Transcripts For KQED Frontline 20170426 : vimarsana.com

Narrator tonight on frontlinthe fish on my plate. Frontlinis made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. And by the corporation for public broadcasting. Major support for frontliis provided by the john d. And catherine t. Macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. More information is available at macfound. Org. Additional support is provided by ford foundation, working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. At fordfoundation. Org. The park foundation, dedicated to heightening Public Awareness of critical issues. The john and Helen Glessner family trust. Supporting trustworthy journalism that informs and inspires. And by the frontline journalism fund, with major support from john and Jo Ann Hagler and Additional Support from chris and lisa kaneb. Major support for this program is provided by the kendeda fund, investing in transformative leaders and ideas. Well, thank you, everyone, for coming. Were honored to have Paul Greenberg in town in all sorts of things, but thank you so much for making the time for us here at the bookstore. Greenberg my pleasure. applause greenberg so im working on another book right now, tentatively titled the omega principland its a book about omega3 fatty acids. And so as part of that grand experiment, on september 1, 2015, i had my blood drawn, and then i stopped eating landfood meat. And for the last year, ive been eating seafood every single day, sometimes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and a snack, so its just been. You look great. Greenberg well, thank you, i. laughter greenberg i feel great. Thats what we call in medicine a. So this is a passage from the third chapter of american catch. Passing up to a bluff, i looked down on the isolated settlement, and thought that once upon a time, a little 17thcentury village called New Amsterdam must have looked quite a bit like this a modest place, with its face turned toward the sea, where the fisherman and the fishmonger were an integral part of daily life. And where seafood held its own with land food in nearly every regard. What kind of Society Might we have formed had we not, as melville wrote in moby dick, become landsmen, tied to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks . What if instead we had become what melville called a society fixed in ocean reveries . Greenberg all right reel, reel, reel, reel, reel. Okay, hes on there. Greenberg ive always loved this moment, when the fish reveals itself out of the mystery of the ocean. It feels like youve been given something precious. Greenberg i caught a king after all these years all right, skunk is off the boat. Greenberg the skunk is off the boat. The triumphant moment. Oh, to be a fish, right . Some of the happiest days of my life have been these little celebrations that come after figuring out where a fish is, how it lives, and how to catch it. And when you eat what you catch, you feel as if youre eating the sea itself. A fisherman is always on the hunt for the fishiest places, and few are fishier than here, on the coast of peru. It was the middle of the night, in november springtime in the Southern Hemisphere when i boarded tmaricielo with captain juan castro. Why is the nighttime better for the fish . Greenberg oh, so youre, like, looking for the glitter on the surface of the water. Greenberg this is what id come to see one of the worlds great explosions of life, the opening of the largest fishery in the world. Peruvian anchoveta a little fish, for sure. But some years, perus anchovy catch is bigger than all the fish caught in u. S. Waters combined, but almost no one eats them. When i was a kid, the most sort of romantic thing in the world for me was going fishing in the early morning. And that moment, just as dawn was starting to break and you felt the excitement of the world coming alive again, thats really the feeling that i had on the boat. I have never been in a place where i have seen so much life in one place. I am looking out, like, theres one, two, three. I dont know, five dozen seals, sea lions, all schooling up around these anchoveta. You have got huge flocks of birds, terns, gannets, petrels, all kinds of birds diving in, doing their own thing, and then you got this big net just full of anchoveta. I think the last pull, they had ten tons in a single pull. I think theyre going to have this bigger one this time. I mean, all with this incredibly, like, nutritious fish that if people only ate it, could probably be a very good way to use this resource, but unfortunately, like, 99 of it goes into fish meal and fish oil and gets sent to china. This is called a reduction fishery. Altogether, around the world, as much as 25 or more of all fish caught are poured into processing plants to be ground up and boiled down, turned into oil, and dried into fish meal. Years ago they were just used for fertilizer. Then they were fed to pigs and chickens and even your pet cat. But now fish like these peruvian anchovies are turned into feed for whats called aquaculture fish farming. Theyre fed to americas favorite fish, Atlantic Salmon. I think that must have started in the 80s, and then, you know, the big salmon industry in europe and in north america. Then they brought the salmon down to chile, and then the whole thing started going up because people loved salmon. And then they realized fish meal was a really good feed for the salmon, and they started using and taking more and more and more of the supply. And thats when all of the industry went into fish meal producing for feed, for aquaculture. Greenberg i think of Patricia Majluf as the anchovy lady, because at conferences shes always handing out little cans of anchovies. All right, so do we just scoop it up and eat it . If you can fit the whole thing. Greenberg she says we should all be eating more anchovies instead of sending so many off to china or norway to feed farmed salmon. But the aquaculture industry depends on these little fish. So do you think its fair to say that there wouldnt even be this global aquaculture industry if it werent for the peruvian anchoveta . We supply 30 of it, so a very large component of it. It probably wouldnt be as big as it is. Greenberg right. Because its the best food for aquaculture. Greenberg but peruvian anchoveta are also supposed to be great food for us. Theyre unusually rich in omega3 fatty acids, and thats what im writing my latest book about. So i wanted to see where all those little fish get pulverized, reduced, and eventually poured into a capsule. Dave matthews, a big canadian whos built ten of these fish Oil Refineries around the world, has seen it become a very big business. For peru, its very big, and for the rest of the world, its even more important, because 25 to 30 of the anchovy oil, which is high in omega3 content is really only located in peru. Greenberg its all built on the promise of a magical pill to cure the ailments of middle age, and big dave is a big believer. My cholesterols extremely low lower than my wifes, and she eats healthier than i do and my Blood Pressures extremely low. Greenberg and it does affect your Blood Pressure . Yeah. Greenberg because i have slightly elevated Blood Pressure. Okay, so you need to be two to three grams of omega3 a day. Greenberg okay. I did the arithmetic on daves prescription. Thats as many as six giant pills of fish oil id have to swallow each and every day. Those are the capsules that up to 20 million americans take as a supplement. But im not a pillpopper, and i wanted to get right to the source. So i came to pisco to see an anchovy canning factory. This is the essence of what im looking for. But the omega3s in this oil are active compounds that spoil fast. So they have to get the anchovies in the can quickly. The supplement industry has the same problem. A poorly processed fish oil capsule can rot just like a fish. And a rotten, oxidized capsule does nothing for your health. Which is why im staying away from the capsules. Id rather get my omega3s from oily fish. That means, i was told in peru, four filets a day for my daily dose. Yes. playing traditional music i can also get it here. This is my kind of fish shack. That looks good. And there we have it, flounder milanese. speaking spanish laughing speaking spanish greenberg peruvians share my passion for seafood, but they arent worrying about omega3s. Theyre getting theirs from lots of other fishes. And it turns out, they dont care that much about anchoveta. speaking spanish greenberg meanwhile, i cant help but wonder if thered be more and bigger local fish like these if this socalled reduction fishery wasnt taking so many tons of forage fish out of the food chain all in order to feed farmed fish somewhere far away. In fact, this particular year, the anchoveta season almost didnt open. Even though this looks like a lot of fish, this is a year of scarcity. Its an el nino year. The water is warmer, less productive. And the estimates of available adult fish in the water are way down, well below the five Million Metric Tons needed to open the fishery. If it were up to you, would you have opened the fishery this year . Not at all, not at all. The survey that was done to evaluate the population came back with only 3. 38 million tons. And you normally need to have five million tons of adults to be able to fish. And of those 3. 38, only two millions were spawning adults. The industry said, oh, thats not right. That number must be wrong. Greenberg so they counted again. To count it again, count it again until you find it. Greenberg counting it until you get the number that you want. Exactly. And we just got a copy of a report that was sent back kind of informing the ministry what they were going to do for the last count, and they said, at the request of the industry, we did this. At the request of the industry, we did that. Greenberg the biggest guy in the industry, however, says they didnt put pressure on the government. And what about the sort of accusations that the quotas too high . That you shouldnt have even opened the anchoveta season this year because were in an el nino year, that we risk crashing the population like we did in the 70s if we fish . Do you agree with that . No. I was in the 70s. What happened in the 70s was during the military government, and they, for economic reasons, they allow us to catch and we overcatch. Greenberg they let you catch whatever you wanted. And were you ever, like, hey, stop catching so many fish i mean, did you ever want to stop in. We really didnt know how much fish were in the ocean. This year, they founded 3. 28, 200, 3. 3, lets say. Greenberg 3. 3 Million Metric Tons. Million. But we were not able to check the whole section of the anchovy habitat. What the minister decided its not the industry, the minister decided to check it again. Greenberg and youre 100 confident that they have the right. Yes. Greenberg but within weeks, the Government Agency that surveys the fishery decided to stop the season early, because they were taking too many small juvenile fish. Thats why peru has a reputation as a wellmanaged fishery. Still, over the years, the biomass has been reduced. And its nothing like what it was before humans muscled their way into this ecosystem. Its too easy, though, to say that the fishing industry is bad and the conservationists are good. Everyones doing a job. Everyone has their point of view. The only point of reference i have is the past. And what the past tells me is that once upon a time, the same kind of fishery existed off california cannery row in monterey. And it got hit by an el ninolike event, and the people kept fishing. And that fishery crashed in the 1950s and its never really come back. All the boats, all the factories disappeared. And a lot of them were bought, and shipped here to peru. I started writing my new book to explore the connection between the health of oceans and our own health especially, i have to admit, my health. The kid who loved to fish is now a middleaged man. Ive got slightly elevated Blood Pressure, ive got cholesterol issues, i have depression issues, i have sleep issues, and i dont like it. In fact, i hate it. So i started to listen to the soft purr of the omega3 industry. This is everything theyre supposed to fix. They say its what makes your joints more youthful, your brain quicker, your heart more resilient. A kind of elixir, if you believe in that sort of thing. But im not sure what i believe. So i thought, what if i did a study of one and ate only fish, every meal every day, for a year . What would happen . Were jewish, right . Somebody was asking me, like, do we believe in heaven . Not really, right . Well, im, yeah. Greenberg we dont have to go into it. But all im saying is, is that this omega thing to me feels a little bit like the promise of the afterlife, like, you wont know it till youre there. Yeah. Greenberg and we wont know about the omega3 thing till were. Well, 50 of people dont know they have Heart Disease until they suddenly die. Greenberg you want to hear the first line of the book . Yeah. Greenberg here, ill tell you. A little while back, i learned from an. Sorry, a little while back, i learned from an eminent cardiologist that half of all patients first report Heart Disease to their doctors by dropping dead. Youre right, yeah. Greenberg i have no intention of doing that. So i began my year of eating fish. Sometimes esther and luke would join me. But mostly id be on my fishy own. Tonight, its tomato anchovy sauce over pasta. Ooh, its hot. Greenberg and some little snapper blues luke and i just caught. There are some of the oiliest fish around, rich in omega3s. Yeah, it looks really good. Im really excited about the snappers. Greenberg over the weeks and months to come, id keep at it every meal. phone camera clicking a smoked mackerel on a bagel. Wild sockeye from alaska. Grilled yellowfin nicoise. Teriyaki farmed salmon. A new kind of shrimp, grown indoors in a warehouse upstate. All of them tell a story, where they came from and how they ended up on my plate. When i was a kid, my parents divorced when i was about three years old and my dad pretty much disappeared from my daytoday life. Id see him only on the weekends. For some strange reason, fishing was something that i did to fill that empty space. And i spent a lot of time just disappearing. You know, a day wasnt just a day, a day was an exploration of a river and the fish that were in it. When i got older, you know, youre always, as a fisherman, looking for that next great body of water, and for me, that next great body of water was the sea. Carl safina is a friend, a naturalist and a writer. Hes also a fisherman. So when did you first. You know, you grew up fishing. You grew up fishing on long island and around here. When did you first notice that there was an overfishing situation . When i was studying sea birds in the early 80s, i was in a boat pretty much every day for several months of the year, and i was also doing a lot of fishing, and i could see that pretty much everything was declining. Greenberg as boys casting our lines, we didnt understand the impact of the great postwar age of industrial fishing, when the worlds fleets pushed right up to our coastlines. The fish were just progressively fished out and fished out. In the 70s, ships from the ussr, from other european countries, came to our shores. Whatever we hadnt fished out by then, they fished out, and they did that rapidly. And then we had, we put this law in effect that said, okay, no foreigners, were going to claim it out to 200 miles. Greenberg and did that fix things . Uh, no, we allowed everybody to say, hey, those boats, we should have boats like those, and we subsidized the construction of large fishing boats that couldnt exist in a, you know, actual capitalist system because they werent catching the fish to make those kinds of profits. But the taxpayer subsidized them. So then they completely, completely demolished the fish. By the 1980s, everything was basically shot. Greenberg but heres an amazing thing about the ocean if you leave it alone, stop abusing it, it can heal itself. And pretty quickly, too. Compared to most problems, overfishing is quaintly simple. You just dont kill them faster than they can breed, and they will start to get more of them. Its not complicated. Greenberg carl was part of a group who legally defined overfishing and helped get the u. S. Congress to pass the 1996 Sustainable Fisheries act. So after hundreds of years, fish by fish, american waters began slowly starting to recover. I was shocked that it worked. And we had a massive success on that, and a lot of those fish that were just declining and declining and declining, they stopped declining because the laws changed and the limits changed and a lot of them are now more abundant than they were when i was a kid. Greenberg weve defined overfishing, weve identified where its happening, and weve set a timeline for rebuilding. That seems like a pretty straightforward thing. Why cant they do that in southeast asia, where all these fish are coming from . Why cant we just, why cant that just be the default . That should be the default, but it cant be the default because most places do not have the rule of law. They cant make rules well. They cant enforce rules. Theres a lot of corruption, theres almost no political will. I mean, i think most of the rest of the world is largely a total mess. Greenberg in carls and my lifetime, the worlds industrial fishing fleet has expanded into every corner of the ocean, scouring every current and canyon with sonar and trawl, ships large enough to net a half a Million Pounds in a day. Over four million vessels, twice as many as necessary, catch the fish that are left. And so much of that fish, caught both legitimately and illegally, ends up on americas shore. We are the secondlargest consumer of seafood in the world. Every year, when the big players descend on the boston seafood show, they talk a lot about sustainability. But they dont advertise the fact that collectively, the fishing businesses of the world remove 80 to 90 Million Metric Tons of Marine Wildlife from the sea every year, the equivalent of the human weight of china. And no one is promoting the fact that a piece of fish in an american restaurant travels an average of 5,000 miles before you get to take a bite. Thank you so much. Up to 90 of the fish we eat in this country comes from abroad. Meanwhile, we send about a third of what we catch to other countries. And then theres just this huge amount of fish where its pretty hard to figure out just what it is, and where it comes from, like wild salmon labeled. Product of china . Greenberg oh, its from the u. S. . Yes. Greenberg we catch it. Yeah, you catch it. Greenberg and we freeze it . And we send it to china . And then what happens . Greenberg back again. Yes, back to. Greenberg so is it. Is it frozen two times . Do you freeze it. It comes to you frozen, right . Yes, yes. Greenberg and then you defrost it. Yes. Greenberg and you cut it up and do everything . Yes, yes. Greenberg and then you freeze it again, and then you send it back. Yes, exactly, correct. Greenberg wow. Its a truly brave new world out there for fish. But the bravest and newest part is right here at the heart of the boston show almost half the seafood we consume is now farmed. The taming of dozens of species and making them slave to our desires is transforming the ocean from the place for the last wild food into the farm of the future. I know youre not supposed to tap on the glass, but i kind of want their attention. So this fish, when you think about it, is the perfect shape for aquaculture, right . Because, like, look at all the meat, the meat part is really big, and the head is really small, so that means. There are smart arguments, though, for why farming a fish like the australian barramundi could take pressure off the wild stocks. Its a beautiful whitefish that kind of fills a real gap in the aquaculture space. Greenberg which is what . We need a sustainable whitefish replacement for grouper, snapper, sea bass, which are really the premium species that tend to be the most overfished. The consumers increasingly get it, that aquaculture is a sustainable, fully traceable, and actually very lowcarbon way to get your protein. Greenberg but theres another side in this great race to fill the worlds plates with farmed fish. Thats where asian producers are dominating, undercutting the americans. Hey, hows it going . Hey, how are you doing . Greenberg how is the american catfish farmer doing now versus ten years ago, like, our. Well, theres still a lot of imported product coming in. Greenberg yeah. And, you know, thats the competition we face. Greenberg one way american catfish farmers have tried to fend off the asian competition is by making a film like this about fish Farming Conditions in the mekong delta in vietnam. All this sewage, waste water, and industrial pollutants end up in the nearby catfish ponds. Greenberg this may be an exercise in advocacy, but ive been to vietnam and ive seen fish farms like this. Of course, there are some good ones, but the problem with all this fish coming from asia far from our regulators, with almost no testing is, its hard to know what fish is what, and whats in it. With countries like china and now india farming enormous quantities of shrimp and catfish and tilapia, theyre flooding the international market. The best American Farmers can do is put on a brave face. You know, thats the competition we face. Greenberg . And try to grow a better fish. Were going to continue to see more species and more opportunities for farmers. I think aquaculture is, you know, is the agricultural frontier Going Forward. Greenberg it seems like a good idea, right . Even Jacques Cousteau said, we must plant the sea and herd its animals. But its a very divisive subject, and when you get a bunch of experts around a table, you get as many opinions as you do dinner guests. Oh, hi. Greenberg come on in, guys. People like robin alden, fishery manager from maine; fisherman and macarthur fellow ted ames; renowned fishery scientist daniel pauly; entrepreneur elliot entis; and michael rubino, head of the u. S. Governments aquaculture office. And my friend peter hoffman, a onetime commercial shad fisherman, who volunteered to cook some fish for us. Undoubtedly a piece of it. Greenberg the big question i wanted to ask was whether farming fish is not just a solution to feeding more and more people, but will it also help save the wild fisheries . So, chef, what have we got here . Okay, so, ecoshrimp from newburgh, new york. Whoa raised in a tank in a basement, a wonderfully ecological manner in which theyre being raised. Greenberg lets serve this for us. Shrimp are by far the most consumed seafood in america, so finding a healthier way to grow them and challenge the asian competition, is part of a new inventive industry. Quietly in our coastal communities, aquacultures taking hold. And there is a whole new generation of folks that are going into this. Its still a tough business. Its a very tough business. Greenberg ted, i remember when i visited you in stonington last year. Ted, like many other fishermen and ecologists, became strongly opposed to fish farming after seeing early salmon farms along the coast of maine. The tendency of growers was to overstock, overfeed, trash the area they were in. Infestations of sea lice. And they move on. And then they move on. But that was 20 years ago. Im really worried about aquaculture. The aquaculture that is implicit here and feeding a large number of people, because we should not forget that in order to produce salmon, you actually feed them with fish. This industry that transforms fish from a form that people dont like much to a form that people like. Greenberg scientists and fishery managers like robin alden think, before we build more fish farms, we first have to rebuild our fisheries. It is folly to say, we have so many people, we have to make so much more fish any way we can, and lets ignore the environment. Our fundamental job is to figure out how to live here in a way that is sustainable, and if we dont start there, were not going to feed each other. But heres the ultimate question that im hearing about. Cant. Aquaculture isnt the enemy of wild fish. Isnt aquaculture a supplement which can help the wild fish . It may or may not be. Actually, i think that aquaculture can be an enemy of fisheries. Aquaculture, to sell its product, had to generate a demand for fish in general. And the midwest has begun to eat fish in a way that it was not eating, consuming fish before. This is bad . This. The fish that goes, that is produced by the ocean is finite. Thats the point. And the demand is not. So we have to convince them to eat hot dogs, then. Back to hot dogs. Greenberg its an interesting argument, that aquaculture is increasing the appetite for wild fish. There is a good argument. Thats not what i said. Well, it complements. Greenberg and theyve done that by selling us more and more farmed fish. So if i might interrupt. Greenberg and theres no fish thats been sold harder than salmon. So this is farmraised salmon with caribbean jerk spices on it. Greenberg farmed Atlantic Salmon has become the poster fish for todays industry. And if you want to understand how that happened, you have to go to the place where it was invented over 40 years ago. Norway is really the birthplace of modern aquaculture. With more than a thousand farms up and down the coast, its a huge business. greeting each other come on board. Greenberg thank you. Which is why i came here to meet the head of one of the five families that control most of the salmon farming industry in norway, per grieg. How do you say lets go in norwegian . La oss ga. Greenberg la oss ga. The norwegians see themselves as running the most sophisticated aquaculture business anywhere. Theyve had a long time to work out the kinks. Ive been in this business now for almost 25 years, and i feel pride every day. And one of the reasons is because it utilizes nature in a sustainable manner. And i think its a way forward for people to recognize really how, what is sustainability . Trying to define that, the industry likes to define that. Somebody thinks we are not sustainable enough . Of course, yes, thats a discussion. Greenberg this is where were headed one of his fish farms. Im pretty sure theres something familiar rattling down those pipes feed pellets made in part from peruvian anchoveta. The omega3s from those anchovies are essential for a fishs growth, especially salmon. Each of these cages will have as many as 150,000 salmon. On this side, what do we see here . Two, four. Its ten, ten cages. So we will have around one million fish, 1. 2 million fish in these cages. So that will be close to 30 million u. S. Dollars in one farm. Greenberg and how many of these does grieg seafood control . We have around 100 licenses. Greenberg so how much money are you making from salmon every year . 500 400 u. S. Dollars, i think, million u. S. Dollars. Greenberg 400 million . Thats the turnover. Greenberg i eat all kinds of salmon. I eat farmed, i eat wild. But when i come to norway, and talking with different sides, you hear this word, a laksekrig, or a salmon war thats going on between the ngos and the salmon farming community. Is there a salmon war going on . No, i dont think so. Of course, there are some issues that we are discussing with ngos, and the ngos are, of course as they are in most countries very vocal, very clever with media. And they also have quite a bit of influence on the politicians and the politics of norway. Greenberg up north, i met a man whos in league with those ngos. And he very much thinks there is a salmon war going on. This fjord here, you see theres one fish farm there, theres one fish farm there, theres one fish farm there, theres one fish farm there. Greenberg Kurt Oddekalv is norways most famous ecowarrior. He wants to expose what he sees as the dirty side of the business. This contains twice as much sewage as the population of bergen. engine revving greenberg at a fish farm, angry workers gunned their engines and tried to block us. So whats going on here . This fish farmer is trying to stop us, but he doesnt have any regular laws or anything that he can use, you know . So hes trying to block the way for us. And you know, a fish farm like this has a dropping of 450 kilo each day, the dropping, feed, to the wild fish around, you know . Which is really destroying the environment. Greenberg this is kurts specialty getting public attention to all those droppings by filming them with his remotely operated submersible. Its a wellfunded operation, all to get a video feed from under a working farm to show a captive audience in the ships theater. This is the rockandroll showroom. Greenberg whoa. This is where we put people and tell them the fish farms. Greenberg so this is, like, feces theater. I go into a fjord, film the bleep , show the bleep , and show people what it is like. Greenberg but this time, with the submersible under the farm, they couldnt get the video feed to work. So we sat in the feces theater with kurt and watched recordings of the poop from other farms. Kurts Organization Claims that theres more poop produced by norwegian salmon than all of norways people, causing algae blooms and dead zones, as well as a long list of chemicals to fight diseases and parasites. And when i started, the list was like this. Today the list is like this. Because the more they try to fight nature, the more nature fights back. And it comes new diseases every year. A whole line of them. Greenberg in fact, norways salmon farmers have been cleaning up their act, choosing better sites and limiting ecological damage. But, like many environmentalists, kurt just doesnt accept the idea of seapens for farmed fish. The industry, meanwhile, has its own ways of telling its story. Going upstream in the vosso river is no easy task. Facing the toughest conditions and one of norways fastestrunning bodies of water, only the best and most agile make it all the way. But, you see. Greenberg the vosso is a legendary river with a legendary salmon. Except, in this marketing film, its a makebelieve, computerbred salmon. This is mowi. Luckily, its only half of my name, so thats good. Greenberg frederik mowinckels uncle was an early fish farming pioneer. His company and his name got swallowed up by an industry giant. My uncle would never. He would never have allowed this sort of animal farming. Greenberg frederik says he never thought much about his relative or the industry until this farm suddenly appeared off his summer cottage. We have this expression in the states nimby, not in my backyard. People dont want things in their view sheds. Is this just a nimby issue . I dont think thats very fair. Did that particular farm trigger my deeprooted interest in getting to the bottom of what is actually going on in the salmon farm . Yes. We have an issue with escaped salmon that mixes with the wild, we have an issue with sea lice, which is also affecting the wild salmon. We have the overall pollution. Those are the major issues that i have with salmon farming. Greenberg the vosso salmon, which for millennia returned to these home waters, was the biggest of all Atlantic Salmon. Now, like many other salmon runs in norway, there are more escaped farmed fish in this river than wild salmon. And the vosso salmon is threatened with extinction. There is a nursery program. They are trying to bring the salmon back, and that makes this even more ridiculous, because the salmon isnt there anymore. The number of wild salmon has been reduced dramatically over the years, and one of the main reasons is all the disease and sea lice and everything that happens as a result of salmon farming. Greenberg sea lice i didnt know much about these small marine parasites that attach to juvenile salmon and feed off the gills and through the skin. So i found lars asplin at the institute of marine research. Here, you see how it looks like. Its more, like, in a swarm of bees. Greenberg this is a computer model of how sea lice from a single farm can breed and spread, infecting the wild salmon. Can sea lice actually kill salmon . Yes, 100gram fish, if they have more than ten sea lice, we usually regard it to be lethal. Greenberg lethal . Imagine the same process duplicated on a thousand farms up and down norways coast. Meanwhile, the government has looked at plans to expand the industry as much as five times. But they know they have problems. Is the sea lice a real serious problem . Yes, its a problem. If the number of sea lice in the farmed fish is higher, then you can get the pressure also for the wild salmon. Its the fish farmers, theyre responsible to get rid of it and they have used chemicals and thats been a problem. Of course its not good for the environment, and its also a problem with resistance. Greenberg curiously, these are not even Atlantic Salmon in the farm the fisheries director brought us to. Theyre Rainbow Trout. It is an unusually fat Rainbow Trout, fatter than you would see in nature, i believe. Its a farmed animal. I dont think anyone would ever compare a wild pig with a farmed pig, and, i dont know, if youre going to eat farmed land animals, i dont think you could make too much of a beef about eating farmed ocean animals. If youre going to be a vegetarian, on the other hand, thats another way to go. I mean, i could see a vegetarian criticizing all this, but i cant really see a meateater criticizing all this, so. All right, lets return you back to the water. Enjoy your last few days. I think youve got three days till harvest, so enjoy them, and im sorry that it had to end up this way for you. Oh, dear. Oh, there he goes. I fell in love with the ocean because it was the last great wild place where you could find the last wild food. Is this the shape of the ocean to come . Selectively bred Rainbow Trout . And invasive species, not even native to norway, taking up residence here by the millions so that people all over the world can eat the same domesticated thing. And what about the farms you never get to see . What kind of safeguards are they taking in china, in chile, in vietnam . And all the other fish we eat that are grown in pens like this . Half the fish on our plates are farmed today. And half the fish ive been eating are farmed. Theyre just too hard to avoid. That includes norwegian farmed salmon, which, for the most part, is pretty good. But i still eat it with regret, because i know we can do better. Sometimes to do better, you have to go beyond the familiar, looking for solutions out on the edge. In my case, all the way way to the top of the world. I first met steve damato about eight years ago, and he sort of struck me as this kind of funky hippy food dude, but hes also a businessman. Everyone talks in the Environmental Movement about the triple bottom line. In other words, you want to have a business thats economically sustainable, socially sustainable, and environmentally sustainable. If anybodys going to make it with triple bottom line, steve might be that guy. When you look at what are the big threats to the ocean, what are they . People. Greenberg people, sure. But i mean. Its just, we are so many of us. Salmon farming is not the biggest problem. Its trying to feed all the people that are the problem, and unfortunately, the World Community looks at the fish in the oceans and says, its mine just as much as it is yours, and im going to take it. But what we need to do is, figure out how to farm the ocean intelligently and also economically, and its not. Salmon is one of the species. And salmon might not be the best species by far. But salmon has become better and better and better and more and more efficient. And so if we can do that to salmon, we can produce plenty of fish in the ocean to feed the nine billion people that are coming. Greenberg this is the tiny island of kvaroy, near the arctic circle. Only 70 people live here. This is where damato believes you can see where salmon farming should be headed. The industry was terrible in the beginning. Greenberg how were they terrible . Oh, site locations were based on convenience, not on any science on what it was doing to the environment. Escapes was, you know, not looked at as a big deal. Sea lice were, you know, thought of as a problem that eventually would go away. And then nobody cared about how much protein they were using to make protein. So those are. You know, its a brandnew industry. They needed criticism, and the Environmental Ngos served a really important purpose by criticizing them, and they responded. Greenberg and so what makes this farm so special . They are innovative. They recognize theyre not going to be the biggest guy in the industry. They dont want to be, but they want to be the most innovative and creative one. And our feed projects are a perfect example of that. Greenberg for feed, instead of relying on a reduction fishery, like peruvian anchoveta, theyre using the offcuts from other commercial fisheries. And alf says theyve taken that one step further by stripping away what are called persistent organic pollutants, contaminants that gather in both wild and farmed fish. What we have done with our salmon feed is just cleaning all of that out of the feed because. Also because we use the trimmings from the production, its a more fatty part of the fish, of the wild fish, so it includes more pcbs and pobs. Greenberg because pcbs, like, stick to fat. Yeah, it sticks to fat. So what we do, we clean it 100 to make sure that we have only all cleaned oil in it, in the feed. Greenberg so this is a particularly clean. This is very clean. This is probably the cleanest feed you can get for salmon. Greenberg well, if its clean, then ill take a try. Its kind of like a fishy, um, dorito. laughing i would say. I can see it now doritos, new salmon feed flavor. both laughing that could be a big hit. Oh, what the heck . Ill finish it. Mmm. Its good, its good. Greenberg just knock it back with, like, a kelp beer, and i think the whole thing would be a great package. laughing yeah. Greenberg what are you guys doing thats different from everybody else . We dont use any chemicals. We dont use antibiotics. We use a natural colorant, fermented bacteria that we have in our feed called panaferd to make the salmon red. And also we have a lower density in our pens. Greenberg and theyre deploying the industrys latest weaponry against the dreaded sea lice. We farm our own lumpsucker and using it as a parasite control. Greenberg i have to say that this is an exceptionally cute fish. Well, go be free and eat some sea lice. That is the hiding place for the lumpsuckers, and they will suck onto the fake seaweed, and they will stay inside this hiding, and when the salmon comes in, it will swim into the hiding, and the lumpsucker will come and clean the lice off the salmon. So even a day after we put out this fake seaweed, the salmon understands the meaning of it and comes in, get cleaned, go out. Greenberg sort of like a car going into the car wash. Yeah, its like a car going into the car wash. Greenberg now, like some other farms, theyre adding omega3s from algae rather than fish all changes that damato says the rest of the industry can afford to follow. If Consumers Want it and if consumers demand it, they can do it. Youve asked the question, can we scale it up, can we scale it up . Well, we have the thirdlargest feed manufacturer in aquaculture in the world working with us. Thats scalable. And its not going to be, like, oh, my god, now theyre losing money. Its obscene how much money theyre making. I mean, its a commodity, and theyre doubling their money, legally, because theres illegal commodities that dont even make that kind of profit. Greenberg this is the cutting edge of the industry, constantly making improvements, trying to strike a compromise between the environment and the bottom line. But my environmentalist friends will say you cant get these kinds of changes in places far from here. And there are just too many problems with openocean farming. All of which reminds me of that conversation around my dinner table back in new york and a radical solution that came up. The safest thing, ive always thought, is to remove this kind of fishery or this kind of aquaculture from the ocean itself. Greenberg elliot entis thinks all of this farming should become landbased, in tanks, where theres so much more environmental control. The point always is, how do you decrease the inputs to increase the output and, specifically, decrease the amount of fishbased or seafoodbased inputs . Greenberg its been tried for years, but the challenge is to make it economically viable. And what i did 25 years ago was wound up with the fact that modern technology, biotechnology, can assist greatly in this process. Greenberg so his other, more controversial idea, is one hes been working on for a long time a genetically modified Atlantic Salmon, using the growth gene from a pacific king salmon. Greenberg can we call a spade a spade here . What are we talking about . In what sense . Greenberg what are you. Is this a genetically engineered fish . Well, of course there is the genetically. There are more than one. Greenberg this is what it looks like after 18 months of growth, compared to a conventionally farmed fish. A 6 1 2pound salmon, compared to one less than three pounds. A fish which has now been approved by the fda. We got two wonderful things that have happened. Number one is, yes, it does have the fish grow to its full size in about half the time. And number two, in fact, it does eat less to achieve the same weight. In fact, about 25 less. And it can do that on a diet which is much more enriched with plant protein, as opposed to fishbased protein. I think simply using these kinds of technologies points in a direction. Greenberg we need much more time to talk about Controversial Solutions like this. As elliot says, the chinese are already developing gmo fish. Show of hands, who here thinks aquaculture is necessary Going Forward . Okay, but. We debate, we argue, we disagree. Who here believes aquaculture is a necessity. Greenberg meanwhile, we keep eating more fish. The u. N. Says we just hit an alltime high double the amount per person than when i was a kid. That Global Consumption means even more overfishing. So how are we going to responsibly get more seafood on our plates . Bren smith may have part of the answer. Hes done it all. As a commercial fisherman, he says, he pillaged the seas. I was born and raised in newfoundland, in the fishery there. And i fished gloucester, lynn, massachusetts; grand banks. And then i was in alaska for a lot of years. Greenberg how far out would you go there . Well, wed actually fish illegally in russian waters. Greenberg so youre like a former pirate . Former pirate, yeah. Greenberg turned kelp farmer. Yeah, without the gold, yeah. I mean, my general view is, its great that we are trying to fish better. But we need to transition to a completely different relationship to our seas. Ill tie up here, i guess. So here is the farm, and the great thing about ocean farming is, theres not that much to see. Unlike the salmon pens, for us its all underwater and its really important because it has a low aesthetic impact. Greenberg beneath the buoys, on a network of ropes, he grows kelp, mussels, clams, and oysters. The shellfish clean up the ocean by soaking up nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon. A threeacre farm like this, he says, can be set up for as little as 10,000. Industrial aquaculture went exactly the wrong way in its first stages. So just as landbased agriculture was starting to rethink what new models of farming, of distributive networked Food Production would look like, industrial aquaculture went in and made all the same mistakes. Greenberg with salmon. With salmon, starting with salmon, starting with highinput species, feeding them wild fish, using antibiotics, fertilizers. I mean, i used to work on the salmon farms, i saw this firsthand. We were really running iowa pig farms in the ocean. So what were trying to do is, learn from those mistakes and really do food right, do farming right. Greenberg its december, and today were seeding his winter crop. So this is our kelp seed coming in. Greenberg this is the new kale, according to bren. Its beautiful, though, isnt it . Greenberg yeah, really nice. So all that is is, youll see it just sticks on to string. Im just going to wrap. Actually, paul, you hold this. Lets turn you into a kelp farmer. Greenberg they wrap the spores around the rope, and by summer it will have formed curtains of kelp. So youre literally just sort of braiding that around this. Greenberg he turns the kelp into noodles for human consumption, and also believes it could replace corn as animal feed. I mean, there are 10,000 edible plants in the ocean. Kelp is the gateway drug to an entirely new cuisine. We can scale this because theres such. Because its vertical, you can grow incredible amounts of food in small areas ten to 30 tons of seaweed, a couple of hundred thousand shellfish per acre if we grow this way. The reason its replicable and scalable is that its so cheap, because all it is is a simple rope scaffolding system. We dont have to fight gravity. So were able to start these farms up extremely quickly. seagulls squawking we draw the line between growing species that we have to feed and species that we dont. Greenberg so you dont have to feed these things anything. This is whats amazing. We dont. Its no feed, no fertilizer, no fresh water. These are all things that are expensive, going to be increasingly in short supply, so this makes it the most sustainable form of Food Production on the planet, zeroinput foods, and its going to be the most affordable food on the planet. So we can do this a completely new way. Greenberg in the future, were going to turn more to the seas to feed us. Theres only so much arable land. And besides, some people say weve been eating too much land food and its not good for us. Processed foods, soy, and corn oil all of them are high in omega6s. But humans evolved eating foods rich in omega3s. Were way out of balance, which is why ive been on this omega3 journey to try to understand its mysteries. It brought me to copenhagen to meet one of the Founding Fathers of the omega3 movement. Thank you. So a little bit of apple mousse and mustard and cress. Greenberg and are these oysters from denmark or. Yeah, yeah. Greenberg nice. So were here to meet with Jorn Dyerberg in copenhagen. He found that inuit People Living in greenland had very high levels of omega3, because they ate a lot of seafood, and they also had very low incidence of cardiac Heart Disease. So i will eat this particular oyster in honor of Jorn Dyerberg. And heres my diary. The young doctor who went up there for science purposes, but certainly also for the experience of going to greenland. Greenberg i have to ask you, is that seal skin . Thats seal skin i got up there from one of the many seals they shot and ate, and maybe i tasted some of it, i dont know, of this particular seal. But this is a diary from up there with the old photos of their food and their cabins where they lived in. And ive just found my old tracings of. Greenberg the hypothesis that dr. Dyerberg and his supervisor, dr. Hans bang, drew from their study of inuit seal hunters has largely driven the billiondollar Fish Oil Supplement business. But heres the problem. Lately, the connection between heart health and omega3s has been called into question. In the last four years, some very longterm studies on omega3s have come out, some not so positive. Some not so positive, definitely. There are murky data, and one metaanalysis after the other. But i guess within the next two or three or four years, three major studies, including thousands of patients, giving them either fish oil or placebo on top of their treatment, and they will come out with the results that we have to believe in. And theyll be available in the coming years, but they are not there. Greenberg theres also a study which suggests that the low incidence of Heart Disease among the inuit may have as much to do with their genetic inheritance as with their diet. Other things that have brought into question omega3s, there was a study at u. C. Berkeley, where they were looking and suggesting that maybe the inuit were genetically predisposed. Yeah, but thats. Yeah, predisposed to enrich their body with omega3 fatty acids. But i dont know what should that mean. I mean, if we in our population can show an effect, maybe theyre genetically different in that respect, but it doesnt take away the effect that we find in studies in western caucasians. Greenberg after greenland, dyerberg did a lot of good work, including a Successful Campaign against trans fats. But his omega3 findings leave many questions. Other researchers have connected omega3s to brain health, joint health, cancer prevention. But none of the nearly 30,000 studies have revealed anything unequivocal. Back in new york im still eating fish every day, but worrying about all the murky data. Im continuing my sample of one to see if making my blood more omega3 rich will translate into better health. Okay, so this is a Company Called omegaquant. They have something called the omege3 index. The omega3 fatty acid blood test and they claim. Well, they say the omega3 index is a measure of the level of the omega3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes. And they claim the risk for sudden cardiac death is reduced by up to 90 percent in individuals with the highest omega3 index. So were going to see if i truly have the highest omega3 index. I need to prick my finger. Even though ive read the recent studies casting doubt on omega3s, i want to believe that my Blood Pressure is dropping, my heart and arteries becoming less inflamed, the synapses of my brain firing ever faster. I think i feel something. Id just like a tiny bit of evidence. They will be able to analyze this and see what my omega3 index really is. So we will seal it up and send it to dr. Bill harris in sioux falls, south dakota. The more you obsess over your own little life, the more you lose track of the Bigger Picture of what weve lost. Maybe my search for understanding omega3 has really been about what were all missing. Almost nobody in new york knows there was once wild salmon right next door in my home state of connecticut. Today when you buy Atlantic Salmon theres no chance its local, or wild. They all come from fish farms thousands of miles away. My home rivers are blocked by over 4,000 dams. This isnt salmon country anymore. Whenever i can, i return to alaska. Its where we still try to hold onto the wild and strike a balance between the fates of humans and of fish. Where the story of wild salmon is still written into the land. Its a Perfect Place for watching salmon spawn. Greenberg in Richard Nelson i feel like i was kind of encountering a spirit from earlier times. What we have here in this pool is a group of chum salmon. Theyre also called dog salmon in alaska. The female is unmistakable. She is wearing her prom dress. Greenberg he is this kind of guy who i think has sort of heard the spirit call of the salmon and is broadcasting what he has experienced. Heart teaching as the buddhists would say. Its an absolute miracle, and its beautiful. Salmon, of course, have been treated badly in the. On the european side of the atlantic, on the north american side of the atlantic. And then on the western Pacific Coast down in washington, oregon, california. And British Columbia also. And theres this one sort of splendid, shining example of where salmon are still in their original abundance thronging in every year, and thats alaska. Greenberg the idea of protecting wild fish is written into alaskas constitution. Take care of them, it seems to say, and theyll take care of you. All right. All right. Greenberg but that interdependence between fish and fisherman almost broke apart when farmed salmon suddenly came along. Do you remember when farmed salmon came on the market . Uh, yeah. Well, i remember when. When they started to take us down. By the early 2000s id say 2002 to 04 fishermen were reeling. Most fishermen that i knew, that i know, didnt think that the salmon industry could rebound. Farmed fish was just so much cheaper and people didnt know the difference. They really didnt care. Greenberg but then alaskans realized they had to make the rest of the country care. They shouted out loud from up north how good their fish was. And instead of sticking them in cans, they made elegant fillets. This is the irony of the thing. People started to eat more salmon. But now people got used to eating salmon and they decided they want wild, so our market started to come back. Greenberg and heres the other irony people started eating more wild salmon than the wild could produce. Alaskans looked at their thousands of miles of salmon streams and thought, hmm, i bet we can squeeze more fish out of this. So they made a controversial decision they began to grow smolts, like these in a hatchery near sitka. And those baby salmon, released in streams and inlets, went out to sea just like their wild cousins, and in a few years returned to those same waters in record numbers. So whats your feeling about the hatcheries . Were happy to have all the extra fish. Greenberg i mean i ask because you know, when you talk to the farmed salmon people, theyre always saying, these alaska guys are always shouting about farmed salmon, and meanwhile all theyre doing is ranching salmon. Right. But theres a big difference, yeah. I mean theyre released into the salt water and they go. They go wild at that point. They just have an improved early childhood. Kind of a Head Start Program for salmon so to speak. They place the salmon here, release them, and they come back to spawn but theres no actual river for them to swim up, so we catch them. Greenberg now, as many as one in three salmon come from hatcheries. But most, like these kings, are wild. Altogether, there are five to six billion pounds of all kinds of fish taken from alaskan waters every year, more than all the fish americans eat. Yet most of them go off to other countries like japan and korea, wholl pay more for fish we dont want to eat. Just our natural. Greenberg alaska shows what a wellmanaged fishery can produce. But also what it takes to protect this resource. Beneath this land are billions in copper and gold, coal and gas. Here are all the documented salmon streams of alaska. And here, in red, are all the active mining claims in the watersheds of those rivers. And the threat isnt just from development here in alaska. Many of the Southern River systems originate across this border, in canada. Heather hardcastle, who comes from an old fishing family, keeps watch over canadian proposals for massive gold and copper mines. If built as proposed, theyd be some of the largest in north america, if not the world. And tailings dams that have to hold back the waste forever. And so it really is, in our minds, ticking time bombs, and were sitting ducks. Downstream theres ticking time bombs upriver that have to hold back that waste in perpetuity. Greenberg this is heather hardcastles fear the Mount Polley Mine dam wasnt even 20 years old when it burst and emptied millions of tons of tailings into canadas fraser river watershed in 2014. Just over the border in the taku watershed is the best coho salmonrearing habitat in the world. Uh, and i get emotional, i think, because theyretheyre global treasures and very few people know they exist. And so i think now i feel like its one of my missions to make sure that people know that theyre here and we need to decide again, as a society, not just a few companies, not just one government, how do we all want to see this place a long, long time from now. Greenberg alaska is a kind of jewel, with all its facets still sparkling. Where 200 million salmon can be caught each and every year, and all the connections are in place from ocean to river to fish to forest, just as they have been for millennia. If you treat them correctly, theyre going to outlast the oil, theyre going to outlast the mines, theyre going to outlast everything else, and just keep coming back. We have an amazing abundance of salmon. A lot of people dont understand. They think, well, i shouldnt eat wild fish, i should eat farmed fish. But, in fact, in alaska, the most responsible thing you can do is eat wild alaskan salmon. Every time you buy a can of alaska salmon, you buy a filet, whatever, youre saying, yes, i like what youre doing in alaska, keep doing it. Youre getting something fantastic to eat and youre voting yes for something that really matters in our world. Greenberg im still on my health quest. Back in new york, my first call is to bill harris to get the results of that blood sample i sent in about my omega3 levels. Hello. Hey, bill. We want to get right to the heart of the matter. Have you looked at my results . Didnt you get it . Greenberg i did get them, but so ive intentionally not looked at them so i would have the moment of surprise. All right, here we go. Opening my omega3 results. All right, so here it is, the moment of truth. Dumdumdumdumdum oh, wow, im 10. 48 percent. Yeah, thats pretty good. Greenberg thats good. Well call it 10. 5. Greenberg so what does that mean . It means you are in pretty rarified territory. The average american is around maybe five percent. The average japanese, at least a few decades ago, was around nine or ten percent. Greenberg what does that correlate to in terms of just sort of health . Well, i think its hard to say. There have been, you know, very few studies in the formal sense done getting people up to that level. Most of the studies have been done with prescription omega3 and they give one pill. At that level, in about three or four years, giving somebody that much, they arent seeing an effect of omega3. Greenberg if im not getting a cardiac benefit from this, or if we havent. Youre right, i would not conclude that. I would say that. Youre doing this for years, you are intending doing it for years. I mean, i think this is great, what youre doing. Maybe you should have started it 40 years ago. Better late than never. Greenberg wait, so how long do i have to keep doing this to have an effect . Nobody really knows. Greenberg all right, well, bill, this was really good, very interesting. Wonderful, wonderful. Great to see you again. Greenberg nice to see you too and good luck with everything. Keep on indexing. Bye. Thank you, take care. Greenberg i mean, you know, there is a part of me, i feel perversely joyous that i have achieved 10. 5 percent. I mean it will be interesting to see what happens tomorrow when we sit down with my gp, and see, you know, is my Blood Pressure. Because my Blood Pressure has gone up and down. It was down, it might go up again, its hard to say. But it will be interesting to see if we have any real change in my physical body. horn honking im coming to the end of my omega trail. I set off to find out what fish i should eat thats good for me and good for the planet. Now, when i head to the fish market, i know where to begin the farmed mussels, clams, and oysters that make the sea better while they feed us. The bivalves excellent, excellent choice. Mussels in particular are high in omega3s. All of these are filter feeders. In other words you dont have to feed them anything, they get plump and delicious just from filtering the water. They actually make the water cleaner. And they make habitat for other fish to live in so it is the perfect aquaculture. Could i get half a pound of mussels, please . Our fish markets would be half empty if it wasnt for aquaculture. Given the salmon choices here today, though, id go with the arctic char. It is grown, actually, in tanks out of the ocean so theres no issues of sea lice or disease spread to wild stocks. Its high in omega3s. Pretty good feed conversion ratio, below two to one, so good choice. More salmon farmers will move to tanks. Maybe even gmo fish. Others will probably improve their open ocean farming. As long they can farm without hurting the wild. But id rather spend some more for a small piece of wild alaska. Its a vote for Good Management and taking care of all our local fish. You will very rarely see a cod fish that big out of new england anymore. Thats mostly gone. Fortunately, though, the norwegians and the icelanders have been managing their cod stocks pretty well and that is why they are getting these big cod fish from there. But wow, that is like. What do you think that is, 40 pounds . Yeah, about 36 pounds. Greenberg and then there are some things im less keen on. Shrimp leaves me a little baffled. Previously a lot of farmed shrimp were grown in areas that had mangrove forests. Mangrove forests were cut to create shrimp ponds, that situation is more and more under control, but lately we have had the issue of slavery starting to arise in the shrimp peeling industry, in the shrimp processing. With the wild shrimp, you know, again, there are good shrimp fishermen out there, but the worst shrimp fishermen end up catching, can catch five, ten, 15 pounds of what is called bycatch that is unintentionally caught wildlife for every pound of shrimp. But theres a class of fish im avoiding, even if it comes from a reasonably wellmanaged fishery. Tuna is actually the highest source of mercury in the american diet right now, and since i have been eating so much fish i am trying to back down off of the highmercury fish. Hi. So 26. 92 . Theres mercury in a lot of seafood, from both Natural Sources and pollution. At low levels, it doesnt affect us too much. But over the year, ive been sending hair samples to my biologist friend dan kristol. Hi, nice to see you. How have you been . Im good, how are you . Greenberg turns out dan has some bad news about my mercury levels. I think what is happening is you are just getting death by a thousand cuts. You are just eating so much. You are eating stuff that has detectable mercury that we normally wouldnt worry about because you would only be eating it twice a week, say. Those gains in omega3, i am not sure why you want to have a lot of omega3. Is it for your heart of for your brain . Greenberg they say both. Yeah, so i am pretty sure that it is helping your heart, but unfortunately mercury, it is pretty clear that mercury increases your risk of cardiac events too. So you probably wiped out all the gains there. And for the brain it is pretty clear that, i would guess at a level of five parts per million is actually slowing your thinking and hurting your memory in small ways. Nothing you are going to notice. Eventually its going to be numbness in your hands, you are going to be stumbling, things like that at around maybe ten parts per million or more. I am pretty sure you wiped out all your gains. Greenberg ah, so my Blood Pressure, overall, has it gone up since i started this . Seems like it, seems like it has gone up but a tiny bit since. Greenberg so my good cholesterol to bad cholesterol ratio is unchanged, basically. Its virtually the same. Greenberg and the triglycerides . Virtually the same. Greenberg also the same . Virtually. Greenberg ive got to say, looking at these numbers, i have to say im a little disappointed. I mean, ive been eating a lot of fish, a lot of oily fish. Like sometimes three times a day. And i thought i would see some movement in these numbers. I mean, do you think these numbers, like, are an accurate picture of your health . These numbers are an accurate picture of your blood lipids, but they dont necessarily reflect your health. Theyre just one factor. Greenberg but so, like, overall then, i mean, if you were to look at me now versus a year ago, same person. Id say virtually the same. Unchanged. Greenberg all that fish i ate. laughs i was surprised. I mean i do feel better after a year of eating fish. Anecdotally, people say i look better, they say my skin is better. I think even you say i seem better and everyone on this production has said i seem better, but maybe its just a giant placebo effect upon the crew. Maybe you want me to look better. But, um, i. I guess it leaves me questioning what to do next. Right now what i would really like to do is have a hamburger. This is not where i thought this journey would take me. All year i was feeling pretty smug. You all keep eating your arteryblocking, earthdestroying land food meat. Not me. Im eating fish. And getting younger by the day. But all zealots die hard. Yes, thank you. What i need now is some balance. Oh thank you so much. Ill keep eating fish. But not every fish and not every day. No omega3s, but delicious. I mean, its wrong, its completely wrong for the planet. Dont try this at home. But lets just say if you have 700odd fish meals in a year, then you deserve one burger. Mmm. Delicious. By the time you hit middle age, you kind of hope that you are a little wiser in the second half of your life than you were in the first half. You got him. Keep going. It doesnt count unless you reel in the whole way. And i remember when i was a kid and i would go fishing, once the fish start to bite and you start to catch them. cheering you cant stop yourself. You just want to catch and catch and catch and kill and kill and kill. All right, that was a good team effort. But by the time you reach 48, 49, 50, you want to think that we can figure out a way to take just what we need. Fish on, fish on i mean, it is not like i am antifishing. It is not that i am antifarming, its just that there is going to be fishing, lets catch what we need and leave the rest in the sea. I might want to let this one go, is that all right . No greenberg i think im going to let it go. Please dont let it go. That is a nice fish. Greenberg i would like to let it go, honestly. He wants to let it go, rudy. Thats crazy. Were going to catch more fish than that. Greenberg if it is going to be farming, lets farm fish in a way so that it contributes to a net gain in fish for the world, not replacing fishing with farming entirely. Lets try and find some balance in the world. Were going to let this one go. Why . Greenberg i mean i see out here. This is a place, when i was a kid, there were no striped bass at all. People were talking about putting them on the endangered species list. And the fact that they came back after reasonable legislation, reasonable controls, reasonable size limits. You know, one fish per day that is plenty for me. That is all we need and i dont even need a fish every day. I could have a couple of fish a year and that would be enough for me. So in that sense i think today was a success. Go to pbs. Org frontline for an interview with Paul Greenberg about his yearlong journey of eating fish. Greenberg this omega thing, to me, feels a little bit like the promise of the afterlife, like you wont know it till youre there. Read an excerpt from his latest book four fish the future of the last wild food. Connect to the Frontline Community on facebook and twitter, and sign up for our newsletter at pbs. Org frontline. Teens convicted of murder. Sentenced to life without the chance of parole. Decades later the Supreme Court gave them a shot at freedom. My client has served enough time. Im all for second chances, but were talking about first degree homicide. This is an extraordinary experiment in our criminal justice system. Frontline follows some of the first to be released. Do i see myself as free . No. I have to make sure she doesnt go through what i went i have to make sure she doesnt go through what i went through. Second chance kids frontlinis made possible by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. And by the corporation for public broadcasting. Major support for frontliis provided by the john d. And catherine t. Macarthur foundation, committed to building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world. More information is available at macfound. Org. Additional support is provided by ford foundation, working with visionaries on the frontlines of social change worldwide. At fordfoundation. Org. The park foundation, dedicated to heightening Public Awareness of critical issues. The john and Helen Glessner family trust. Supporting trustworthy journalism that informs and inspires. And by the frontline journalism fund, with major support from john and Jo Ann Hagler and Additional Support from chris and lisa kaneb. Major support for this program is provided by the kendeda fund, investing in transformative leaders and ideas. Captioned by Media Access Group at wgbh access. Wgbh. Org for more on this and other frontline programs, visit our website at pbs. Org frontline. Frontlinethe fish on my plate is available on dvd. To order, visit shoppbs. Org or call 1800playpbs. Frontline is also available frontline is also available for download on itunes. Youre watching pbs ive been getting used to waking here come and play with us. Onward and yonward yeah yeah [ imitates explosion ] good ideas open up a whole new world of possibilities. The more you know about history, the more you know about yourself. The sky is the limit. Anywhere i go, there you are mike im sure people think that im different or weird. You know, everybody wants to fit in, or it seems like most of us want to fit in. Ill see folks uptown and theyll go, where do you live . And i say, oh, i live over here. And they go, oh, are you the guy with that crazy baseball stadium . And, yeah, thats our yard