surface vertical service. Think of yourself taking cover around the corner. Exposing yourself only minimally and momentarily. Would you be safe . Your assailant may even a wide at the corner, as we see here. But the ricocheting bullets almost parallel to the wall could kill you as easily as they burst these balloons. The lessons taught by these demonstrations might someday save your life. Attention units 54 and 55, we have a 1090 at the national bank. First unit at the scene, do not enter into the backup unit arrives. This is unit 54 responding. Many Police Departments now authorized shotguns to be carried in patrol cars as a patrol cars. As a safety precaution, they usually do not have a shell and the chamber. Officers may forget to release the action so that they may charge the weapon. Ametimes this only causes momentary delay, but in an unexpected confrontation, these seconds could be vital. Instruction, especially with newly issued weapons, must begin with the row training in handling and loading. Releasing the action must become a reflex move, even under stress. Firing ranges and courses for ,hotgun training may vary, all however, qualify into basic positions. Fire is better suited to long ranges. Hit firing is used to close range, where most confrontations do occur. The shooter must know the shot pattern of his weapon to be aware of the safety limits of various shotgun loads. Each year, the fbi uniform crime reports tell b grimm story of policeman killed. Some die from a riflemans bullet from ambush. [gunshot] some die at a closer range, often while performing routine duties. [gunshot] squealing] the largest number are killed by handguns and extremely close range. Often before they can draw their own weapon. [gunshots] combat pistol courses meet this challenge by training shooters to shoot as close as three feet. They will include firing positions for accurate shooting at longer ranges. The point soldier position fire from a crotch uses the arm as a pointer with the front side as the tip. You should not bend elbow or wrists, it would deflect the shot. [gunshots] at closer ranges, shooter may take the natural point. This does not use the front sight, but points the weapon like a finger. [gunshots] also fired from a crouch is the hip position. The weapon should be pointed at the target like a finger, but the bend position makes this more suitable for situations where aiming is not as much of a factor sb. As speed. To position should be taught. The first has the elbow resting on the hip, weapon extended as necessary. This can be used to search a room or cover a partner at close range. Another ready gun position is fired from the hip. This protects the shooter from the danger of being disarmed at close quarters. After close combat training, you should fire groups like this. Showst it, the record combatisses in close situations. You get no second chances. To provide an exercise some of the fbi firing ranges in quantico, virginia have constructed a prototype tooling dueling course. [gunshot] man on the left. Two seconds left. On the right, start walking. [gunshot] man on the right, 1. 25. Isthe final firing position close to the darts. It coordinates the fast reactions and proper techniques you will need in a close combat situation. Effective use of cover may someday save your life on the street. Defensive Firearms Training can make such reaction automatic. Cover may not always protect you against ricochets, which have their own rules of behavior. Demonstrations like this convince you of the rules, and how best to guard you against bouncing bullets. Many Law Enforcement agencies have authorized use of shotguns. Defensive Firearms Training should start with thorough shotgun familiarization and range shooting. Show a frightening increase in the number of Law Enforcement officers killed by handguns and extremely close range. To meet this challenge, defensive Firearms Training must stress the Technical Skills which can defend against this threat. At courses, which teach shooting for survival. Each week, American History archival films that provide context for todays Public Affairs issues. 1976, shotgun or sidearm . It was produced by the pasadena, california leased department to show the unpredictable and dangerous nature of firing shotguns at suspects in public. The film demonstrates how shotgun pellets can strike innocent bystanders. Come on, make it fast. I am. Silent alarm. Colorado. Loft lobos, possibly a gun involved. Any description on possible suspect . Malespect described as a 2. Ro, 6 gold jewelry store. Robbery alarm. Copy. Cover the rear. Freeze. [gunshot] lookout. Only one . He yes. Look, that guy has been shot. What do you think . [crying] 42, truck colbert, driver, shot in the left shoulder. Rosemary, 37, secretary, shot in the left knee. Catherine, 29, parttime teacher, forehead grazed. Woundednocent civilians by a good, conscientious police officer. The explanation is simple. He had the wrong weapon with him. A shotgun is the wrong weapon in just about any situation you can expect innocent people to be nearby. In a busy area like this there are too many elements you cannot control and may not notice. Shots fired. [siren] youhen a suspect should set , you should back by instinct with any weapon you have got. The officer made his mistake in taking his shotgun out of his car. The situation had people everywhere indoors and out. Most cops get a fair amount of practice with their sidearms, but they dont fire a shotgun very often in less they are hunters. They dont know what happens after they pulled the trigger. A shell have nine pellets, each about the size of a 39 caliber projectile. Many other types of shells are available, these are the most common multiple pellet shells and police used. A shell with a single rifle slug is also used is penetrating power is called for. Anytime you fire a multiple pellet shall, you have to keep in mind your firing more than one will it, and each has its own trajectory. Theyre going generally toward the target, the only time they are altogether is when they are still in the gun. Once they leave the gun, a separate farther and farther. Next time you take a shower, notice how the water sprays. It is the same idea. That is why the officer who was peoplewounded three aside from the suspect. These targets are set up to duplicate the positions of the people at the jewelry store. They are fired at from the same distance. The results are exactly what a spray of bullets would cause. The spray, or pattern, is never exactly the same. In this example, rosemary was not hit at all. With his 38, he would only hit the suspect. One shot. But a shotgun cannot give you that kind of accuracy, even at close range. The suspect target here is 50 feet from the officer, one third of the range. , this is 100range yards, not one of the silhouettes was hit. Suitor sugar will tell you, hitting a close target is not always a matter of range. Sometimes, it can scatter all around the target. Sometimes it does not touch it at all. Shotgun is so inaccurate, why would he not for want to take it with him . Because herab it gives them a feeling of security. They think it is a superior weapon. It is more powerful than a sidearm. A shotgun does not have to be aimed carefully. When there is no time to aim, you can whirl, fire and blow the guy away. The better you understand the weapons available to you, the better equipped you will be to do your job. For example, not one officer in 10 has a clear idea of how bullets ricochet. This applies to your 38 and your shotgun pellets. Most people think that a bullet will ricochet off the surface at the same angle it hit surface, sort of like a billiard ball. ,ut after it hits the surface the bullet or group of pellets tend to follow pretty close to the surface they hit. [gunshot] pellets hit the pavement, and even though they had a close angle, not one of them struck the car. Once you leave your car with a shotgun in your hand, you have got it for good or bad. You may not fire it, but you sure as hell are committed to hanging on to it. In that situation, the officers car is on the other side of the shopping center. The suspect is resisting arrest. He knows that the caulk will not fire the shotgun with so many people around. The guy with the shotgun cannot put it down and cannot help his partner. What will he do . Ask a little old lady to hold it for him . No, he is simply stuck with a weapon. He shouldve realized before he left a car that a shotgun would be no help at all in a busy shopping area. Hay. In a deserted alley, shotgun may it seemed like the perfect weapon, but it is the middle of the afternoon and no one can guarantee the alley will stay deserted. What is a matter . He could without the shotgun, kid. And he is nowhere to put it. To put it plainly, these are cases where the shotgun was worse than useless. He kept the officers from doing their job. Where and when is it the right weapon . In some tactical situations, and might be wise for one officer to carry a shotgun. It would only be used if a situation developed that it would be best to use. Two different weapons with two different uses are ready. And there are situations where a shotgun is the best possible weapon for a cop to have. 10 four. Wanted, armed and dangerous. I have three male suspects in the vehicle. Im going to make a stop. [siren] freeze. Stay in your car and put your hands on your head. This is a classic case for choosing a shotgun. The officer is in a relatively isolated area with little traffic. He is dealing with more than one suspect and is told they are armed and dangerous. Only the suspects are within range and in his line of fire. The psychological effect of a heavier weapon can often be a big advantage. We have located an open door on the south side of the warehouse. Well be intending entering the building at this time. Two at the north and two at the south. Two officers are in the building. The most important single point to keep in mind when he think about taking a shotgun out of your car is always the same. Will there be innocent people around . It is not likely in deserted areas or stores or factories that are closed. [gunshot] the greater your range, the wider your spread of pellets. You can fire a shotgun fast, pointing instead of aiming it. [gunshot] at close range, you can blast the hell out of almost anything. Dont shoot. Here is my gun. Hands on your head, come out slow. The psychological effects of a shotgun into the impact it has helps in many occasions. Cop, his it is only a gun and an armed suspect, it damp well better be the right gun. Two offices are in the building. Youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3, to join the conversation like us on facebook on an in history tv, the National Archives host a panel of scholars discussing the equal rights amendment. Introduced in 1923, the constitutional amendment was not passed until 1972, but it fell three states short of the 38 it needed by ratification by the 1988 1982 deadline. This looks at the history of the. A. , and the passive unity possibility of the passage of it in the future. This year is not only the centennial of the National Park service, it is the centennial of the national womans party. We did not plan it that way, but that is the way it worked out. Almost 100 years ago this month, women met in chicago and began to talk about organizing the national womans party. Founded as a party representing womens interest with a single issue platform, the womans party organized and franchised women from westerns states to show their strength at the voting booth and stand together to only vote for candidates who supported the suffrage amendment. We all know suffrage was one in 1920, but today we are here to talk about what happened after suffrage. Alice summer 1920 three, paul had written the original equal rights amendment, and it had already introduced the fit time i took congress. And wp lobby to see the equal rights amendment introduced, and continued to fight for the passage and ratification for more than 70 years. Tonight will share their thoughts on the long and often disputed campaign for the equal rights amendment. Before i introduce our speakers, i want to thank Susan Clifton and the rest of the staff of the National Archives. They have been a longstanding partner of ours, and we are excited to be here as part of their exhibit, amending america. Let me introduce our esteemed panelists. The president and ceo of the National Congress of black women incorporated. A professor of history at the university of maryland. The chair of history at Illinois State university. And the director of programs at the Alice Paul Institute. Please help me welcome them to the stage. [applause] thank you all for being here tonight. This is going to be a fantastic conversation. Over the last few weeks as we have been planning this event, phone conversations. I know that each of the esteemed panelists brings something very impressive to this particular program. I think we will start off with a couple of general remarks from each of you, and then i have some questions, and im hoping the conversation will evolve from there and we can go back and forth,. You are all experts in your field. I know youd all be very gregarious. I am hoping it is a good conversation. I am delighted to be here tonight. The equal rights amendment is alice pauls dream. She wanted women to have the right to vote, and she saw that happen in 1920. But one thing she did not get to see happen was her e. R. A. , which she had worked for as soon as the women got to write the right to vote. She said theres nothing complicated about ordinary equality. With men do with their rights and what women do is up to them as long as they have them. That is why we are gathered here today. We do carry on that vision where i work at the Alice Paul Institute at alice pauls home in mount laurel, new jersey, not to her out of philadelphia. Not too far out of philadelphia. We carry on with the history program, and the ultimate emphasis is on the concept of ordinary equality. I think its alice paul were here today, she would stop the panel where it is, and say, everyone go out and work for the e. R. A. Im glad we are here talking about it and continuing, the discussion of the equal rights amendment and her ultimate vision, of the concept of ordinary equality. Thank you. Page amazing. Dr. Kyle. Dr. Kyle i dont think everyone would agree with alice paul. One of the things i find interesting about the equal rights amendment is that it is so contested. That it has been so debated. It has been since inception in 1923. It ultimately did not get ratified. 38 states were needed for the ratification. 35 were needed. Thinkf those i dont you knew use the word reneged. Rescinded. They decided it wasnt for their state. The 14th amendment they believed provided the necessary rights for all of the individuals. As we go on in the program tonight, i have some quotes from one of the most adamant of the antifeminists of the 1970s, who is still very active today. [laughter] he is so fun to talk about. Maybe i will just kind of throw , some pearls of wisdom throughout the evening. Us to think about this other organization. Toust want to read a quote, spark a little bit of thought, that is perhaps a way to think about the equal rights amendment a little bit differently than alice paul did. There is an organization. Quarterlyens studies in 2015, they argued the e. R. A. , endorses equal treatment as same treatment, and was conceived at a time when families, and the people inhabiting them, were rendered in particular terms. Terms that have since drastically changed and shifted. Not only the institutions like marriage or the work base, our very bodies. Im still quoting from them. It mean to support women, when the very category of women is contested . I want us to think about what it to haver the e. R. A. Been crafted in a time when the heterosexual family was the only family that was considered inappropriate appropriate. Had a veryman distinct definition. We are far more fluid. Not everybody accepts that fluidity. I think that is one of the reasons why