How Scandinavian Countries Pay for Their Government Spending
Scandinavian countries are well-known for their broad social safety net and their public funding of services such as universal health care, higher education, parental leave, and child and elderly care. High levels of public spending naturally require high levels of taxation. In 2019, Denmark’s tax-to-GDP ratio was at 46.3 percent, Norway’s at 39.9 percent, and Sweden’s at 42.8 percent. This compares to a ratio of 24.5 percent in the United States. So how do Scandinavian countries raise their tax revenues? A first breakdown shows that consumption taxes and social security contributio...