A himalayan region 1st, where grazing and varying of sheep has a lot to lucian. But the change in will production and Consumer Preferences has meant that the use of traditional himalayan will, has a decline massive with a direct impact on the regions ecosystem. Some organizations are now trying to change this. Lets see how this is anne called so raised markets is blocked together. Are the shepherd has been tending his sheep in he martin produces graph land for the last 25 years. Ah, nancy brought together as a kid, i used to love goats and sheep mancha, used to ask me to accompany him and see how they lived in the wilderness. And he taught me how to live, and thats all i got to touch to the end of the hour sir ish, my belongs to the see me. Nomadic got the tribe he owns about 30000 rupees. Are less than 400. 00 euros a month from the sale of milken wool. But in recent years, its become increasingly hard for his flock to find food. A crisis affecting many sheep hoarders in the region. Bellville, my brother is my uncle and i used to have 3000 sheep. Now we have 702800 about the numbers plummeting day by day. Our environment has changed a lot. It looks like its not autumn yet, but the leaves are falling trees or losing leaves and this will lead to a grass shortage for sheep and winter light of foot. If the leaves fall early, we will. What will our sheep eat every day . There . Dignity, quickly proschetti. Every samar more than 100000 shepherds lakes reach, migrate to higher altitude pastures in search of grazing land traditionally staying on until the arrival of winter. But as the Climate Change is, this practice is becoming more and more difficult. Explain exports from the center for best or realism. Because of this lowland ball, they had filled the basketball, kidding, water to the less all those things and everything is tied up. And they moved 15 days or 20 days a year, which was not happened before. In addition to changing the patterns when development has reduced the amount of grieving land compounding the shepherds predicament. According to government reports, india lost more than 5 and a half 1000000 hectares of grass lands between 20052015. The lack of food for their livestock is becoming a challenge for her, affecting the health of sheep and in turn their produce oh, the drug plans have been taken over for them that 20 purposes industrial purposes. There is enough research to show that grasslands are actually carbon sinks, you know, because they hold much more carbon below, than above. Nishaka ship is well known here in that he shogi village of him. I told reddish he to belongs to a family of semi nomadic herders, and is also a skilled artisan. He leaves local wal into the traditional coolest warren in the region. He marlene shepherds have traditionally adopted skills like leaving cross eating and spinning to boost their income through the sale of wall and woollen goblins. But the decline in numbers of local she breeds have impacted local will production. And india began importing fina long staple. Woo some 30 years ago when import tariffs are lifted, it flooded the market. Like the normal nowadays for the part too that people were la lucas before leaving them out of synthetic gas, melon and nylon, which are softer, they preferred wearing these fibers that will get the yarns are also cheaper gas. Milon is more colorful to go, was cogent upon the gothic as they could hardly sell their wool. More and more shepherds went on to replace their native stock of dual purpose. Sheep ones that produce water wool and meet with foreign hairy breeds that produce only meat changing herd composition and affecting the regions ecological balance. Though young kid raising a foreign breed is a bit problematic here. The local breeds of sheep can survive with less grasso. The foreign breeds need more if that is not enough. They start really good. Who help revive local wool swati seat has launched kalak out of an a social organization that sources indigenous wool directly from herders. Latrene and hired local artisans like nice ram, thus helping herding communities, slowly return to sustainable livelihood practices. When we are started working with though they seem, initially there were just a couple of farmers, we want to bring that eat least morley quantity now. Oh, thankfully we come, you know, we are lake addicted, we have access to do a huge hurting communities. Are a values of for him, agile will be connected to about 50 to 60 orders and i have lake oh on about dog 4 to 5000 sheep colored cat. Iran is part of the center for past art ellisons. D. C. Own initiative, the art cooperating with many grassroot organizations to support shepherds, protect local culture and animal breeds and protect the environment at the same time. Our advocacy for that indeed, yes, she pleaded, and the whole of that in is she. He hums essentially from the all the resilience off that of the breed. They are far more resilient to the colleges of that. All the gentle climate shift and changes are the big aust less this cost factor could persuade other shepherds to take up hurting local breeze. The herders are the means day of the project. Really the water. Ill continue to do this work for as long as i can, but since childhood i have loved my flock in them though my real family is back at home. This longer is also my family for the writing that are ready rather go to milligan, read or read about a year. And only if they preserve this each all tradition will they be able to help ensure the survival of the himalayan grasslands. From the sheep in the himalayas, earthworms, which are found almost everywhere in the world, their integrity to agriculture, and thus essential for our survival. But modern farming practices have taken a fool of them. A school in berlin is making sure its students understand the importance of this often neglected. Being a special lesson is getting underway at miss bell in primary school. And its one where spades come in handy. This class, learning about an animal, most of us rarely see that which is critical for our survival ribbon, either right. Rigley and slimy earthworms arent the type of animals humans typically enjoy getting close to that. These children know its worth taking a closer look to as that list is in has 1st i thought theyre probably really boring and stupid. Theyre probably like a snail really slow. But now i find that really cold zaccheus zone. And i think theyre interesting but they move around a lot and definitely look at their growth as is shown as anc scan smith. I find them really funny because, for example, when they were in your hand, some move really quickly and others slowly and absolutely got earthworms are industrious, invertebrates they play a key role in many of the mostly unseen processes that go on in the ground beneath our feet. In places where there are native species like syrup, the vital for soil and plants. How much wednesday rate make her plants dont go back without them. Birds wouldnt have anything to eat kind of football school. Im not home class teacher paula. This has handed out work sheets about the nutrients cycle. It explains howard worms eat up dead plants and animals and convert them into theses called casts, which are rich in the nutrients that plants need to thrive. Glitter hopes her pupils will learn to appreciate the tiny creatures going into them. In my opinion, they should understand the big picture that everything is interconnected. And if i behave well here and a mindful and respectful tool living beings implants, and of course i also have a much better, more livable environment. In 1st, this Research Facility near the german city of hallow scientists is studying the damage done by modern day intensive farming practices over sprawling area. Theyre looking at houses. Oil life says when land is managed and other ways, both in todays climate and the predicted, warmer world of the future. This crop land creates very unfavorable conditions for them. Because you know, its fertilized regularly, which is what i dont like that very delicate skin. And if the hotel is ation loss, the page value of the soil gets it gets more acidic and also its, its a monoculture, right . So thats just one type of plan that they eat. And yet it creates a very, very static environment, ecologist, marys, and a man is taking a coil sample to check for life. The ongoing drought in the region has pushed down earthworm numbers across all land use types. By now, we havent found very many. Yes, one very, very small one that we found for now. In recent years, the intensively farmed plots have been all but earth when free. Thats a bad sign because that presence is widely seen as an indicator of soil fertility, and grassland plots like this pasture thats grazed twice a year by sheep, as well as organically farmed plots, earthworm numbers, a higher margin shade, la is the project scientific coordinator. He explains how the presence of earth worms also points to the soils resilience. The recovery of the vegetation. Ready for instance, also in the grass and floods is pretty good after these try years. But its pretty bad and the crop here its shade le, often presents Research Findings to stakeholders. He says, farmers have become much more interested in how to make the soil fit for the future. So what are the scientists tips for doing so . Review with management as far as possible. This means a reduction of mechanical disturbances like photo and also chemical disturbances. For instance, 13 is ation by the roof of the life of it is just turbans of the Natural Nutrient cycle in the files. And of course pesticides which are a huge problem for somebody. So metals that and that, and taylor high diversity that have many different grasses, many different tabs, different legumes back at the school garden. The children are putting into practice exactly that. Looking after the soil means looking after the earth worms and the rest of the soil organisms that turn seats into sustenance. Lets now take a look at mosquitoes. Lake considered a new says and often brushed off. Yet, in many parts of the world, including india, they transmit deadly diseases. Could genetic modification be a real solution to this problem . And if yes, what in fact could such an intervention have on the ecosystem . Lets find out who they are. So small, you can hardly see a difference between the various species. There are more than 3500. 00 types of mosquitoes, most of which are harmless. Only a few are dangerous for humans like the anomalies mosquito. It transmits malaria mostly and tropical and sub tropical parts of the world. For example, in large parts of africa and asia am today. Malaria is responsible for around 80 percent of mosquito related deaths. And almost all of those are children. Under the age of 5, the majority living in africa, scientists have studied the anomalies mosquito for more than a century, looking for ways to control and destroy it. Lava sides insecticides theyve had varying degrees of success. The insecticide d d t, for example, is very effective. It was used universally until it was determined to be toxic to other species and humans that is now its bound, and many parts of the world and mosquitoes have quickly become resistant to other insect a size. So over the last few decade, scientists have turned to a new way of reducing mosquito numbers. Genetic modification, a team of scientists from london are genetically modifying and novelist gamble amos. He says, the species that transmits malaria in africa only female mosquitoes can buys humans and transmit malaria, their mouths known as pro bosses can piers skin. In addition to quenching their thirst. Drinking blood also gives female mosquitoes the proteins they need to make eggs before him. Some jeans, theyre able to repair and mosquito correct. And we were able to manipulate the string and generate good chima mosquito. I have mail traits and do not by to edit the gene, they used crisper, a relatively new technology that is used to modify dna. As a result, even the female offspring of the modified mosquito were born with mouth parts that could not pierce skin, rendering them unable to feed from blood, and it also made them sterile. Now, scientists had a genetically modified mosquito, but they wanted to ensure they could spread the modification throughout a wild mosquito population. Normally, when a mosquito with a modified gene mates with a non modified mosquito, half the offspring would have the modified teen and half would be normal. But scientists have another trick up their sleeves. Its called the gene drive and its very controversial and pretty all inspiring. A gene dr. Increases the odds of the modified gene being passed on to offspring. That means that individuals with one copy of the modified gene inherited from their father can now copy the modification on to the unmodified gene inherited from their mother and passed on the gene to up to 100 percent of their offspring. This means that if the mosquito with the modified gene breeds with one from the wall that is not modified and has 10 offspring, for example, almost all of them would inherit the modified g. So eventually, and after the modified genus spread in the population, more or less, any female offspring would be borne sterile and unable to bite as part of target malaria cri. Sunday. And his team have already performed tests. They use the baritone, he is created to mimic natural conditions, like realistic temperatures, humidity, and lighting, to stimulate sunrise and sunset, and it worked in each generation. Most females were born sterile. Unable to breed, the population died off the genetic modification, combined with the gene drive lead to the complete collapse of the test population within a year. So that was in test conditions. If released into the wild, these genetically altered mosquitoes have the potential to drive the anomalies gabbys species to extinction and that were drastically reduce malaria transmission. Ah mosquitoes dont typically travel far from where they are born. Although that depends on wind and other conditions. Kristen t believes the modification would not necessarily reach all areas where the species is found. But containment of living animals isnt always so easy. Take the rats as humans began to travel, the high seas road and species stowed away on ships. That ended up overwhelming island nations. Then let the cane toad it was brought australia to control the cane, beatle, but began breathing uncontrollably and became a pest in its own rise. Didnt drive opponents argue that like invasive species, genetically altered mosquitoes with migrate. So its really a concern that these organisms will spread um, uncontrollably and or possibly crash populations or possibly lead to distinctions of species. Theyre designed to spray aggressively throughout the species and also to spread geographically across borders. There are International Treaties on bio safety, but they dont consider risks posed by a modified gene drive. The e u and some other nations have flat out rejected any release of gene dr. Modified creatures within their borders. But lets face it. Animals dont care about international agreements, and they dont respect our borders and boundaries. Another question is how with the potential extinction of the anomalies gumby mosquito impact ecosystems. Just like bees and butterflies, many mosquito species are pollinators transferring pollen from flower to flower. So what would the disappearance of the anomalies mean for plants . And what about the fish birds and baths that feed on mosquitoes . As the genetic alteration itself, there is the possibility of it being passed on to other species of mosquito putting them at risk sinus. Have a pretty good idea of how these gene drives a work in situ. Um, but its a very big question, like, you know, obviously cant predict everything that go wrong and all the implications of wiping out species that cause death and destruction may sound positive. But once theyre gone, whats next . Where do we draw the line using a technology thats, you know, instrument lising, extinction as a tool thats a new threshold that human beings have not crossed before. Shouldnt just reject this because were like humans should make on the we also shouldnt just jump straight into the technology that has real risks. And so we need to play that careful line of like really thinking through the 1st use of these things. And what that will look like to walk out and take reasonable risks. As scientists still dont know enough about the potential consequences of unleashing animals with a genetically modified gene drive, its hard to evaluate the risks a small population of sea otters lives of the western indian state or guam. The very important to the regions ecological balance. Yet they faced with threat of extinction lucas of hunting and pollution. A local organization is working to preserve this species and its habitat on a very to jerome, a sleepy island on the mondo river, and did not of go a secluded spot enveloped in dense mongrel forest. And nestled among it is a surprising resident. The elusive, smooth coated order or loot. Regardless thus, basilica. A rare picture. As these animals are shy, i think ive seen ot as may be 20 times. I said that gives you an idea of how hard it is to actually spot an order while orders research why live the Search Organization based in kara, was founded in 2014, in order to study and work to words conserving orders. The medium sized mammals inhabit most of the waterways and coastal areas of gone. This year, the colleges are mapping and estimated 4. 00 to 5. 00 or 2 family groups in giraffe. Each group, its estimated to have 2 to 6 members. In the last years, they have seen more groups, but some of them seem to have moved other places on the island. In other regions, group site is i believe, to be dice, or even 3 times that number. A shy species thats hard to observe in the vine orders have mostly been studied in captivity. Aiming to bridge this god, while orders recerted to studying. Among other things, the animals reproductive behavior in the mangrove ecosystems, wild and diverse, and one, ah, we have evidence of flux being born in me, which is contradictory to all the historical data. Now is that because this is a highly productive environment where, you know, animals that is officially played throughout the year and is no problems with that is, is that the reason theyve, theyve had you know, pups at that time that yeah. With focus often being on charismatic mega fung lodge animal species with symbolic revenue. While otters wants to raise awareness of the pivotal role is smaller, animals like the orders play in balancing the ecosystem. Ill give you an example on, on shadow for you. That is theres a number of commercial fish that go into the fishing pools. Ah, and i long said that was something called the madagascar, the lapierre, which was an introduced species. And this, the lobby, a species was introduced into the waterways here because theyve kind of printed on mosquito lovey. And then they took over the ecosystem, instructed actually killing all native fish species. And then artist came along and even though theyre not a native species, others prefer them and have started eating them the one that helps the original ecosystem to recover all. The self funded via autos reSearch Organization has already taught order conservation to around 500 people in through and done ships, workshops and training programs. The trade in fur and body parts, loss of habitat, what a pollution and human animal conflict has resulted in this species being classified as vulnerable on the International Union for conservation of nitrous red list. Today, entourage. The mangroves are protected by law, and part of the island is itself a sanctuary. And there are only a few scientists and tourists. It is Little Wonder then that jerome has become a safer having broaders a planet tribes on balance, which is why the smallest organism, the largest animal, and everything in between is important for the food health. Threatened and extinct species leads to an imbalance, forcing the earth to self, correct. Its often comes with the disastrous consequences. Think about that now. See you again next week. Good bye. And thanks for watching. Ah ah ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, a with who a. Whats behind them . News africa, the show that was the issue, shaping the continent. Life is slowly getting back to normal here on the street to give you in the report on the inside. Our funds is on the ground and reporting from across the continent. All the trends doesnt matter to you. In 30 minutes on d w. A. Do you like it . With . Do you want it . Ok, then buckle up, put the pedal to the metal and lets ride with in 90 minutes on d. W. Every day counts for us and for our planet. Global ideas is on its way to bring you more conservation. How do we make cities, or how can we protect habitats . We can make a difference. Global ideas, the environmental series in 3000 on d, w, and online. Oh no. Okay. And they get all the harvesters or immigrants go like if they come in, everything you enjoy eating at home with your family, was harvested by people who are being exploited. Then i guess a need to, we can keep doing what were doing for that. We need to be commit sustainable as possible. And thats why your green revolution can absolutely necessary. Europe revealed the future is being determined. Now, our documentary theory will show you how people, companies and countries, are we thinking everything and making major changes . If we dont do something, our children wont be able to enjoy fresh air. Youre at the revealed, starts november 3rd on d, w. Ah ah ah, this is the w news live from berlin us or make his order. Donald trump, to give evidence about the january 6th storming of the us capitol. The former president is required to appear next month at the inquiry into the riot. Also coming up, nigeria was of a growing hunger crisis. The was flooding and a decade leaves more than a 1000000 people, homeless with fields destroyed pharmacy, its impossible to grow crops. And italy gets its 1st female primary
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