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Celestine into siphoning him church money and land. but after celestine's resignation, the new pope, boniface viii, is not so easily manipulated. >> when boniface viii became pope, he saw the french influence as something that had gone way, way out of bounds and so he positioned himself as the anti-france pope. so phillip iv and boniface had these very real clash of powers. boniface began to generate some very, very harsh language about the power of the papacy. here is a letter that he wrote to philip iv of france. he said, listen, son -- literally, that's how he begins it. "son, god has set u...

But after celestine's resignation, the new pope, boniface viii is not so easily manipulated. >> when boniface became pope, he positioned himself as the anti-france pope. so philip iv and boniface had a very real clash of powers. boniface began to generate some very, very harsh language about the power of the papacy, here is a letter he wrote to philip iv of france, he said, listen, son, literally that's how he begins it, son, god has set us over kings and kingdoms, let no one persuade you that you have superiority. so it is this very explicit language that says the pope has control over the ki...

>> in the 13th century you had a great succession of reforming popes, politicians. but this is not how a pope should be. so what they did was elect a pope who was as unworldly as you could possibly hope for, a hermit. they called him celestine, the heavenly one. >> he does not want to be pope. he'd rather be off praying alone by himself. he goes to this papacy rather reluctantly. >> it's not super clear he knew exactly what was going on. it's not clear how sharp mentally he was. >> celestine v was hopeless. he couldn't run the church at all. >> after only five months in office, celestine v ann...

Sign, the cardinals decide to elect him pope. >> in the 13th century you had a great succession of reforming popes, politicians. but this is not how a pope should be. so what they did was elect a pope who was as unworldly as you could possibly hope for, a hermit. they called him celestine, the heavenly one. >> he does not want to be pope. he'd rather be off praying alone by elf.ms he goes to this papy reluctantly. he didn't exactly know what was going on. it's not clear how sharp mentally he was. >> celestine v was hopeless. >> he announces his retirement

>> he didn't want celestine talking to anybody, he didn't want him to be able to communicate with supporters, so essentially put him under house arrest to protect his legitimacy as pope. >> and so celestine dies in captivity. >> in the 13th century, however, a retired pope is not the only threat to a sitting pope's power. chch a state a fluid, es between kings are just as threatening papal power as previous popes. it was a biof a pblem as to who was in charge, was it the king or the pope? >> so much of the maneuvering and back and forthing and jousting that goes on with the