A mountain top model for future cities. Welcome to the show. How long will the coda regions be covered with ice the earth is warming and thrive temperatures are making glaciers and sea ice melts. Like in greenland most of the island still has ice cover hundreds of meters thick but thats to change what geologists thinks thats not necessarily bad for greenland future. Travelling through southern greenland its easy to understand why the vikings called the island green it has hills meadows lakes and rivers the endless ice starts further north. Mimic grows in calls this landscape home he was born in greenland is great grandparents used to hunt here here comes to sort. The prize winning geologist from the Natural History museum in copenhagen often travels to the north he says greenland is an open book that just has to be read. Its all these rocks in the landscape tell a story but of course you have to be able to understand their language but then they no longer keep their secrets. On the contrary theyre full of stories and they can hardly wait to tell them. This new process. With the help of greenland rock rosing estimated that life on earth began three hundred million years earlier than previously thought winning him worldwide acclaim now hes collecting glacial mud instead of rocks as he searches for a new story a story that could benefit his country. At this inland spot the ice has melted. What its left behind looks like a rocky desert but in fact the sludge is a vast reservoir of minerals which could help fertilize depleted soils. Through this glacial sludge is from rock crushed by the ice its interesting because it can be transported anywhere in the world where theres a lack of nutrients in the tropics and some tropics where most people live the soil has a massive shortage of nutrients. In their stuff. The melt water transports the finely crushed much a trickle becomes a stream a river turns into a torrent leaving behind a new landscape. Rosing estimates that around a billion tons of minerals reached the coastal areas of greenland in this way every year. Enough nutrients to help feed the world. On the way back from his hike minnick rosing bumps into an old acquaintance more to nielsen grows herbs in lettuce and greenhouses Climate Change is making itself felt an agreement that further south even strawberries and for titos grow but it wont be enough to create a large Agricultural Sector in the future. You have to be realistic about Climate Change it has good and bad aspects here in greenland like everywhere in the world where part of nature when it changes we have to make the best of it. And thats exactly what hes trying to do. Rosing is both optimistic and pragmatic about his country which is striving for independence from denmark. For that the countrys economy has to be able to stand on its own two feet. That what should we as a society live from greenlands nature is pristine and almost infinite it has enormous numbers of fish and that worth is steadily increasing in contrast to oil which we should leave where it is. The great torrent of sludge here behind me is the role of money that may fill our state coffers one day. Bob wright. Rosen says instead of dreaming of mines or offshore oil wells greenland should take advantage of the resources that are already available in such abundance. The powerful forces of wind waves and currents transport mud and sand from the land into the sea. People who live on the coast the familiar with those Natural Forces and they know they have to stabilize their shows. Scientists in the netherlands are testing him he will pretty much. Cut down has become a hot spot for windham kitesurfing and a destination for holiday makers. Its just southwest of the hague on the dutch north sea coast much of the beach the sand bar that bulges out into the sea is manmade it was created in twenty eleven and designed to serve as a sand engine to counter coastal erosion. Marcel stever a professor at the Delft University of technology is the mastermind behind the project. And the basic idea. We wanted to make this coastal stretch over here we want wanted to make it safe for the next fifty years in the light of Climate Change so instead of making a. Norris mint every four years so come back every four years we decided to put a large amount of sediment that would last for twenty years that would distribute itself. Through Natural Forces along the coast so we dont have to disturb the ecosystem all the time. It took eight months to build a sand engine. Dredges brought up material from the seabed ten kilometers offshore and spat it out here to create a huge depth of sediment as a peninsula in front of the original slender beach. Twenty one and a half million cubic meters of sand what dumped here five times as much as would be usual in a standard shorter term sand replenishment operation. The plan is for the wind waves and currents to disperse for sand from here up and down the coast replenishing beaches that face constant erosion and building up coastal dions this is a Pilot Project and steve that monitors developments closely. It is not. As far out into the sea but it has. To boast erections six hundred thousand kilometers north and four hundred thousand cubic meters in southern direction so nature has been doing its job dispersing the sand up and down the coast. Every two months the scientists map the sand the engine and the adjacent coastline. They chant the movements of a masses of sand and record depth changes in the lagoon created behind the sand bar. Radar and sensors mounted on boys track waves and currents. A fourteen meter tall mast was built for the project as a mount for cameras but monitor the landscape and seascape in all directions. Conduct way we can observe development of the geometry of the send engine we can look at such a day shouldnt. We can look at. The way to look who feels an empty said how it changes so its a permanent observation. The Data Collected over the years demonstrate that a sand then jen that is a single mega naresh meant designed to last for decades can indeed work. The wind waves and currents help to replenish the receding cursed line. Plants are taking root on a sandbar. Grass growing on the dunes helps to secure them. Are no. More one of the main purposes of the sand motor is to provide sand for the dunes. As we now think it will take forty to fifty years before all the sand has ended urns. Dunes offer long term protection for the vulnerable hinterland but here theyre not growing as fast as the scientists had predicted. The growth of june. We expected that would have been stronger and it went much slower although now its picking up here to flee much of the netherlands lies below sea level so coastal defenses are key to the country survival seawalls beaches and dunes are regularly reinforced raised and replenished in straightening and a few kilometers to the north sea wall has been integrated into an appealing coastal promina proving coastal defenses dont have to be bulky or ugly coronal fungal the mass of the ministry of infrastructure and the environment spells out whats at stake. What do we have to do for the netherlands to maintain it and to keep dry feet in the hinterlands. In one hundred years or so how much sense do we need to cope with Sea Level Rise one scenario the ministry has to consider involves giving up low lying coastal areas altogether should it become too hard to defend them we dont want to think about that that maybe there will be decay someday yes to counter the erosion of its coastline the netherlands is trying a dual strategy building up defenses against the forces of wind waves and currents and harnessing those. Same forces to protect the coast a sand engine project is a pioneering effort to meet the challenge of rising sea levels. In meeting. The muslim ya shows us how its done in the jungle book its all about trust on screen and in real life a viewer in morocco has sent in a question about a third stage of mine. Sally board joy wants to know. What is hypnosis. At this show audience members are letting themselves be hypnotized are the style of the hypnotist participants cant even remember their own name. Hypnosis alters a persons consciousness but how does it work exactly. Scientists have long been interested in what happens in the brain during hypnosis. Researchers have now identified how affected areas change compared to a normal state. During hypnosis Certain Networks of cells stop communicating with each other. This creates a disconnect between actions and selfawareness allowing subjects to be manipulated subconsciously. Hypnosis is now even an accepted treatment in medicine. The brain processes pain signals differently when in a hypnotic trance theyre not perceived as pain. Thats why some dentists have begun using the. Nique in place of chemical anesthesia. Hypnosis can also be helpful in kicking nicotine addiction. And hypnosis as Performance Art audiences obviously love it though its not always easy to know if the method is really having an effect or if its just showmanship. We ask you on twitter what you think of hypnosis. Every flat out pete tweets that he believes in it but he advises taking someone along to a session otherwise the hypnotist could implant anything in your head. Duckie em hasnt read much about hypnosis but figures the side effects of being hypnotized must be minimal. And i think it all starts writes that shes planning to try it soon to overcome how they think of fiction. Good luck with that im sex to sally board choice for the question. You have a science query you can submit it on our website if we answer is on the show youll get our d. V. D. Featuring a lighthearted look at albert einsteins most famous theories. The most simple thing is to never stop asking questions. Tailor made has always been Something Special like cleansing made to fit the wear a perfect. Most recently its been done with the help. Technology like scam. But now comes the real luxury up by clips made to measure the magic word aids three g. Printing. Three d. Printed by science fiction. Science fact engineers are getting very close to that goal. And were now at the point where we can build a bike you can sit on and drive though not yet on rough terrain and. So is this the bicycle of the future. Lets take a look at how the frame is printed and the rest of the components then added to form the complaint bicycle. Day one in the story of my new bike. First the perspective owners measurements are taken in a three d. Scanner. The new bicycle will be tailor made for his body. This Production Method with scanner and printer makes every bike one of a kind. Ok for the bike industry works with a limited number of frames sizes but people are so different each with their individual length of legs and upper body what sets us apart is that we can respond individually and build precisely the geometry that fits each person this passed. The bike designers can change the frame on the computer to perfectly match the rider. So next day the designer meets up with a three d. Printing expert getting the measurement data in the right format is a bit of work but three d. Printing technology is developing at a huge pace. There are an interval of months in four different areas of three d. Printing number one is the increasing diversity of materials then the volume we can print big objects the printing speed is also going up it now takes half or a third of the time previously needed. And then there are new technologies being developed that we dont see yet but that are certainly coming clean. Today the printed frame is still made of poly mit but eventually the engineers want to replace it with carbon fiber which is more stable and lightweight. Day three and the printing can begin first a thin layer of poly and my powder is spread on the carrier plate. The spots where the frame part is to be made by laser beam centers the powder. The process is repeated again and again for two days then the printed frame has to cool down for two more days. After that we get to see if its all worked out theres no printer big enough to make the entire frame in a single piece so its been printed in seven parts they are then glued together. This is the heart of our bicycle of the future. Now freshly painted the frame can be fitted out with equipment some present day some futuristic electronic gear shift to standard on todays racing bikes soon theyll likely be found on everybody. This is spent sion of the future will also be regulated electronically in this process type excel aroma to provide the data to control the springs the bike of the future will have lots of high tech even intelligent components. As we use it for. Lots of things will be easier to shift will know whats the right gear the suspension will decide whether it needs to be open closed or sensitive so the rider wont have to make those decisions. Then theres this prototype of a new wheel this could be the mechanical innovation that will catch on quickly just in the near future it enables the air pressure in the tires to be very cheering the right lets say air on uneven terrain more air on asphalt roads. And now after just ten days bicycle of the future is ready to be taken for a spin. So get your bike printed you may be needing it soon. Many planners think that in big cities the days of private cars are numbered and the future belongs to cyclists pedestrians and people who take public transport. A city without cars is hard to imagine but theres a residential complex in a suburb of cologne where this is the only kind of car thats allowed your honner and her parents have been living here for two years sixty years the largest entirely car free neighborhood in germany. That when we heard about it it sounded so great what a nice way to live and then we came in had a look at how amazing to be able to let your Children Play out on the street and move around freely without worrying. Playgrounds instead of car parks germans love their cars so this amounts to a minor revolution. About Thirteen Hundred people live in the complex their rental contract stipulate that no cars are allowed residents however are permitted to transport shopping home in a cart for their family dont do a big shop once a week by car they buy smaller amounts of Fresh Produce at the local grocers almost daily. Its not difficult i go by bike and i take a backpack along thats usually enough plus i have my bike basket and if i need to buy something pokey like a creative water i can borrow a hand cart it all works out fine. Could carfree living be expanded to entire districts towns or cities. Heads transport research at the German Aerospace center the program is based in cologne Motor Vehicles play a huge role in the life and layout of major cities all over the world peter says that has to change. Because for a city like cologne i dont think were going to find the single fix that will solve all its problems we need a range of measures at the level of urban planning it might mean for example planting more greenery along the ring highway when it comes to transportation the priority should be expanding public transport and encouraging and enabling more biking and walking. This is what the city of the future might look like major arteries will be downsized there will be more open space and greenery a radical turn away from the internal Combustion Engine and private cars in general. Goods will be delivered by electric plants bike or electro trike. Autonomy buses will move people. Around neighborhoods apps will help plan routes using a mix of transportation modes making all this happened though wont be cheap. And id like to see the revolution we need in transportation start now it will be difficult but thats no reason to hold back and wait we need to start now with modest measures that will succeed in the short term. In this part of the city of tubing and that kind of revolution began in the one nine hundred ninety s. In a district called the French Quarter cars are allowed in but they may only be parked in the garage at the edge of the area at least thats the idea fredo whole bad guy has lived here since the complex was first developed on the site of some disused parents. He says that recently cars are once again a presence here despite the parking ban. For some evenings there are cars parked everywhere at least around where we live and the garage is half empty that cant be right. Not to distrust mr. Hope as those children say they enjoyed growing up in a space where they werent surrounded by cars as though sometimes driving might have been welcome alternative. Ah its kinda kids can be lazy. There were times i thought it would have gone much faster with a car. And it would have been easier to. Fasten them out to. Go for is a breeze that cars can be useful when you have to transport bulky objects for instance or when you want to go on an outing to the countryside for that she rents a car or uses a Car Sharing Service she says sometimes there is no alternative. If i have to get to work by eight oclock and the Daycare Center only opens at seven thirty i cant manage that with Public Transportation and i have to get a car share. I have that problem one day a week. The rest of the time the forza family does fine without a car theres plenty to do in the neighborhood after school. Theres no question that quality of life is enhanced when lots of cars are removed from the equation theres better a or less noise and more space even in the heart of a major city. Youll find more stories from the world of science on our website feel free to get in touch via twitter on facebook we love hearing from you. Next week we head to the bolivian capital not cars where the Public Transit system includes a national have cable car lines think radically shortened commutes and relieve Traffic Congestion charges for a ride next time to market today by phone now. Fool me. How to. Enter the conflict zone my guest this week here in kiev used to stateless hes a former president of georgia a former Regional Government in ukraine. In multiple allegations of criminal activity and hes Michel Saakashvili once the foaling of the west for spearheading the rose revolution in georgia that has you