Was. Its nine hundred five on the morning of november the tenth every ensigns nine hundred thirty eight has commemorated the death of the man who founded the country as a secular republic. The retreat of the Ottoman Empire from europe lasted more than a century but its final disintegration took just four years a consequence of the First World War. Its last territories in a rabia mesopotamia syria and palestine became the modern day middle east borders and states were formed resulting in conflicts that periodic lee flare up to this day. On april the twenty fifth one nine hundred fifteen french and british troops attempted to land on the good little peninsula in the dungeon else straight. The ultimate empire had been at war since nov nineteen fourteen as an ally of germany the austriahungary an empire and bug area. The ultimate nominee led by the german commander lehman from sound us and the young auto. An officer Mustafa Kemal was able to force back the allies on gallipoli half a Million People lost their lives and yet deliberately was a victory for the ottomans one of only a few in a war in which they only reluctantly participated. Since nine hundred thirteen the ottoman government had been headed by an all for a tarion nationalist triumvirate that had emerged from the young turks revolution. Jamal pasha the minister of the navy. Pasha the interior minister. And the passion the war minister. He was the strongest advocate of the alliance with germany. When war became inevitable the three passions aligned the Ottoman Empire with germany from istanbul to the border of anatolia from palestine to yemen mobilisation occurred in all the remaining autumn and provinces. Biggest like the thousand nine hundred fourteen was supposed to bring about the turkish revenge on history they story go turning point but from the very first battles the turks fared badly and neither the first nor the Second World War saw the turks avenge their history at the beginning of the government over the last trucks of the stuff. The ottoman stood their ground in the west but they faced a debacle in the east. In one nine hundred fifteen and the passion went on the offensive against russia he wanted to conquer back lost territories in the caucasus and expand the empire into central asia. Winter became a trap typhoid cholera and hungered. Decimated the poorly equipped ottoman troops at times even before any fighting had occurred. But rather than accept responsibility for this disaster the ottoman high command sort of scapegoat in the armenians. But as a two month allegedly the armenians had collaborated with the russians in turkey somewhat to the much exaggerated number of eight and a half thousand damini and who it said had collaborated with the russians i think every. Convert was taking a check to cause him given that around thirteen million soldiers on the russian side and several million muslim soldiers on the ottoman side fourteen world war one eight and a half thousand people is a drop in the ocean a few good dog and dog the dogs on a sound are made of the n. C. I. An armenian population was accused of these quote chronons the thought that they were going to be targeted for collective measures by the ottoman state that would lead to the eradication of the armenian population of eastern a tortilla and effectively the first modern genocide of history. On april the twenty fourth one hundred fifteen some two hundred primarily armenian intellectuals were arrested and murdered in istanbul an event that marks the beginning of the genocide. Armenians in anatolia were deported to the Syrian Desert where they were murdered the German Military mission stood by without intervening two thirds of the armenian population more than a Million People were killed. The slaughter of the armenians is evidence of the Ottoman Empire as National Chauvinism there was no room for christians any more its hard core was turkish and its margins exclusively muslim. In his role as colleagues sometimes messmate the fifth called for jihad islamic holy war when the empire entered the conflict. By calling for solidarity with the Ottoman Empire he aimed to provoke muslim uprisings in the colonies of the on time and powers. The borders of the Ottoman Empire were under threat from all sides russia or advance to persia france controlled north africa and british occupied egypt was used as a base for allied operations by calling for jihad the ottomans sought to destabilize the enemy from within. The ottoman minister of the navy jamal pascha was appointed governor general of ottoman syria. It covered the territory made up today of syria lebanon israel palestine and jordan. Jamal pascha had his sights set on reconquering egypt and expanding the arab and muslim margins that protected the turkish heart of the empire but his campaign against the British Forces on the suez canal failed. The cole for holy war failed to unite muslims in support of the Ottoman Empire quite the opposite resentment was stirring in its arab provinces over the increasingly centralized and or thora tarion government of the young turks more than anything jamal pascha feared subversive activity by opposition movements. In melbourne lay the minister. Maintained an Extensive Network of spies in an effort to discredit arab intellectuals and politicians with all means possible. The opposition ottoman administrative decentralisation party was very prominent. At the time. Yeah but. Rather than at folk ating independence for the empires arab provinces it sought to regain their prewar autonomy. But on that it when they told so demanded to officially languages in each region turkish and the local language. To end the dominance of turkish in the Education System and the judiciary i lot of. Jamal pascha responded to these demands with a heavy hand in spring nine hundred sixteen arab intellectuals and activists were arrested and executed as traitors in damascus beirut and jerusalem. In a very concentrated four year period peoples in the air provinces suffered. In an unprecedented way that had made the burden of the thing under oregon rule unbearable for the average arab autumn and citizen it made them very angry with their state and it made them want out. The ottomans banked on hussein bin ali the sheriff of mecca to throw the weight of his moral authority behind their holy war as an heir of the hashemite dynasty hussein was the guardian of the sacred sites of mecca and medina. But his agenda so to liberate the arab lands from ottoman rule and establish a single independent and unified arab state. The young turks rejected negotiations and threatened to remove him. The british on the other hand offered him everything he wanted the independence of the ottoman arabs from mesopotamia to palestine under his leadership if he rebelled against turkey. Jamaal passions reign of terror spurred him to action in june one nine hundred sixteen sheriff of st called upon the arabs to revolt against the empire. Of. His son emir faisal was put in charge of the rebellion. A young englishman stood by his side an archaeologist who was now working as a secret agent. Thomas and who had lawrence better known as lawrence of arabia. They conquered and pinned down the troops of the empire on several fronts enabling a British Advance to palestine. In december nine hundred seventeen the british general edmund allonby made a triumph. Entry into jerusalem. Can feel that with the arrival of general allen be hunters indian troops they form the foundation of the british army at the time the war was practically over and with all the suffering it had cost had hope when either. Party then some also saw this as the end of the Ottoman Empire in particular the end of the oppression by James Paschal and to smell a tree administration. Damascus found at the end of september nine hundred eighteen faisal immediately installed a provisional government. After just four years the break between the arabs and the Ottoman Empire was complete the ottoman army and his german allies capitulated on all fronts from palestine to mesopotamia. Yeah yeah. Yeah yeah. Sounds in method the fifth died in july nine hundred eighteen his brother succeeded him on the throne as messmate the sixth. When germany the us true hungary an empire and bulgaria were also forced to retreat from the front in europe he was forced to accept a truce a short while later on october the thirtieth one thousand nine hundred. Three passes talent and and jim who had taken the empire into war fled onboard a german submarine two days later the ultimate empire was in ruins. Of a government is very conscious that if they dont take action quickly to demonstrate to the outside world that they are responding to the war crimes of the young turks with severity that they would have. Sort of suitable punishment imposed on them by the outside powers as part of the war as part of the settlement its largely unknown in the west that immediately after the armistice the ottoman government convened a tribunal to put on trial those held responsible for the organization or for the perpetration of the massacre of armenians hundreds of leading officials from the provincial level right up to the Central Government were arrested over tried in absentia dozens were found guilty and convicted to death three were actually hanged for their crimes some quite senior in the chain of command leading to the murder of thousands of armenians though obviously those most responsible architects of the genocide had already fled ottoman domains and would not be subject to ottoman justice. As much as the new autumn in government trying to distance itself from its young predecessors it was unable to prevent the fragmentation of the empire. The paris peace conference began on january the eighteenth one thousand nine hundred nineteen. Faisal arrived with Thomas Edward lawrence to remind the british of their promise the prize of an arab kingdom. The promise is only bind those who believe in them during the war britain had secretly reached an agreement with its ally france against ottoman interests. A british agent in france was george p. Co a french diplomat had negotiated a plan to divide the ottoman provinces. In the South Britain took mesopotamia where it had secured several oil concessions. In the north france wanted to extend its area of influence in syria it had a long history of ties to the region having protected Christian Maronites in lebanon since the Nineteenth Century. The sykes pekoe agreement made no mention of fisons kingdom. The secret deal carried more weight than the promise made to the emea. France was given a mandate for syria the british withdrew and half isel to fend for himself against france. On july twenty fourth one nine hundred twenty eight the final battle took place near my saloon four days later faisal was forced into exile. It was the ultimate british betrayal of the promises that they made to the hashemites and was to remain what for arab nationalists would prove the and resolved failure of the british to uphold their promises to the arabs to their right to shape their own future and in so doing of course created the problem that would be deviled the arab world right through the Twentieth Century of reconciling the legitimacy of the frontiers in which the states of the arab world would be made to live not just in syria but in iraq in jordan and palestine eleven on it was to shape the into war years as a moment of National Struggle by divided arabs against their european colonial masters. It was to distort arab politics rather. France going to. Use their design independence independence from the Ottoman Empire and the rest of syria. On september the First One Hundred twenty the new state of great eleven and was founded in beirut. To make it more economically viable the state also incorporated the coastal cities of tire and tripoli as well as the first town to come. Further treaties followed the paris peace conference in san rima seven every treaty further divided the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. When french british and Italian Forces occupied istanbul the ottoman government had to accept renewed territorial losses. Were doing a shark. Many of us more on the loss of the time when the arab world and the middle east werent yet geographically divided. Yet he had the. Southern lebanon and galilee where one region. The people traveled through transjordan as if it were all one country but at the same thing was true of syria and palestine. For. People never knew anything else but when the british came and severed palestine from its arab neighbors not was over there were a lot of build which over. The british received a mandate to administer the form of the ottoman palestine a mandate which also provided for the creation of a Jewish National home in palestine. The move up held a different war time promise one made to the Zionist Movement its sorta refuge for jews driven out of europe. In november nine hundred seventeen the British Foreign secretary of the balfour stated his majestys government view with favor the establishment in palestine of a National Home for the jewish people. The ottoman sultans had rejected any deal with the zionists even though large jewish communities had existed since antiquity in palestine jerusalem hebron and saf and. The british mandate supported the immigration of European Jews fleeing anti semitism and the pa girls in Russia Ukraine and poland new communities with a european background began living alongside locals rooted in muslim culture. Well to that end there was virtually no difference between muslims relationship to jews and christians. There was no answer going to mystic differentiation between jews and arabs in the Ottoman Empire my country out of the old nobody would have talked about the jews or the arabs there were different regional groups and in some villages it was christians who made up the majority in others it was julia zia lao was sure that. There was coexistence. That i was from. A film on the cover of your article actually to this day we assume that the old city of jerusalem encompassed four quarters of a jewish quarter muslim one an armenian and a christian but we view every quarter as exclusive but no historically it wasnt like that not a lot of jews lived in the muslim quote the british not the ottomans introduced this categorization and segregation. Of money it was the british who divided up jerusalems old city and issued passports noting citizens religious affiliation jews and muslims were separated and if john mortice nineteen twenty marked the start of the in twenty minutes of the religion and nationalism then that live in religion land to additional impetus to an ethnic nationalism. But its not a religious belief and thats the difference from the middle ages its not a theological conflict its a nationalist conflict between ethnic groups. Look at them with their own niche a land of the other your religion one hundred one avenue group against the others. New york she had that i think it represents a missed opportunity at me like school see if you need to feel. Zionist and the palestinian nationalism only reinforced each other at the philistinism the opportunity of an arab zionism in the an arab jewish identity mixing was not seen me even though it existed in what instead of one movement for the other exclusive deal. With the. They were fired up in the heart of the law its an irony of history that the First World War was to end the divisions and the tragedies they had caused and that is not in reality it only cost new divisions and. He meant having. It strengthened separatist movements and fostered a new religious conflicts phil gordon why there should we see across the middle east pressures emerging from. A state system that are a direct legacy. Of the First World War and have marked the middle east as a zone of conflict for the past century its a sad truth that there really never has been a peace that has been brought peace to the other from. What could be done about the chaos that ensued from the division of the Ottoman Empire. When the british failed to reconcile zionist an arab aspirations they decided to partition palestine with the Jewish National home assigned to the west bank of the jordan river the east bank and therefore three quarters of ottoman palestine became transjordan modern day jordan it was put under the command of finals brother abdullah. That quieted one front while another opened up. In june one nine hundred twenty a major rebellion erupted in mesopotamia also british mandated territory. Its thought that one uprising at a series of pricey tribal leaders revolted for Different Reasons religious holy cities revolted two Different Reasons it only to say no to the british for a different reason tiber leaders were angry because they were not paid by the british while the latest obvious went and no jeff and couple i was angry because of the events taking a place in the neighboring irans was the rage the servicemen it was again this british presence in iran. The strategically important region of mesopotamia modern day iraq consisted of three ottoman provinces. The one around baghdad where sunnis shiites jews and christians all lived together. The largely kurdish mosul and band which was majority shiite. The ottomans had conquered mesopotamia to protect th