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After king charles of germany attacks rome in 1527, the city is in ruins. after that they took half a century to build rome. >> rome is destroyed. half of europe abandoned catholicism for lutheranism. the pope is determined to strengthen what is left of the catholic empire. but despite his best efforts to revive the splintering church, another threat to papal power brui brews in england. >> henry viii was a fascinating complicated individual. >> henry vii had the biggest ego in the king doucdom of england. he was also a clever man,

Martin luther was putting himself in very dangerous rritory now. deep within the vatican secret archive lies the document that split the once universal catholic church. it has never before been seen on camera. on january 3rd, 1521, pope leo x issues a papal order ex-communicating the german preacher. >> all germany was in an uproar. this was very bad news for the overall ruler of germany, the holy roman emperor, charles v. >> acutely aware of the fervor luther ignited in germany, charles v were reetz his excommunication might start a

They took vows together. they called this society the society of jesus. they are known as the jesuits. >> like martin luther, ignacious and the jesuits believe every man, not just clergy should have an individual relationship with god. but unlike martin luther, they do not pose a direct threat to the church. >> he had a lot in common with luther. ignacious was a man who believed that a direct communication with god was not only possible but was absolutely essential for the soul to prosper. too often i think we tend to break down catholic and protestants, especially during the reformation, cath...

Alliances. ♪ >> the pope was effectively the prisoner of the emperor charles v, who as the it happens was the nephew of queen katherine of england. >> clement vii does not want to jeopardize his fragile truce with charles v. by agreeing to his aunt's annulment. but king henry threatens to withdrawal all of england from the catholic church if he does not get his way. >> so on the one hand, there was the king of england saying, declare my marriage null or the church will suffer for it. because a stream of money from england to the papacy will be cut off. and on the other hand was the emperor c...

>> charles v was a very unusual person. he was the king of germany. he ruled the north of italy. he was the holy roman emperor. but he had also inherited the rule of spain. so he had more power than at this point any temporal monarch had ever had at any point. he was a very alarming monarch to many people. >> he wants italy at the same time french want italy. in an attempt to balance the power in europe, pope clement vii abandons his alliance with charles and makes a secret treaty with france called, the league of cognac. >> as if the pope hadn't got enough problems by the late 1520s he found ...