Youre watching news coming up next doc film the renaissance factor part two theyll be more at the top of the hour thanks for joining us. Europe ill be going to. Put whats become of it. What will it look like tomorrow. Evening for a Better Future isnt enough. Requires work which is sufficient. You know actions twenty nineteen may twenty sixth on g. W. The renaissance was when people started keeping track of time. Locksmith peterhead life invented the pocket watch in fifteen ten it soon became a profit tool merchants and a fortune with it. And it is out seafarers to navigate the distant oceans. Shortly before Christopher Columbus had arrived in the americas and the known world triple up inside. People began to understand our planets in new ways and an empire rose on which the sun never sets. This was all thanks to the new portable timepieces scholars could measure and calculate the paths of the heavenly bodies more accurately discovering the mechanisms of Planetary Motion and ultimately placing the sun at the heart of our solar system. The way to the stars was opened at least in the mind of the pockets. Watch and the other inventions of the
renaissance helped Transform Europe and the world. Needs. Florence in fifteen zero four you noted of him she was a towering figure in an era that became known as the renaissance when the best known painting of all time was created. The mona lisa the mysterious beauty with the inscrutable smile. Its probably a portrait of Lisa Del Gioconda the wife of a cloth and soap merchant from florence. Apparently leonardo took years to finish it the artist always struggled with his works he was never satisfied with them and was always trying to perfect them. Or the tenth one set of him this man will never accomplish anything how wrong he was. Not it was a polarizing figure charming and erudite he was also described as for bush and vain a man who was openly homosexual at a time when gay men were persecuted even burned at the stake. United of inchy is considered one of the most versatile geniuses of all time. The star of the renaissance was much more than just an artist he was also an architect anatomist sculptor mathematician iconoclast inventor. For the brilliant creator of The Mona Lisa painting was perhaps just a necessary evil. I mean a thirteen paintings are attributed to leonardo today most have been lost because
he was constantly experimenting with new paint mixes many of which decomposed over time he cared more about his inventions than he did about painting. You know when it came to his innermost desires leonardo was a seeker and explore someone who was interested in new ideas mystery rather than a painter who laboriously tended to his craft every day brush stroke after brush stroke and hunt. Deeply. We know that he sometimes made just minor corrections to a painting and that he wasnt in front of a canvas all the time. Maybe he just painted to make a living. His paintings were in great demand after all. They were extremely well done at least those that he finished. With. Maybe he just painted her on the money he needed to have the freedom he needed to
pursue his scientific research. Because. In the fifteenth century issue he was ravaged by numerous conflicts then is defeated paddler and florence come to peace in force you know fine in fourteen thirteen the neapolitans attacked rome. In Four Hundred Forty four florence went to war against both naples and venice. The talon cities had an insatiable appetite for conquest but their constant battles feel progress. Had become a promoter of art. The war didnt just have negative effects and the renaissance it ensured that huge sums of money were mobilized to the conduct of the military contractors. They were often based in small cities or towns from where they waged the wars of the big players
for big money. That meant well from florence milan Naples Venice and rome flowed into smaller places. If you go to italy and enjoy the beauty and diversity of these small towns you get an idea of what it meant back then to turn war and iron into gold and gold into art school. Milan in Four Hundred Eighty Five you not os employer was loaded because what you group the city state. You know to apply to work for him as a Military Engineer and maker of weapons mentioning his painting and sculpture in passing that if eco had great expansion. It was reading himself for war. And so leonardo ended up building High Tech Weapons for the sports. Inspired by antiquity he can bind the idea of an enclosed chariot with the torches
formation used by the roman legions in seats warfare. It was supposed to be an Armored Vehicle with incredible firepower but it failed in practice it was too heavy to move easily and the steam engine hadnt yet been invented. The Codex Atlantica contains more than a thousand pages with sketches by leonardo he designs of Perpetual Motion Machine a gearbox and vehicles powered by springs. But many of his creations still puzzle us even now. Something this called device was a mechanical calculator other critics say that interpretation goes a step too far in the renaissance there was no way of actually constructing a mechanical gear train like this of course leonardo knew that but that didnt stop
his theoretical innovations and some of them were groundbreaking. You know his love of mechanics chimes with the spirit of the times like him many pioneering minds was searching for machines that might save people the earth and the universe in motion. Clocks were the most mechanically elaborate devices of leonardos time. When Pacer Henline invented his pocket watch in the early sixteenth century people started believing themselves the masters of time. But those who earn money with time by learning money for said periods while Charging Interest a mortal sin. Time still belong to god alone. The program bishan on Charging Interest is in the Christian Bible its one of the
really important biblical probably almost as important as thou shalt not kill. Thats because people believed that humans shouldnt profit from time because time belong to god. But in the late middle ages and the renaissance the economy had come to play a totally different role. Money had to be available in the economy and making money and Time Available was beneficial so you had to make it worth your while. For. As a result there were more and more ways of getting around the ban on Charging Interest in practice from. The imperial decrees of the sixteenth century and now allowed christian Money Lenders to charge and next him a five percent interest on money. Until then the Credit Industry had been solely in the hands of jewish Money Lenders this
now changed. Most elusive still denounce the practice of Charging Interest but the swiss reformer john calvin had quite a different opinion. For. Calvin said that people could determine from their economic success whether they were predestined to salvation or damnation. What that meant people didnt just sit around to see whether they would be chosen. They worked incredibly hard. The great Sociologist Marx Of Aber said that calvinism was the father of capitalism. But we know that other religious movements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries did just as much to spur the economy. It was really the overall forces in society at the time along with technical developments that led to the incredible economic boom. The city of cyrix started setting up official Currency Exchanges in fourteen nineteen. The Money Changers tended to be goldsmiths or coin winters because they had to be able to tell the value of the coins. They changed currencies and they also made loans. With this and calvinist traditions switzerland became a Banking Pioneer and affluence became a symbol of divine favor. Measuring time is still inseparably time to exploring the heavens. Renaissance thinkers had already set their sights on the stars many medieval time pieces were astronomical clocks. The exact measurement of time is a necessary requirement for studying the motion of the sun moon and planets. It was the start of an age in which scholars began to challenge the churchs
worldview saying that the sun didnt revolve around the earth and the earth was not the Center Of The Universe. From book in poland in around fifteen forty. Nicolaus copernicus was a canon at the cathedral there as well as a high ranking government official. He was also a lawyer physician and mathematician as well as an economist who wrote a highly regarded work on the. Theory of money but his real passion was astronomy. His astronomical observations and calculations contradicted the generally accepted model originally posited by the ancient scholar Claudius Ptolemy namely that the earth was at the center of the solar system. This Geocentric World View was essential teaching Of The Church. Copernicus believed the sun was at the center of the solar system. But even though he spent thirty years working on his theory he
kept quiet about it his friends and confidantes including some high ranking clerics tried to persuade him to publish his work but without success. The fire burning because it was scared of publishing his theory because he was afraid he would make himself a laughing stock. Educated people knew that the earth wasnt flat that it was a sphere. In copernicuss world view this fear was also moving. Spawn on its own axis and also orbited the sun at high speed. People believe that this would have an perceivable consequences the earth would be subjected to strong headwind and objects would tip over and things like that. And then there was the theological aspect that Martin Luther threw into the mix. He told copernicus that the bible said that the sun moved around the earth and not the other way around so copernicus
was wrong and that scared copernicus into keeping quiet and it appears that. Martin luther called copernicus a fool and his model was dismissed not so much as heretical but more as fantastical. It was only seventy years after his death that galileos observations provide a convincing arguments. But the physical proof had to wait for another Three Hundred years nevertheless Nicholas Copernicus had provided the s. A nominal model of our solar system and refuted the ancient Scholar Ptolemy and that in itself was revolutionary. The earth was ultimately removed from the Center Of The Universe and classified as an ordinary planet that orbited the sun along with others. Copernicus saw how the apparent motion of the stars in the night sky was really the result of the earths
own rotation. Everything orbited the sun so the Actual Center of the solar system had to be near it. Hardly any other discovery has had such a great influence on our time. Our voyage to the stars began five hundred years ago without copernicus they would be no space flight all Satellite Communication Systems and our lives today would be very different. Tones her to her a calculations performed by Copernicus Have had a real impact on us today we sent our space ships into space knowing where the planets were if ptolemys worldview had been correct we would have reached none of those planets and it all would have been a waste of time. The advent of The Cross Stuff also known as jacob staff made it possible to determine latitude at sea using astronomical
calculations. This breakthrough in Maritime Technology made it possible to navigate on the high seas. And further achievements came with if America Astronomical tables calculated by the german astronomer and mathematician you had this miller who was also known as montana. His tables recorded the location of celestial bodies from fourteen seventy five to fifteen zero six. Together with the jacob stuff they guided silas on their journey this. One ponders what montana was made people in europe aware of trigonometry he published his own work taking advantage of the New Invention of printing gutenbergs invention of the Printing Press walk through like trigonometry is still
central to Navigation Calculations and to g. P. S. Receivers around the world. For. Trigonometry was the key to navigation and the search for new trade routes emboldened the explorers of the renaissance who sought new sources of wealth. People started pondering completely new questions what lies beyond the known world and how can we get there. Europes merchants realize that it was cheaper to bring large quantities of Pepper Cinnamon and silk to europe by the portuguese Shipping Routes then to transport them along the Overland Route controlled by venice. That led to the collapse of the venetian spice monopoly. Many Trading Establishments of the renaissance invested in shipping portugal and spain became leaving trading nations. Im from the call
for. European merchants wanted to get their hands on exotic luxurious and beautiful things and sell them for as much profit as possible. These things could be found in the mediterranean and especially in the far east. And so merchants like Marco Polo Set Off to search for spices and silk and incense and other luxury products. By how. They traveled the world they were followed by missionaries and sometimes by warriors. And then came the Artists Thinkers and explorers so they all fueled each other hoping to transcend their own horizons. To. Lisp in. School says he three year old Christopher Columbus was just hours away from his lifes dream coming true. He had an audience with the portuguese king john
the second columbus was a professional seafarer from genoa with profound knowledge of mathematics and could talk for a fee and a passionate defender of aristotles belief that asia could be reached in just a few days by sailing west from europe. The ancient scholars had estimated that europe and asia covered roughly half of the earth succumb france but columbus believed that eurasia was much bigger than that. In fact eurasia only makes up around a third. Columbus also believed the earth was very much smaller than it really is only half its actual size he thought the western reach of china and india was Four Thousand Five Hundred kilometers long a challenging voyage but a manageable one. In actual fact its
a journey of Twenty Thousand kilometers far beyond the capabilities of his time. It was not only taking a risk but also a miscalculated one. Johns advisers suspected columbus was mistaken and refused to give him Financial Support he only received it eight years later from the spanish King Ferdinand the second. After six weeks at sea on the twelfth of october fourteen ninety two columbus made landfall in the bahamas and then went on to cuba and his. He still believed he had found the Western Route To Asia and that his band you all know was the chinese coast. In his records he promised the spanish crown as much gold as it needed and as many slaves as it asked for. Columbus have. Discovered the new world and plunged it into catastrophe as a group was forced on its. Columbus was good at navigating ships through difficult waters but he was a very poor manager. He was unable to keep his own men together and ultimately the spanish crown took away his powers. When you dont feel so america was already populated when he discovered it so it wasnt a real discovery in that sense but his arrival opened the door to unprecedented disasters. Millions of Indigenous People died at the hands of the germs that the europeans brought with them from. The european explorers were interested in gold and yet more gold a little bit in god but more so in spices. Columbuss voyages opened up the newly discovered lands to foreign conquest and brought disaster to
their indigenous populations. From one side in the can only. Right until his Death Columbus believed that he had found the secret to the chinese mainland but his discovery none the less changed the world spain and portugal became imperial superpowers. Columbus thus was also the first in a line of cruel concrete is. What drove him a last Thread Venture the promise of power wealth fame. Columbus was definitely someone who wanted Fame And Fortune but he was also a very devout person. He thought he was helping countless individuals by bringing their souls to the Christian Faith so. There are many indications that he might have believed that