The human race has been building huge stone structures for age. What are the origins of the structure . What were the circular constructions used for the many of these structures were sealed up thousands of years ago by the people who built up the but in some cases, wind and waves wore away. That protective, covering overtime. The the structures are called nicholas. You could call them gigantic works of art, make at least one of my daughters stand on black. They rebuild long before the parents need another technical and logistical, most of cases that push the limits of human imagination. Large stone structures like these were built in many places around the world. For example, in the far north of scotland, youll find ancient constructions that are older than stonehenge. The every lump and bumps that you see could be a new off you electrical sites. And each year, particularly during the planning season, your sites are discovered by farmers. These discoveries outline an important chapter in Human History the in till about 12000 years ago. Our ancestors were hunters and gatherers. Been the reversible transition to a new way of life got underway. Step fix the form of deployed a transition from hunting and gathering to 7. 3 farming was a key development. I dont, i may try sketches to set me for millions of years. People have lived by hunting and gathering in the season, and suddenly their lives changed radically much most opened during the transition to industrialization for the digital age. This is good berkeley, typically a small hill in south eastern turkey, a tear in 1994 german archaeologist Klaus Schmidt discovered a series of huge stone structures including decorated pillars that way up to 20 talk the few years later, austrian archaeologist, bob of the whole fish began researching the site these as it as simple as good the key. The key is not only an architectural treasure and one of the most important structures of its kind in the road. And is, it also symbolizes the beginning of the music age and they use 0. 10. The, the good bickley tippett complex was built by hunters and gatherers that is, before mankind became secondary. This fact revolution allies, the conventional archaeological wisdom and goods at the beginning via and we discovered a society that was completely new to us on the sort of land thats, thats the site. If you had such a long history and did some aspects of it with a minute to us as of yet, the oldest hoyt is an aggressive lion, for example, because with just as much a threat to the people who failed to give a key as it is to us today, but 1st of the 1st time the for those who lived near the side, a parallel superNatural World was part of everyday life. The. This crane may have symbolized the connection between the earth and the heavens. Beatles and snakes for important nipple, logical symbols in many cultures the there seem to have been few barriers between the Natural World and the supernatural. The teams of archaeologists from germany and turkey have only excavated a fraction of the site, but theyve determined that this period of mysticism was relatively short lived in fish thats good added Research Indicates that the legion relations of sedentary societies kept covering up the sides and ceiling them shot again so that they could no longer be used on the stomach and system and practicing routes. And so that these sites were preserved in the collective memory of society for a very long time. That there are good reasons why give a key advantage for thousands of years. Vicki knows nothing of about what perhaps the 1st farmer is wanted to distance themselves from the practices of their ancestors. Good beckley had lost its original meaning. People had become sedentary. The, the director of the state and use them of pre history and holler hobbles. Miller says this was a major turning point in Human History. Did you move it . So this new lead to comes is it was really decisive, weights and dimensions. Here we have nearly 4000. 00 ex heads from the neolithic period, so its a, its housing opportunity that spike is used to access the clear forest wouldnt be to create farmland with the village to up to host. They also use them to split wouldnt beans, which were them used to build the complex house. It was novel as construction of housing. So that was a key element in the transition to 7 to rely on it didnt diminish the leap, the mention wouldnt get fish. Tough hunters and gatherers also stayed in one place for extended periods, provided that they could find enough food. But the changes that took place and then the olympic period for revolutionary. And this is of the item this managed, this item is this cousin times vision to 73 life was that he developed side and it said by thousands of years, people had to live at home together a natural way of life, food, peace, enough to defend themselves. In a natural way as well by as it would be, they had relatively few children exercised because the women did not become pregnant while they were Breast Feeding via the savannah via but all that changed radically with the development of agriculture, with the ethical that prompted legal deal changed their diet, bids on end of the brain. Now provided carbohydrates and domesticated animals, provided meat and fats. Well, this fits that my husband fits on that increased the fat content in the body. Thats also the women became pregnant, more often and disliked to a population explosion just as youll get. So that in turn meant that people had to live together in smaller spaces and houses, settlements, and villages. The, the work of archaeologists is often like trying to solve a puzzle. They carefully dig of artifacts that belong to a specific society. And then try to recreate an image of what that society was like. Some objects, like these charts of decorated pottery, have left their names to entire cultures. For example, the linear pottery culture which coincides with the 1st appearance of food producing societies. The burial sites are often which sources of information for archeologists, not just human remains, but various items that were buried with the deceased. For example, an expert can determine whether a person was buried properly. If not, animals may have gotten into the grave into the bones. The re attached to the nicholas is the director of the archaeological Biology Department at viennas museum of natural history. She says you can learn a lot from skeletons. We are going on, im teasing about the idea. For example, weve confirmed the victim of deficiencies on stress symptoms in some remains. And that helps us to reconstruct what people age and other aspects of daily life is. This one, i mean, we found evidence of anemia in the upper reaches of ice. So can see, maam, weve seen evidence of this and see deficiencies in the l, viola, ridges, and other but informations as i does. If we analyze this evidence systematically its, we can extrapolate it to the entire population and try to reconstruct specific living and working conditions. Archaeologist always try to determine the age of artifacts. The development of radio carbon dating was a major step forward in this process. Over the last 20 years, genetic analysis has also provided important evidence experts can now examine human and animal dna that is several 1000 years old. The anthropologist came to a guy says that genetic analysis of livestock can provide information on the migration patterns of neil looks like farmers they all ask most of them, but we did the very 1st test because on the domestic kind of madison and determinant that older European Capital had descended from uranium capital and to say, i looked at it today, thats why those animals i found in switzerland or east fries, you know, somewhere, or what they originally came from, antonia, and the middle east for food. And then we thought perhaps we can apply that hypothesis to the migration of nearly things people to see and whats in the photos. I dont the 10 years of research, we are able to determine that these people from antonia especially northwest and natalia, are indeed the ancestors of all the european neolithic people and what is not vis or not to learn. So if im allowed littlepage newly to goes its difficult to find well preserved genetic material from this period. In warm environments, bones became more quickly and with them the genetic evidence. Another problem is that sometimes older genetic material has been contaminated by newer material which produces inaccurate results. Still, archaeologists have come up with some interesting findings that im thinking almost not a loose and from genetic analysis, some skeletons from northwest kentucky to see if its specifically an area south of based on both subordinate shows that nearly the people in modern days, german and spans oh, where to send it from an ancient people that we called a g 5 and these a, as an ag, there is evidence that the migraines set back time highest used both the mediterranean novice from and about 2 weeks from school to the kind of farming people spread rapidly throughout europe over several 100 years, but not in an organized way. This Research Facility is located in tune in australia. Maria attached to nicola, and her colleague thomas pro husk are using analytical chemistry to try to determine the migration patterns of ancient peoples. Even registered. Yes. Tom is the technology we have today as incomparably batches and it was 20 years ago as we can using faces and non invasive methods plus isotope analysis, which is being widely used to down to apology for about 15 years to track prehistoric migration password is equal and then what is it, intakes, we end up, what hes doing now is to 14 here for has examined to to, thats about 5000 years old. Tooth enamel does not change over the course of a persons life. So scientists can tell from its composition where people grew up, the same technology is used to determine the place of origin of some modern day foods. The place of origin can always be clearly determined whether implants, animals, or humans implant tvs as soon as we can now use these data to confirm a definite path of migration fuels and not just a transfer of ideas to seek deval me in effect, weve been able to track the colonization of your audience and from our hope our quarter and see it, the there are few traces of europes original residents, the hunters and gatherers who lived there for thousands of years. They were probably displaced by the new settlers or absorbed into a new societies. At this point, europe had been settled by migrants from the middle east. But what prompted them to move into this New Territory . To go into the main shed of under this and give you the philosophy. Its hard to say, i dont think it had anything to do with the overpopulation. This is not at that point in time means population density was low compared to what it is today. The new list and people may simply have heard about this region and decided to go there. Perhaps some groups had been there and came back and spread the word tax if i can only speculate for. But i think one reason may have been simple human curiosity, as i know theyre going to refer one of the reasons on this. I get the hunters and gatherers eventually learned to travel by sea. Later, some of the sudden terry farmers also use boats to travel west. We dont know whether they used to sail boats or rolling books. In any case, rolling boats were easier to maneuver the these migrants spread gradually to mediterranean islands, including one that today is known as malta. Of the republic of malta actually consists of 3 inhabited islands malta itself, plus camino and goals, though, and several smaller islands that are uninhabited. Mazda is located approximately 80 kilometers south of sicily. On a clear day, one can see sicily from gold. So likewise, one can see gold, so from subsidies. So one must assume that the was a degree of curiosity and people from system the one doing us to what this land was definitely slightly beyond the horizon. However, its, its, its, its hard to grasp why people would decides to leave such a foot side island necessity. And in order to occupy and call the noise somewhere thats was far away. The, the 1st to arrive were probably explores, perhaps then followed by their families. About 2000 years later, some of the residents started building temples the, the origins of these monumental structures are still shrouded in mystery. Some of these limestone blocks way up to 20 tons. They could turn to dust before we find out more about them. Timmy gunman, a marine archaeologist at the university of mazda, is trying to preserve the ruins. Here. Hes photographing some of them, the gump, and converts the photos to 3 d animated images. This is what the temples might have looked like, but he says hes running out of time to complete his work. Whats incredible is that the rates of erosion has be much fast. The over the past 70 is done. It has been in the past 4500 years and that is not just because theyve been uncovered. But because you have aspects such as i said, the rain for the ocean Carbon Monoxide on so on the extra to accelerate. So its not just the periods of time since theyve been uncovered, but since youve got all these mother and father you tense, this is really accelerating the rate of the ocean. The. This is the hush our team temple complex on the main island. Its a major tourist attraction. The canopy is designed to protect the site from the elements and slow the process of erosion. The, you know these temples on a 1000 years older than stonehenge which for a country thats a colony of presents. This becomes a big thing, all of a sudden our neil this eric is a 1000 years older than the people thats ruling us. You know . So this is, this is old. So this is what i mean about the political effect to the, to these structures come to play the but why did people build these structures . The weve humans, once a comfortable life, we want not to be hungry enough to be sick. And the way to do it was to make sure that the gods were smiling up on you. And one way to make the gods mine upon you was to been monuments in the wrong this is what the site looks like without the canopy. We can now we construct how the temple might have looked in its original form, but we can only speculate about its actual purpose. And what sorts of rituals might have been carried out there who was allowed to enter the inner sanctum and who was not. There is a Clear Division between the inside space and the outdoor space. The temple is built covered over it is the reading of the priest, the priest. This is the outside, is open to the elements and the rhythm of the common people. This division is colleen. The thoughts of the design of the tempest the, the interior of the temple is hidden from the outside world. Was this home in the stone may have been used by an oracle. It provides a connection to the temple interior. What was sacred to the local residence at that time . What god did they worship . If any, did they have sacrificial rituals . We can only speculate. The site leaves many questions unanswered. The temples of malta were used for about 2000 years and then they were abandoned. Why did that happen a moment next time and this is very typical of previous norton cultures was that they were not able to achieve real societal consistency. We had no established tradition and that could be passed down from generation to generation like written records across of priests or a line of her ready to review of some of those are key elements and cultural development. Pre historic cultures that did not have these elements didnt last long, would need the some of the farming peoples who sailed towards the central and western europe. Travelled as far as what is now spain and portugal and the brittany peninsula. In modern day france, the rocky coast line provided Building Materials for these new settlers the they created a new society at the dawn of the neil looks like age a society that remains a mystery to this day. The, the temples that were built in malta are unique to that island just as these rows of Standing Stones are to the village of conduct on brittany, south coast the, the legacy of these and other structures has been preserved and one of the regional languages. Brett, the word meant here means long stone. Dolman means stone table. It describes a specific kind of graves. Its impossible to accurately translate these words into other languages. Experts have tried to solve the mystery of the Standing Stones. In vain says customer is an archaeologist at the university of not in this case, if the sick or spectacular site took us back. When you move to some rosa cannot because for the mix, i still found impression on everyone who sees that i just dont count, not care. The who people are strong each to buy the scope and the size of the traditional sort of it simply the bulk of the mind to a 2nd when you want that and it keeps a new meaning to the word human, monumental token, even im ok. All this good. So kate, let me know when youre ready to the, the rows of stones cover an area of more than 3 kilometers. The site used to be much larger. The, every rock is distinct. In each one could have its own individual, meaning some researchers believe that the stones represent an expression of political power. The others believe that supernatural forces were at work here. Still others simply see, roll upon roll of grave stones, the this and by enough that you are a regional or a local design, we dont know weve already paid by model, but you really can call it kind of the funky tech trip to the amount i should take to the, the rows of stones extended from the coast into the interior. Perhaps they indicated a pathway of some sort. If so, where did it lead . Still obviously that im story. One thing is clear, and this applies the wall megalithic structure. Its a single, its a sacred construction that involves the landscape and living space. This is supposed to be reading can see that in the rows of stones, and they are linked to a sacred site. To the im talk, the megalithic sites are found a mini mediterranean islands and along the Atlantic Coast as far north as britain, the they were also built along the north sea and the baltic sea coast. But there are none of these sites in modern day hungry, austria or southern germany. That is places where migrants traveled over land. Whats the explanation for that . The supposed to be nearly tickets and i dont know as these new elliptic peters, i am central anatolia fix, perience the some reduction in cultural diversity, introducing opa, they were farmers. When they arrived in europe, i think trampled along the balkan route. They lost their connection to their previous society, including the construction of lodge monuments since the whole day became highly specialized farmers and now and they were very good at this and se