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Over the years several factors that influence the strength of cement have been determined. These include mineralogy, chemistry, microstructure and proc...

Belite size is affected by several factors ranging from raw materials, the length of the burning zone, the fuels used in the production process as well...

Alkali-activated materials While blastfurnace slag and metakaolin are known to produce a binder phase following alkali activation, the range of alkali-activated materials is wider than these two materials. This month Arthur Harrisson provides an overview of low-and high-calcium precursors that are subjected to alkali activation to produce binders. Figure 1: fly ash, a low-calcium AAM precursor Materials that arise as waste or a by-product from industrial processes other than Portland cement manufacture have proved beneficial to concrete producers for many years when used as supplements to cli...

Fly ash and pozzolanas Pumice rock A pozzolana is a material which, when mixed with a hydraulic cement, will react with the lime from the cement and water to produce cementitious hydration products of its own. The most familiar types of pozzolanic materials in common use are low-limed fly ash and silica fume, which are the residues from other industrial processes. Other artificial materials that are utilised for their pozzolanic properties include rice husk ash, burnt shales and burnt or calcined clays. Some of the earliest-used pozzolanas were natural materials found in the region around Mou...