Transcripts For CSPAN3 Reel America 20160731

The liquor store at 14th and elm should the suspect is a white male wearing a red jacket. He is armed. He went that way. I request assistance. Take cover. A basic role for survival against hostile fire. Warily,icer advances selecting possible cover as he moves. Now hes in position to return fire or pin down the suspect until help arrives. With minimum exposure to himself. Training,firearms shooting for survival, normally follows basic instruction. It stresses proper use of cover and the firing positions from behind it. Oneonone is a good method or defensive firearm instruction. The instructor can correct stance or grit for the people continues. Grip before the p upil continues. The result of correcting the event risk is immediate and satisfying. Even good shooters may acquire bad habits when shooting from behind barricades. Ready to fire from strong right hand side, the student benefits from another correction. Keeping elbow and knee safely behind cover, removing two targets from hostile fire. Pattern with a minimum of bodily exposure. Each firing range may set up its own course, but defensive Firearms Training objectives remain. Teaching the application of a six student techniques to confrontation situations. Basere to provide a firm when shooting from covered makes for an accurate shooting. Wide provide a tempting target for an assailant. Now the shooter can fire safely from a steady rest, putting all of his shots in the kill zone and using the barricade for maximum cover. This is shooting for survival. [gunshot] this game warden owes the survival to knowing how ricochet shots may behave. The bouncing bullets may kill a man even when you believe himself safe undercover. Behind this car or this one. In this demonstration, the instructor aims at a target well in front of the car. Not leaveslug does the roadway like a rubber ball. It has ricocheted almost parallel to the ground, to pierce the target under and behind the car. Only in putting a solid object like the wheel or engine of the car between you and your assailant. Let us review the surprising effect again. The i rubber ball thrown to ground would bounce upward at bullete angle, a ricochets almost parallel to the Heart Service struck. Surface struck. With targets at ground level, the instructor aims at the silver tape, a good deal closer than the balloons. Think of one of the balloons as your head and you may change your evaluation of safe cover from ricochets. [gunshot] the same principle remains when the ricochet is from a hard vertical surface vertical service. Think of yourself taking cover around the corner. Exposing yourself only minimally and momentarily. Would you be safe . Your assailant may even a wide at the corner, as we see here. But the ricocheting bullets almost parallel to the wall could kill you as easily as they burst these balloons. The lessons taught by these demonstrations might someday save your life. Attention units 54 and 55, we have a 1090 at the national bank. First unit at the scene, do not enter into the backup unit arrives. This is unit 54 responding. Many Police Departments now authorized shotguns to be carried in patrol cars as a patrol cars. As a safety precaution, they usually do not have a shell and the chamber. Officers may forget to release the action so that they may charge the weapon. Ametimes this only causes momentary delay, but in an unexpected confrontation, these seconds could be vital. Instruction, especially with newly issued weapons, must begin with the row training in handling and loading. Releasing the action must become a reflex move, even under stress. Firing ranges and courses for ,hotgun training may vary, all however, qualify into basic positions. Fire is better suited to long ranges. Hit firing is used to close range, where most confrontations do occur. The shooter must know the shot pattern of his weapon to be aware of the safety limits of various shotgun loads. Each year, the fbi uniform crime reports tell b grimm story of policeman killed. Some die from a riflemans bullet from ambush. [gunshot] some die at a closer range, often while performing routine duties. [gunshot] squealing] the largest number are killed by handguns and extremely close range. Often before they can draw their own weapon. [gunshots] combat pistol courses meet this challenge by training shooters to shoot as close as three feet. They will include firing positions for accurate shooting at longer ranges. The point soldier position fire from a crotch uses the arm as a pointer with the front side as the tip. You should not bend elbow or wrists, it would deflect the shot. [gunshots] at closer ranges, shooter may take the natural point. This does not use the front sight, but points the weapon like a finger. [gunshots] also fired from a crouch is the hip position. The weapon should be pointed at the target like a finger, but the bend position makes this more suitable for situations where aiming is not as much of a factor sb. As speed. To position should be taught. The first has the elbow resting on the hip, weapon extended as necessary. This can be used to search a room or cover a partner at close range. Another ready gun position is fired from the hip. This protects the shooter from the danger of being disarmed at close quarters. After close combat training, you should fire groups like this. Showst it, the record combatisses in close situations. You get no second chances. To provide an exercise some of the fbi firing ranges in quantico, virginia have constructed a prototype tooling dueling course. [gunshot] man on the left. Two seconds left. On the right, start walking. [gunshot] man on the right, 1. 25. Isthe final firing position close to the darts. It coordinates the fast reactions and proper techniques you will need in a close combat situation. Effective use of cover may someday save your life on the street. Defensive Firearms Training can make such reaction automatic. Cover may not always protect you against ricochets, which have their own rules of behavior. Demonstrations like this convince you of the rules, and how best to guard you against bouncing bullets. Many Law Enforcement agencies have authorized use of shotguns. Defensive Firearms Training should start with thorough shotgun familiarization and range shooting. Show a frightening increase in the number of Law Enforcement officers killed by handguns and extremely close range. To meet this challenge, defensive Firearms Training must stress the Technical Skills which can defend against this threat. At courses, which teach shooting for survival. Each week, American History archival films that provide context for todays Public Affairs issues. 1976, shotgun or sidearm . It was produced by the pasadena, california leased department to show the unpredictable and dangerous nature of firing shotguns at suspects in public. The film demonstrates how shotgun pellets can strike innocent bystanders. Come on, make it fast. I am. Silent alarm. Colorado. Loft lobos, possibly a gun involved. Any description on possible suspect . Malespect described as a 2. Ro, 6 gold jewelry store. Robbery alarm. Copy. Cover the rear. Freeze. [gunshot] lookout. Only one . He yes. Look, that guy has been shot. What do you think . [crying] 42, truck colbert, driver, shot in the left shoulder. Rosemary, 37, secretary, shot in the left knee. Catherine, 29, parttime teacher, forehead grazed. Woundednocent civilians by a good, conscientious police officer. The explanation is simple. He had the wrong weapon with him. A shotgun is the wrong weapon in just about any situation you can expect innocent people to be nearby. In a busy area like this there are too many elements you cannot control and may not notice. Shots fired. [siren] youhen a suspect should set , you should back by instinct with any weapon you have got. The officer made his mistake in taking his shotgun out of his car. The situation had people everywhere indoors and out. Most cops get a fair amount of practice with their sidearms, but they dont fire a shotgun very often in less they are hunters. They dont know what happens after they pulled the trigger. A shell have nine pellets, each about the size of a 39 caliber projectile. Many other types of shells are available, these are the most common multiple pellet shells and police used. A shell with a single rifle slug is also used is penetrating power is called for. Anytime you fire a multiple pellet shall, you have to keep in mind your firing more than one will it, and each has its own trajectory. Theyre going generally toward the target, the only time they are altogether is when they are still in the gun. Once they leave the gun, a separate farther and farther. Next time you take a shower, notice how the water sprays. It is the same idea. That is why the officer who was peoplewounded three aside from the suspect. These targets are set up to duplicate the positions of the people at the jewelry store. They are fired at from the same distance. The results are exactly what a spray of bullets would cause. The spray, or pattern, is never exactly the same. In this example, rosemary was not hit at all. With his 38, he would only hit the suspect. One shot. But a shotgun cannot give you that kind of accuracy, even at close range. The suspect target here is 50 feet from the officer, one third of the range. , this is 100range yards, not one of the silhouettes was hit. Suitor sugar will tell you, hitting a close target is not always a matter of range. Sometimes, it can scatter all around the target. Sometimes it does not touch it at all. Shotgun is so inaccurate, why would he not for want to take it with him . Because herab it gives them a feeling of security. They think it is a superior weapon. It is more powerful than a sidearm. A shotgun does not have to be aimed carefully. When there is no time to aim, you can whirl, fire and blow the guy away. The better you understand the weapons available to you, the better equipped you will be to do your job. For example, not one officer in 10 has a clear idea of how bullets ricochet. This applies to your 38 and your shotgun pellets. Most people think that a bullet will ricochet off the surface at the same angle it hit surface, sort of like a billiard ball. ,ut after it hits the surface the bullet or group of pellets tend to follow pretty close to the surface they hit. [gunshot] pellets hit the pavement, and even though they had a close angle, not one of them struck the car. Once you leave your car with a shotgun in your hand, you have got it for good or bad. You may not fire it, but you sure as hell are committed to hanging on to it. In that situation, the officers car is on the other side of the shopping center. The suspect is resisting arrest. He knows that the caulk will not fire the shotgun with so many people around. The guy with the shotgun cannot put it down and cannot help his partner. What will he do . Ask a little old lady to hold it for him . No, he is simply stuck with a weapon. He shouldve realized before he left a car that a shotgun would be no help at all in a busy shopping area. Hay. In a deserted alley, shotgun may it seemed like the perfect weapon, but it is the middle of the afternoon and no one can guarantee the alley will stay deserted. What is a matter . He could without the shotgun, kid. And he is nowhere to put it. To put it plainly, these are cases where the shotgun was worse than useless. He kept the officers from doing their job. Where and when is it the right weapon . In some tactical situations, and might be wise for one officer to carry a shotgun. It would only be used if a situation developed that it would be best to use. Two different weapons with two different uses are ready. And there are situations where a shotgun is the best possible weapon for a cop to have. 10 four. Wanted, armed and dangerous. I have three male suspects in the vehicle. Im going to make a stop. [siren] freeze. Stay in your car and put your hands on your head. This is a classic case for choosing a shotgun. The officer is in a relatively isolated area with little traffic. He is dealing with more than one suspect and is told they are armed and dangerous. Only the suspects are within range and in his line of fire. The psychological effect of a heavier weapon can often be a big advantage. We have located an open door on the south side of the warehouse. Well be intending entering the building at this time. Two at the north and two at the south. Two officers are in the building. The most important single point to keep in mind when he think about taking a shotgun out of your car is always the same. Will there be innocent people around . It is not likely in deserted areas or stores or factories that are closed. [gunshot] the greater your range, the wider your spread of pellets. You can fire a shotgun fast, pointing instead of aiming it. [gunshot] at close range, you can blast the hell out of almost anything. Dont shoot. Here is my gun. Hands on your head, come out slow. The psychological effects of a shotgun into the impact it has helps in many occasions. Cop, his it is only a gun and an armed suspect, it damp well better be the right gun. Two offices are in the building. Youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan3, to join the conversation like us on facebook on an in history tv, the National Archives host a panel of scholars discussing the equal rights amendment. Introduced in 1923, the constitutional amendment was not passed until 1972, but it fell three states short of the 38 it needed by ratification by the 1988 1982 deadline. This looks at the history of the. A. , and the passive unity possibility of the passage of it in the future. This year is not only the centennial of the National Park service, it is the centennial of the national womans party. We did not plan it that way, but that is the way it worked out. Almost 100 years ago this month, women met in chicago and began to talk about organizing the national womans party. Founded as a party representing womens interest with a single issue platform, the womans party organized and franchised women from westerns states to show their strength at the voting booth and stand together to only vote for candidates who supported the suffrage amendment. We all know suffrage was one in 1920, but today we are here to talk about what happened after suffrage. Alice summer 1920 three, paul had written the original equal rights amendment, and it had already introduced the fit time i took congress. And wp lobby to see the equal rights amendment introduced, and continued to fight for the passage and ratification for more than 70 years. Tonight will share their thoughts on the long and often disputed campaign for the equal rights amendment. Before i introduce our speakers, i want to thank Susan Clifton and the rest of the staff of the National Archives. They have been a longstanding partner of ours, and we are excited to be here as part of their exhibit, amending america. Let me introduce our esteemed panelists. The president and ceo of the National Congress of black women incorporated. A professor of history at the university of maryland. The chair of history at Illinois State university. And the director of programs at the Alice Paul Institute. Please help me welcome them to the stage. [applause] thank you all for being here tonight. This is going to be a fantastic conversation. Over the last few weeks as we have been planning this event, phone conversations. I know that each of the esteemed panelists brings something very impressive to this particular program. I think we will start off with a couple of general remarks from each of you, and then i have some questions, and im hoping the conversation will evolve from there and we can go back and forth,. You are all experts in your field. I know youd all be very gregarious. I am hoping it is a good conversation. I am delighted to be here tonight. The equal rights amendment is alice pauls dream. She wanted women to have the right to vote, and she saw that happen in 1920. But one thing she did not get to see happen was her e. R. A. , which she had worked for as soon as the women got to write the right to vote. She said theres nothing complicated about ordinary equality. With men do with their rights and what women do is up to them as long as they have them. That is why we are gathered here today. We do carry on that vision where i work at the Alice Paul Institute at alice pauls home in mount laurel, new jersey, not to her out of philadelphia. Not too far out of philadelphia. We carry on with the history program, and the ultimate emphasis is on the concept of ordinary equality. I think its alice paul were here today, she would stop the panel where it is, and say, everyone go out and work for the e. R. A. Im glad we are here talking about it and continuing, the discussion of the equal rights amendment and her ultimate vision, of the concept of ordinary equality. Thank you. Page amazing. Dr. Kyle. Dr. Kyle i dont think everyone would agree with alice paul. One of the things i find interesting about the equal rights amendment is that it is so contested. That it has been so debated. It has been since inception in 1923. It ultimately did not get ratified. 38 states were needed for the ratification. 35 were needed. Thinkf those i dont you knew use the word reneged. Rescinded. They decided it wasnt for their state. The 14th amendment they believed provided the necessary rights for all of the individuals. As we go on in the program tonight, i have some quotes from one of the most adamant of the antifeminists of the 1970s, who is still very active today. [laughter] he is so fun to talk about. Maybe i will just kind of throw , some pearls of wisdom throughout the evening. Us to think about this other organization. Toust want to read a quote, spark a little bit of thought, that is perhaps a way to think about the equal rights amendment a little bit differently than alice paul did. There is an organization. Quarterlyens studies in 2015, they argued the e. R. A. , endorses equal treatment as same treatment, and was conceived at a time when families, and the people inhabiting them, were rendered in particular terms. Terms that have since drastically changed and shifted. Not only the institutions like marriage or the work base, our very bodies. Im still quoting from them. It mean to support women, when the very category of women is contested . I want us to think about what it to haver the e. R. A. Been crafted in a time when the heterosexual family was the only family that was considered inappropriate appropriate. Had a veryman distinct definition. We are far more fluid. Not everybody accepts that fluidity. I think that is one of the reasons why it is contested. I will throw out some stuff later. Page thank you. Andm delighted to be here glad to talk about the e. R. A. What i am most interested in as a historian and activist now, is the Progressive Opposition to the e. R. A. My students are always shocked to learn when alice paul penned the e. R. A. , the overwhelming majority of feminist, progressive feminists, opposed the e. R. A. Because it would undermine protective legislation for women. That is what i would like to talk about later. Excellent. Dr. Williams. Dr. Williams when alice wereshing about this, we thinking about being recognized as human beings. One of the things in our community we always say is that we support the equal rights amendment. Our organization is one of the , but we hopetions our systems will recognize it is not the only issue in our community that we have to be concerned about. We have criminal justice issues, poverty issues, Voter Suppression issues. We have so many. Our time is so divided. Would hope that our sisters are there for us also as we are on the issues like the equal rights amendment. Page excellent. Let me start with you, kris. Can you tell us a little more about the original equal rights amendment, and alices intention when she put it out . What do you think she got the reaction of it was going to be . Kris i think when we got the right to vote, alice is already thinking about the next step. She had started doing legal research. She was working with great legal minds of the time. There were several drafts, at least 35 drafts of an amendment that she will make much simpler in its form, and called the Lucretia Mott amendment. That is the first version she introduces officially in 1923. She did not tell her party, though, that she had already made the decision to work on this. It was decided behind the scenes. In 1923, there is this great gathering at seneca falls, new york. She said to her party members, what is the next step for women . At that point, she has already decided what she was going to do. She had already come up with basic dress for the equal rights amendment. But i think she thought women would be very receptive to it, and i think she thought that the United States would be receptive to it, in some way. Particularly, i think originally she might have felt that women that work in the labor forces would be receptive to it. Many of them were suffragists. I think it probably suppressor initially that women in the labor forces and women in work and unions immediately opposed the equal rights amendment, because it would eliminate those protective pieces of legislation. I think her intent was good, and she thought it would be received rightell, but right away, in 1921, she realizes that she has a key opponent in florence kelly, who is working for labor unions specifically for women. Protective legislation for women to help them in the workplace, to make sure they are not being overworked or underpaid. That is going to be one of the initial fights within the early part of the movement. Page ok. You talked about the difference between protective legislation versus blanket legislation. Maybe you could give us a little more of an explanation of both of those. Sure. It is hard to explain. The protective legislation, the idea behind it was that women would have special restrictions in the workplace that would help them. For example, they would a lot of protective legislation would fight for an eight hour work day which was the key goal,. Four restrictions on how much you would have to list lift, or the right to have bathroom breaks. Not to work at night. There was protective legislation to protect women from working at night. These are very helpful to women workers. However, alice paul is advocating for a blanket amendment, which would be at the federal level. Wanted thoset special protections were afraid if you pass a federal amendment, it would wipe out protective legislation. That is what would happen. There was that fight women need special protections, in the workforce versus a blanket set of legislations that says womens are that women are entitled to the same rights in the constitution. Alices argument to that right away is, at first she tried to be accommodated accommodating. That lasted around a year. Then, she said no such protections. Because she said if you give women such protections, you give an employee or way to discriminate against them. Theres a lot to accommodate women, you become a burden to the boss, and you are the first to get the boot. There are more arguments she has, but that is the gist of the argument. Dr. Williams i think today it would be hard to see how labor unions would be against the equal rights amendment. Things have changed in many ways, but the circumstances of women have changed. So many women are the breadwinners in their family. That is true in the black community. We not only have to bring home the bacon, but we have to bring it home, fry it, keep the electricity and gas on, and then washed the dishes afterwards and, still have work to do. I would think today that would not be an excuse. And i for labor unions, believe most of them today, while they have had negative images in the past, today they are truly working so we have a quality. I would dare say we wouldnt find unions that would be opposed to the e. R. A. Today. Page they change their opinions in thepage 1970s. The amendment, the overwhelming majority of women, as well as progressive allies in the middle class, opposed the e. R. A. Precisely because protective legislation like minimum wage, safety laws, that were passed only for women, would be undermined. Knowuncy you probably this, but the early 20th century, the Supreme Court made it unconstitutional to pass that protective labor legislation for men, but it did let through some legislation for women. The way that much of the labor and you movement and progressive allies thought in the early going with that the protective labor laws for women were an opening wage, and once women had those protections, they could eventually be extended to men. Which in some ways it is exactly what happened during the new deal. In the early going, the vast majority of people that we would consider feminist thoughts the e. R. A. Would hurt more than it would help. Historians are pretty clear it would have. But the 1930s changed that with the fair labor standards act, in 1938. We have labor the minimum wage passed. It turns out that we still the actunder the law of at the federal level. That is not a maximum law that for bids mandatory overtime. That law allows employers to require overtime, they just have to pay time and a half for it. For women who have children to care for, and who are primarily responsible for children, that law does not do then nearly as much good as it did men in the 1930s and 1940s and 1950s. If your child would be per put on the curb by the daycare provider or school at 6 00, it doesnt matter how much you are employer is paying you, you cant stay. You have to get out in time to get your child. Law didntf hours operate in the way that a lot of women needed it to, and so there were state laws that helped them out. One of the classics is the michigan law in the 1940s. If you heard this, you would cry. It was a 54 hours law. After 54 hours a week, nine hours a day, six days a week, employees could not require mandatory overtime of women workers after that 54 hours. That was the kind of protective legislation that remained in place in the 50s and 60s. A lot of women workers depended on that in order to be able to do their jobs and get home in time to take care of their children and fry the bacon. Those kinds of protective laws were cherished by a lot of women workers, and their allies and earlyes, through the 1960s. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964, title vii of the civil banned employers from discriminating against women as well as anyone on the basis of race in the workplace. In 1969, the elc determined that title vii actually disallowed protective labor legislation. After that, the labor unions dropped their opposition to the e. R. A. , if they didnt outright support it. Im glad you mentioned the Civil Rights Movement. It was the Civil Rights Movement that helped to gain a lot of the laws we have today, when we look at women. To blackt just a pipe women, or with men not just black men. Also writes for the lgbt community, the handicapped, people with disabilities. The Civil Rights Movement had a lot of impact on what we have today, and continues to have that is why i would like to see. White women and white men work more with civil rights groups, because we got the ball rolling. Now we are moving on. We have other problems with Voter Suppression and other things. We would like to have more people working with us to pick up that load we have to work on every day, which is not just womens rights. Im really proud to be one of the lead organizations and chief spokespersons for the equal rights amendment, but i need some help. [laughter] page absolutely. Dr. Ciani but according to phyllis. [laughter] heres a quote. Out of all the people who lived, the american moment thats women is the most privileged. We have the most rights and rewards, and the fewest duties. [laughter] she Still Believes that. Radio, have on the lately . D her page but when we spoke earlier today, we were talking about the fact that that comes from a distinct place of privilege. It is only because of her privileged place. One of the things we have intimated that have not been clear about dr. Ciani one of the things we have intimated, but have not been cleared out, is that the equal rights amendment in 1923, 1964, and 1972 and when it died in, 1982, was primarily a movement of white and middleclass women, both on the pro and against sides. It was a movement that was really generated by women who had Resources Available to them, and resources of time, resources of money, resources also of being connected to other politicians, whether that be local, state, or federal. One of the arguments about losing the e. R. A. In the 1970s stayed the proforces ,entralized in washington dc which now and e. R. A. America, are one of the most important of the time. Wenthe antie. R. A. Forces out into the local and state levels and really gathered forces,. Their ministers, their pastors, their state legislators, mayors, most of whom were men. They really made the argument to these individuals that their state and their locale would not benefit from an equal rights , and that there had been a lot of scholars and historians who have made the argument about that local state level. As well as most of the states go forward with the amendment were southern states, and they were also democratically connected states. The state of illinois was one of the most infamous states. I live there, so i can still testify, we are still in fitness, we still dont have a state budget. We are the only state in the union that doesnt have a budget yet. Time got hist the chicago machine going. At women whongry , who were playing his politics against him. This guy in at the, he was mad Democratic Convention leadership. He wanted it. Women in illinois back the other. He said, if you are going to do that, i will do this. So illinois did not go forward with it. Is a lot of different angles. It is not just the race component. There are a lot of different elements to it. , in what we were talking about earlier, you have to think about it. Im a historian, so this is how i think. Historical context is very important. 1920ss written in the 1970s,the same in the and it didnt work. Some people would argue that that language still doesnt work. I think one of the things that it makes so clear, that the same word means something entirely different at different times, and context confers meeting. Dr. Muncy historians believe you can tell it anything means, because it is context that gives anything real meaning. Is way to see then this case that in the 1930s and 40s, and 1920s, and through the 1950s, the e. R. A. Was seen as a probusiness measure. The people who supported it the first party to support the e. R. A. Was the Republican Party in 1940. They saw it as a probusiness measure, because it would undermine protective labor legislation, and lifted restrictions off of them players, allowing them to exploit their workers to their hearts content. It was seen as an antilabor , probusiness measure in the 1930s and 1940s and after. Of course, it would come to mean Something Different in the context of the 1960s and 1970s. Changedhe things that part of the context was absolutely the Civil Rights Movement and apostle passage of the Civil Rights Act. Another thing that changed is that women workers had been used to and largely accepted such that regarded segregated labor markets. In the industries in which women dominated like in the Garment Industry, the labor unions and Garment Industry where the last ones to drop their opposition to e. R. A. Protective labor legislation really helped women who were not in competition with men for jobs. If you are in a position, but you are only going to compete with other women, any protective labor legislation that goes only to women will not hurt you. It will only help you. If you are in a position where you want to compete with a man for a job, then you dont want any restrictions on you, because you want to be able to say, i can do anything he can do. In that case, protective legislation is more likely to seem like a harm. One of the things that is , one of the places it is most obvious in the late 1940s, is in the Auto Industry. Michigan again. In michigan, there were not too many women in the Auto Industry, but maybe 10 of the uaw. They were in segregated jobs. They made less money, but they made a decent living compared to other women, thanks to unionization. But they began to think they would never get in their female dominated jobs in the industry, they would never get wages equal to the guys in the Auto Industry if they didnt just get out of those female dominated jobs and compete with guys. That began to percolate through the uaw, in the late 1940s and 1950s. The women in the uaw were among the first in the Labor Movement to come to support e. R. A. , and decide to protective labor legislation was not for them. Women in the Garment Industry held out. Clothingt emitted workers did not drop their position to e. R. A. Until 1974 that is really late. The context is what. Let all the difference. As those diminish, especially in the 1950s and 1960s and after, the e. R. A. Looks better. Dr. Williams i think the average person would say, how change. Ave teams a time when republicans were supporting the equal rights amendment. [laughter] to work to what we have with today. One of the advantages today is that there are so many enlightened men. No man and his audience, are maybe one, who would say im opposed to the equal rights amendment. I wouldtalking about just like the men and audience did turn to somebody and say, shes not talking about me. [laughter] is an advantage now, particularly with men who are married. It seems to me that men who are married would want their wives to work, and would want them to have equal pay. Think of how much that increases the family wealth, and the whole burden is not on youtube by the new card for the daughter who is graduating from high school the burden is not on you to buy the new car for the daughter who is graduating from high school, or the son who is going to military, or whatever. I think it is something really special to have an opportunity to increase the family fund, and that is what the equal rights amendment would do. It would just allow us to get away from that, what is it, 78 to the dollar . Even less for black women, and it may only be in the 40s. I think it is great for increasing the wealth and the family. I grew up in the south. To me, all white people were rich. [laughter] that is an idea i still have today sometimes. I am finding out it is not really true. There are families who are not black, not latino, who also need the extra help, need to have women and their families able to make as much as the men make. Men, if you are opposed to the equal rights amendment, raise your hand. You might want to leave at this point. [laughter] we have one. I wish you well. The young woman sitting beside him. We know whats going to happen tonight. [laughter] , what are you go ahead and jump into the opposition and how that was framed at a specific time, and that it really did take hold, and here we are today. Dr. Ciani i think that the opposition was really adamant about the positive nature of what they saw as a patriarchal umbrella, and that women and children were protected