In the elections twenty nineteen may twenty sixth on g. W. Back the world has changed whether its getting more extreme. To day be a struggling minute talking with people on the moon in the millions and it talking up of people in the billions. Drought floods hurricanes that asked areas are being devastated by environmental catastrophe how many people will be forced to leave their homes by the mid century not due to conflict and war but due to Climate Change we appear to be on the path to a troubling future. From mr hill region to Southeast Asia from the pacific to the caribbean some people are fleeing rising waters others drought. The worlds population began to soar about two hundred years ago soon it will top ten billion Greenhouse Gases are rising apace the resulting warming of the earths atmosphere is wreaking havoc on the climate humankind which is responsible for this warming is becoming its victim more and more people are forced to leave their homes. Inequality is being exacerbated by Climate Change wealthy industrialized nations are polluting our air while the main victims live in the global south for example in indonesia. Which means happy beach lies on the indian ocean due to rising seas and heavy rainfall the village is sinking into the sea. The flooding continues. Even now during dry season. The local Primary School is damp and smells of rot parents say conditions are intolerable and more than half the children have been taken out of school. Most. Teachers in primary grades. He attended this school himself and is determined to persevered. His classroom flooded for the first time in twenty thirteen. One banana conditions here are very very difficult for us we often have to send the Children Home when the classrooms flood the children sit with their legs in water. Regular instruction has become impossible the children are falling behind within the next five or six years rahmatullah believes the school will be submerged. It will be abandoned along with the village. What will it look like here three decades from now in the year two thousand and fifty. Dam there will be the most extreme conditions off of forward with our seventeen Thousand Islands a lot of coast and that will be if not by the sea so life will not be the same as here there is a lot of illness that will replace and comic growth of the whole world will be disturbed by horizontal strife. One against the other because fighting for food water maybe erasure that very sad picture in twenty fifty. Years. Or that for the Indonesian Special envoy the catastrophic impact of unchecked Climate Change is the biggest challenge facing humankind today ten years ago the topic was barely on the radar. Jakarta the capital of indonesia with some ten million residents its the largest city in Southeast Asia around thirty millions. People live in the metropolitan area making it the second largest urban conglomeration in the world. In the fish markets are located in North Jakarta the scent of the ocean lies in the air mixing with the odors of the city. Just a few kilometers from the city center the problems confronting this tropical metropolis become apparent residents struggle with small heat heavy traffic pollution population density and poor hygenic conditions and with increasing frequency and flooding. The slum district of data is located near the airport its five thousand residents used to live near the sea but these days it almost looks like they live in it. Eco zoom are no has lived in since the one nine hundred seventy s. He and his neighbors have watched the rising sea level with concern. At least once a month the flooding reaches his knees. Sometimes the water remains two days sometimes a week. It floated here for the first time around the year two thousand. First it was just a few centimeters. Since two thousand and ten the flooding has been getting higher and higher but its never been as bad as it is now. In jakarta the district closest to the coast face the biggest problems poor neighborhoods like will be among the first to me complete relocation. Of the slums most at risk are situated along a wide corridor that snakes through the city says urban planner Marco Cousteau my view jaya. Floods although only of course the. As the flag. Was obs three months in the city center observed god will forgive you for a while wolf is. The job is director of the root jack center for urban studies which searches for solutions for climate related problems right now their focus is the depletion of groundwater from the area the declining water table has even more serious consequences than rising sea levels. Its causing the ground to sink and large parts of the city with it it is your most of them. On the beyond. The sea level rises at between four to six millimeters when your butt was dylon. You subsiding by. Tree to twenty sente meet. In february two thousand and thirteen nearly half of jakarta was underwater. Scenes like this are likely to become increasingly common. Ocean levels continue to rise the land is collapsing and heavy rains are becoming more frequent. About one third of jakarta is currently below sea Level Environmental problems are causing a growing number of people to flee the city but most want to remain or have no other choice in an effort to protect their capital the government has begun building a seawall. But only six of the plan fifty kilometers have been built. And even their water is finding its way through its becoming clear that everything located directly on the water will one day fall victim to it like. This mosque. The bad thing is actually most of all neighborhoods would be flooded because neighborhoods have raised them so you know but exactly because they have raised the good all so the water. Will actually flow into the surrounding poor neighborhoods. Poor districts located along one of jakartas thirteen rivers often stay submerged for weeks when the floodwaters rise. Areas near the chile one river are most at risk like this low income district by the chile one tributary tom call situated just four hundred meters from the ocean the drivers housekeepers fishermen construction workers and such that live here all face Climate Change related risks. Its estimated that sixty five percent of four patients will be directly. Affected by stray that which is a lot of people sixty five percent of the three hundred million fail at million this hundred seventy Million People in. An island nation and six thousand and seven that. This will be destroyed they have they came up with figures of fourteen million four zero million because they have the coastline of people and those are prone to. Affix of landslides. Million people pay him for. Them those involved may have to leave their homes. In. Indonesia is prone to a variety of natural disasters from cyclons to mudslides flooding to drought but there is one place that has that risk of all of these the island of java. And its here that one of the worlds most densely Populated Areas is located jakarta. The citys infamous traffic jams last almost until midnight only to resume again at dawn. More than three point five Million People commute into the city every day. Just one hundred kilometers southeast the bustle of jakarta is a distant memory. John your district is situated at the foot of two an active volcanoes. Its one of jobs most fertile farming regions. In. The rice vegetables and fruit grown here help feed the countrys capital the village of surrounding is accessible only by motorbike or on foot. Due to durrani runs a small Coffee Plantation here like his father and grandfather he has a farmer. Coffee used to be a safe choice it fetched a better price than vegetables and was hardier than rice. But thats changing. When i was younger all farmers would plant during rainy season so january february and march. And then everyone would harvest during dry season. But now my colleagues and i are desperate. Because its often dry in the rainy season and in the dry season it rains. We are paying the price for Climate Change our harvest sept dropped massively by about sixty percent. Nearly half of local farmers have given up theyve moved to other parts of indonesia or left the country altogether. Some have become construction workers in saudi arabia but due to roni doesnt want to join them. Yet the back on. I cant imagine doing anything else. But i will stay here as long as possible but im a farmer thats who i am. Im going to try to somehow adapt to Climate Change if its too dry when its time to plant for example ill just wait. For. These mountainous regions dont just supply food to the cities their forests also help store rainwater but extreme weather conditions are growing increasingly common here and still forests are falling victim to logging leaving rainwater to flow unhindered into the valley sometimes the water sweeps away everything in its path. Mudslides have had fatal consequences these images state some twenty seventeen and twenty eighteen. Special climate envoy vitol are says that by mid century Climate Change will have forced forty Million People to flee their homes in indonesia alone farmers who can no longer till their fields slum dwellers whose ten rooftops have sunk into the sea. Most experts agree that its the worlds coldest regions that have become the cauldron for Climate Change these are the arctic the antarctic alaska and much of the permafrost of russia. Nikita zima of trained as a mathematician. But his father sergei is lifelong commitment inspired nikita to change course. Now like his father he has dedicated his life to preserving russias permafrost. Hes come to the river in northeastern siberia an eight hour flight from moscow to gather evidence that the promise frost is vanishing. The ground has warmed up to three degrees celsius causing the top layer of the ice to melt. One side effect is that more and more rare fossils are surfacing. For paleontologists this would be a treasure trove a field of riches from the distant pleistocene epoch. So think of the. Moments where. Not the biggest one but it would have saved. Twenty so here was in the forces and they can see here was huge and there never is quick moment and they were four thousand years and all they were is here on the square kilometer maui around six hundred going to things so every once in a while there. All along the cleaner soil is a road sliding into the river as a consequence of the melting permafrost. Miki tanzim off cost plants like these zombies because the soil in which they are growing was barren for forty thousand years. This vegetation will also soon end up in the river. The changes taking place here could soon be a reality across wide expanses of russia. And it could also have a dramatic impact on the Global Climate and mass migration of peoples for there is an immense amount of biomass still trapped within the common frost. If that trapped c o two in methane were to be released into the atmosphere the pace of Climate Change would increase dramatically. So theres a group of grasses which grew here maybe i dont forty thousand years ago and then prove that this is a huge storage of carbon and take all these little roots and put them on the one side of the balance and on the other side of the balance put all the above ground vegetation of the point of trees and shrubs of them going to you will see that they started it out of weight more and the better for us without the great everywhere all these will become what we were before microbes sleep and they were very soon to look into green cows. Thats ice pure ice out there and you see when this ice is melting the water is mixing with the soil and creating this month falls which are children down the top and they get additions have been very rapidly here so its a combination of both a lot of carbon and the water fight and thats a give you a very rapid carbon bomb for every problem thatll be happening with the Global Warming worldwide with this thing will be a problem before it so you can do it to see if its going to be bad somewhere it will turn very bad so if there is a week to stop that from happening we need to apply that because if not you know. You can write any apocalyptic scenarios you want and probably most of them will come true. Its breakfast time in nikitas him off guest house. Interest in permafrost has soared over the past decade so now the guest rooms here at the station are usually booked year round with researchers from all over the world. This is a group from Oxford University here to study the transformations currently underway in what used to be frozen earth work. During the soviet era this enormous satellite used to broadcast Television Programming from moscow. Offs turned the station into a home base for scientists from around the world. Yeah well so the data that has been collected in siberia and across russias far east are alarming normally the vegetation binds Greenhouse Gases in the summer and only releases very small amounts back into the atmosphere in winter. So out here you can see that. Here money for which is. Cool but for the past few years the promise ross that stalling more and more in the summer is releasing ever increasing amounts of methane and c o two during the winter. The moment a virus is acting as it could be say as a friend as a moderate brake on Climate Change so a for about forty percent of the Carbon Dioxide we emit is being absorbed by the biosphere and thats acting to slow down Climate Change if i wasnt happening Climate Changes even faster than that it is but one of the big concerns we have as a system scientists is understanding how long will the biosphere keep acting as a brake and is there a danger that at some time in the future. If this break will turn into the accelerator. Scientists from all over are turning their attention to the permafrost and its potential impact on Climate Change. This group of researchers from prague is being hosted by the institute of applied ecology of the north in the republic of soka. The researchers have just returned from a crater that is carved into the permafrost. These soil samples are a gift to the institute. In return the researchers hope to obtain permission to exhibit some of their spectacular finds in a museum at home remains of a mammoth and the mummified remains of an extinct horse from the pleistocene epoch you. Fear. It will do if they were. In the crater and which the fossilized remains were found was named the bottom gaika crater but locals call it the gateway to the underworld. Its easy to see why. In the one nine hundred sixty s. A small section of forest was cleared to make way for a new road. The problem frost originally beneath the trees began eroding. That first the hole was just a few meters deep. The stupid and on average the make a crater is between forty and sixty meters deep and in some places its one hundred meters deep its one point five kilometers long and about one kilometer wide right now but its hard to determine exactly how wide it is because its expanding so quickly because these kinds of catastrophic events could become increasingly common hypnosis and not just in residential areas but anywhere in the wilderness wherever there are pipelines and natural gas facilities our entire infrastructure could be impacted. As of course. Most of the cities in siberia and in russias far east could be affected about twenty five Million People in all. How big would the impact be if all the worlds permafrost were to melt so far there isnt enough cross Regional Research to answer that but there are findings regarding the polar region from a global terrestrial network for permafrost in one thousand nine hundred six the problem frost melted to a depth of forty five centimeters in the summer by twenty seventeen it melted to a depth of eighty seven centimeters a nearly one hundred percent increase over just twenty years. This poses a danger to both people and infrastructure. Natural gas and Oil Pipelines are particularly affected. Greenpeace has estimated that leaks in pipelines caused by foreign soil are leading to about one percent of oil being lost that oil some five million tons of it each year seeps into the ground. The residents of the arctic city of chere skiing in the far northeast of russia are bearing witness to this rapid transformation. Temperatures are rising in exorbitant. Asphalt on the streets is beginning to buckle. And several buildings are showing signs that the solid ground on which they once stood has begun to sink. The city of chere ski on the kalina river is also home to nikita zeem off. Even though temperatures drop here to minus sixty degrees celsius in the winter the erosion of the permafrost soil appears unstoppable this is especially apparent at the former Water Treatment plant. Like all the buildings here it stands on pillars. The earth began to sink here just two years ago now the crater is already ten meters deep. Into the ground is going to go to so what it was here a week ago there with them those two points with you in the air and now we came they really could go up down and there is a huge nice going on beneath their fourth the way this is this ice has been there all that and eventually all that flow people coops off so this for us its kind of go in and its you know centimeters a day maybe tens of them to this day when they hold a full week of cities in the powerful and now with climate getting warm up there for them both are getting warm and weve got to be taken it off like that so all the infrastructure in the next few decades will probably be caught up. Elsewhere the heat of the sun is relentless this is cameroon and Central Africa here in the stream bed of the mile below river sig