It was long thought that birds were less intelligent than mammals. But they really are more clever than we thought thats and more on tomorrow to day d w. Sign show please magpies can dispose of bottle caps better than some humans for every cup. Very warded with the treat. As you can see, theyre pretty clever. Unless despite the fact that bad brains dont have a cerebral cortex, the so called neocortex. The set of layers of the mammalian brain that controls higher mental performance despite their birth display, amazing cognitive abilities. Whats the explanation for this researchers out rule university bolcom are looking for answers. The scientists here work with ravens. So thats yeah, this is athena. Yeah, im taking her for her daily training and let eileen cloud works with athena. Are you region cro, a song bird from the raven family, ravens or thought to be especially intelligent . But athena is rather shy. Its better if we keep our distance. Strange people are objects like our camera can distract the bird. You know tens, right. When you look in a one, very good though there athena, another one level and the kind of unknown faces me. Its okay. Just like always honestly along she brings athena into the testing area. Here the bird will pick at a monitor with its beak memorizing specific patterns and sequences in the process of class. We can, we can watch athena from above other, the other that shes working now the most on the think shes to pack the point on these 3 monitors. A pick a black point, it has and she must walk over and respond. Athena must also memorize the sequence in which she picks the point so that she can enter the exact same pattern into a 4th monitor. The flies got a fast, so she got that raleigh. Thats the. The monitors briefly turned black to signal that you have a sidebar. Lets see if she gets it right this time mccorkle up to said this fisma. Each location corresponds to an abstract symbol which doesnt appear there. The monitor above stands for camping. The monitor on the right stands for toilet and left is port. A black point is the only thing shown on the screen. Athena must confirm the sequences on the control monitor using the correct symbols, camping toilet port. She got it right here once again because it went so fast camping toilet port and her reward. So by the, even if she elses correctly, she gets food on the foot. Feet pallets come out of this automatic dispenser altogether than the next task against which i lost a little is known about how birds brings function neuroscience just yona salsa and his team. Hope such experiments will help them figure out how raymonds retrieve info from short term memory, which could be a key to understanding birds intelligence. Lessons this to his team, but its an important system as it forms the foundation of degrees of higher cognition and its characteristics make it attractive to study its capacity is limited and we cant recall endless numbers of things and its fragile. Info gets lost when were distracted from a lawn. This gives us a chance to see how it performs compared to other species. And this is how good is a crow compared to a monkey . For example, home life, how much can they recall if you, how flexibly can they work with these kinds of subjects . Again, dba. In this experiment a cro is learning that only the tube on the right will help it raise the water level in the middle and bring the food closer when it throws in stones on the left and nothing happens. I the amazing thing. Its learning from experience alone and even employing tools that points to complex thought patterns are besides, ravens, owls and parents are also of interest to brain researchers, even pigeons, weight pigeons of course says bio psychologist, own or grinned june. One of the worlds foremost pigeon researchers. He also works in boca m and has been examining the birds cognitive abilities for years. Hes marked is akila z up, isnt i really like these animals does it and theyre not the superstars of learning. Thats the crows and parents. But they have something really great, a kind of meticulous persistence in carrying out a given type mentioned they work on it for hours and thats ideal for scientists as the mistakes they, mike provide incredible insight into how the thought process functions. Ve distinct from tenure. Vacuuming, thats why they Great Research animals into i love them, he busy i. In mammals, the brains cortex is responsible for complex problem solving. It was assumed birds lacked such a cortex. But with the help of a laser, scientists have found cortex like structures visible in the Cross Section of a birds brain. The typical horizontal and vertical strands that make complex thought possible. You believe that because the vertical strands enable an extremely Detailed Analysis of everything they perceive the horizontal help them connected altogether. Honest me down under a microscope, it becomes clear with the vertical and horizontal structures are capable of but is ins. It eyes in what we see are individual doc and nerve cells with the technology weve applied here. We can see when the darkened cells communicate with other nerve cells. So in a way were seeing whos communicating with whom owed it to me to him. Its astonishing discovery. No one expected a birds brain could be as complex as a mammals. Then yes, black 1st glance, the brain seems so different. Will you be at the further in you go and the more carefully you look, the more you find the same basic principles, the closer you look in, the more similar they are, levine, shown. In other words, brain structure is a decisive factor in determining an animals cognitive abilities. Ah, then its a relatives of dinosaurs. And in fact, a unique find of a fossilized donnas so brain shows that some dinosaurs had brains very similar to crocodiles and bags. The primeval bird, ocoee of tricks, is considered the link between dinosaurs and primeval beds. It already had a larger brain for its body size, which probably allowed it to fly. So this i actually descendants from dinosaurs. But are they still some species that live during the era of dinosaurs . Ill view it, david burgers from columbia sent us the following question. Are animal species present to day that survived the age of the dinosaurs . Some 66000000 years ago of 14 kilometer wide asteroids slammed into the earth, triggering a mass extinction. Within seconds, the space rock vaporized across the earth. Fires raged, and volcanoes erupted. Within a few days, the earth was blanketed in darkness. The deadly ice age that followed lasted for years. Acid rain transformed the oceans vegetation died. 3 quarters of all species were white doubt. Todays reptiles may resemble many dinosaurs, but in most cases they have little in common with their forebears. Unlike crocodiles, a prehistoric relative of the crocodile emerged 250000000 years ago. And crocodiles are ultimate survivors. They eat almost anything and can go for long periods without food. Turtles are also one of the oldest living reptile groups. The earliest known turtles swam the worlds oceans 225000000 years ago and looked remarkably similar to those solitary, ancient creatures that exists to day. Sting rays have roamed the oceans for even longer. These primordial creatures belong to the cartilage in his fish family. As do sharks, they were already among the top predators of the oceans in the age of the dinosaurs, the catastrophic consequences of the asteroid had little impact on shark biodiversity. Horseshoe crabs havent changed much in 150000000 years. Thats because these living fossils can survive in water of varying salting us and warmth. Birds evolved from a group of dinosaurs that survived thanks to their feathers. Chickens and ostriches, are the closest living relatives up to ron authorise. Rex sounds improbable. Just compare how they walk. Oh, even inside their eggs, the dani souls behaved similar to todays birds. This is suggested by the fossilized egg of an ovo raptor, a source in this compute animation. The embryos cold up called a tucking posture, which was previously known only to birds. In fact, many dinosaurs had down feathers not for flying, but to keep them warm and to charm other dinosaurs. Even the tyrant sorres rex is believed to have had down for this. Unfortunately, only traces of the plumage have been preserved. Much of what we know about dinosaurs comes from analyzing their bones. They show who lived here more than 66000000 years ago. Special delivery from the us sent by a wealthy collector. The contents of this crate are technically worth several 1000000 euros, but actually theyre priceless rail fossilized bones of a dinosaur. King the toronto source rex. It would have 100 its prey in what is now north america. We have folk and his team will try to reassemble the complete skeleton as get out of messages. And so we want to restore this beautiful animal to its former glory. At 66000000 years old. We need to rebuild the dinosaur according to how we think it would have moved. Its fascinating to handle an original skeleton. And to think of all the places where it said its foot, and if what a bit its teeth and to what it 8 and haunted and good this anguish take for saturday and sunday at the yard. Oh, the dinosaur museum. Ive moved time in se germany boasts numerous fossil exhibits and treats them for preservation. The star of the show is a chill ran a source rex, the only such juvenile skeleton in the world. Its a good 9 meters long, and its 3 meters high. It to is 66000000 years old. Experts believe this animal could eat up to 400 kilos of meat in one go. But exactly which bones are in the delivery. The scientists 1st taken inventory, its rare to get anything more than a few bones or bone fragments of any given animal. Frederick spins that uses the museums, juvenile dinosaur, to determine what belongs, where a rib, for example, is one meter 20 long. Such long bones are easy to locate, but smaller fragments have to be studied closely just to see which way round they go. He see im can often, i can see which side of the bone faces outwards and which inwards the outside is smooth. It may even be shiny, while this sponge like surface, with lots of hole suffices inwards. Hows the transition . I mean, how thick is the shell facing outside around the edge . Its just one or 2 millimeters thick, so it could be a vertebra. And thats how i get an idea for where the fragment could belong. Cont, income, 3 months later, another crate from the u. S. Another skeleton, but this time its a plastic mold of a different t rex. Now the scientists can replace the missing pieces in their dinosaurs skeleton, with plastic replicas. Their inventory showed they have over 20 percent of the original skeleton. Thats actually not bad compared to other similar fines. All of the original fossils, even the smallest fragments will be used. Frederick chin blood locates the right place in the plastic bones than cuts out the exact size hole and sticks the original fragment. To the plastic section, the team needs more than 9 weeks to complete this task. The larger sections are more complicated. Here part of the pelvis is made of plastic, while the section being placed on top is an original fossil wing 20 kilos. Exulting passes in the bone doesnt completely match the plastic section, so we have to see how we can position at best. There are always inconsistencies. Im titled you never get a 100 percent match from a we make a plan of what we need to correct later so that we can align all the elements to find their best positions. We still suppress deposits of infantry. They use Polyester Resin to attach the sections. Its a very powerful adhesive that works well, both on stone and plastic thats essential, given the weight of the stone sections. Yeah, this is good. A few weeks later, a local metal working company is brought in on the project. The Family Business normally produces steps and balcony railings, as if this is the 1st time father and son have had a dyno in their workshop. My numbers on this now for something completely different, most likely up the thing. You have to be a little creative, hampton. You sham up with an idea, the movie the more but then it works on the roster. Young the have to be a bit courageous to take on a job like this. Prolonged so name. Theyre working on a precise metal structure that will provide the framework. While clips and iron pipes hold the bones in place. But getting everything in exactly the right position takes a lot of patience. Dismiss, no, thatll need correcting. Sat at the section 5 needs to come a bit forward. The dinosaurs starting to take shape. This specimen was over 11 meters in length o. Be shy of fargo also pays regular visits to the metal workshop. After 6 weeks, the time has finally come to add the head. Putting it together was more complicated than expected. Oh, the successes online. It took longer than planned as things always come up. But you go the extra mile to make sure you achieve the high quality that we have here. And the effort has definitely paid off, went down oftentimes with the huge ribcage alone is impressive. After millions of years, the tarana source rex is now slowly being restored to its original form dinosaur bones and Everything Else that lived millions of years ago are not covered by earth. Its all part of his so called carbon and cycle plants and entire forest that died and turned into coal carbon in the form of Carbon Dioxide circulates to put it simply, it comes from animals and is taken up by plans through photosynthesis. But ever since humans intervened in the cycle, its been thrown out of balance. Coal mining and burning releases more c o 2 than can be stored again. If we can, so plants in such a way that their carbon remains in them and doesnt enter the atmosphere. It could not only help the climate this is by o chance, some 20 tons of air to mixed with bio guzman. Youre in this poll to optimize the fertilizer. Next to it is another pool. If bio gas fat, eliza without bio chon. Theres a difference in color between the 2 slurries. The left speaker contains bio chon, the right one, doesnt the contents of both pools to be tested on the field and monitored by scientists. This project was initiated by soil scientist, marco stephens, under mr. Bernard coughing. That goal is to optimize the potential buyer child in agriculture because people expect great things from this charcoal hoffman is the famous them. The hope is that we can use bio charts to achieve stable yields. Especially during dry spells that i saw have greenfields and good yields, even during times of drought attack else than as well as performing another task for agriculture doorbell store in carbon in the soil who called himself in bolden. Thats because each tone of bio chillman you will mixture compensates for 2. 00 tons of c o. 2 with climate change, accelerating solutions for sequestering carbon are sorely needed whether an agriculture, animal feed or plant breeding. The use of bio chaw is boomerang oh, producing high quality bio char requires a special process called pyrolysis. The controlled thermal decomposition of bio mass. The process starts with would leaves branches or cut grass after theyve been finely chopped. They land in the pyro electric oven. Here that heated sometimes for hours to as much as 800. 00 degrees celsius since no oxygen is present, the wood chips char, rather than bon. So the carbon is fixed and the wood should the wood lay to bun or rocked the carbon would be released. During the chary harmful ph gases are produced, that burned in a 2nd chamber. Otherwise the bio child would absorb these toxic gases during the colonization process. Such high quality bio charge can also be used to breed and grow plants. At this nursery, each sack of potting compassed is enriched with 10 percent charcoal. Though he was skeptical at 1st production manager pascal lewis is now a fan of bio chow damita spot and it saves us water. The color, the charcoal stores the water engine, adrian lashed off, so they dont get washed away. North of gay washer charcoal is also effective against fungal diseases. Zoe. Save on fungicide on kate. Damn it. And insidious side to funded, we have far fewer insect ticketed the alba. Now fin vinegar, for example. We hardly own any more dark winged fungus. Net i, wendy, for i dont know why that is, but weve noticed in always sneaked vices. Nish arbor the american thus not only to, they use a 3rd less water and less passed aside. The bio char also has a noticeable effect on the seedlings development. The harbor 9 best of her aunt that gives you the root formation is better and healthier. And what, and when the root formation is good than degrees on the whole plant does better. These shoots are 3 weeks old to stick, and we can see that the rude formation is already quite good. The roots are very healthy on long and wise fit as a fiddle, grizzled. The plants growing faster to. This saves the nursery 2 to 3 weeks of cultivation time, letting them produce more seedlings. All these advantages are due to fire charles unique characteristics. Top quality bio char has a very porous structure and therefore huge amount of surface area. A single gram can boast a surface area of up to 300 square meters. This allows by a child to function like a sponge and absorb up to 5 times its own weight in water, as well as the nutrients dissolved in it. These abilities have been proven to batter the soil quality. The benefits of bio child were confirmed in a recent study. It showed that on average by chance had a positive effect, ensuring more water storage and better provision of nutrients as well as reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions. Thats just one problem. Almost all the findings are based on experiments conducted in labs and in pots. So this is where soil scientist, mawkish. Stephens is long term trial comes in over a 7 year period. Hell spread 42 tons of bio chaw over 6 hectares of field. The results should help scientists provide clear recommendations for farmers. This is on the random experiment. Whats special about this experiment is we apply large amounts of charcoal, so we can measure this effect. In addition, and as a practical field turns, yvonne though it follows normal farming practices with tractors carrying normal loads and amounts of manure. The harvest and processing is typical to widow true bush gown, through the bow. By that, only one farmers know how to get the maximum benefit from bio char will many be willing to use it as the cost is high. Around 1300. 00 per ton. Even if theyre increasingly environmentally conscious farming is still a Business Company that soon its still, its one of the few sensible measures because the charcoal stays in the ground. God is wendy of proof. That charcoal remains stable in the soil and doesnt break down. So the amount of carbon you apply to the soil should be the amount that remained, which he records replied to her. Oh, thats a big advantage. Over the carbon sinks like forests. The human in soil and marshlands, where fires, ploughing or drainage could cause the carbon to be released again by a char alone wont save the climate. Not enough of it can be produced or spread to do that. But theres a lot of potential and bio chon, not using it would be a wasted opportunity for agriculture and the climate if our blood is red, why are they boy wit