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Erasmus Darwin Keyes (1810--95) was a Union general in the American Civil War. Born in Brimfield, Massachusetts, and raised in Maine, he graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1832. Unlike many generals from both the North and the South, he did not see action in the Mexican War. During the first year of the Civil War, he successfully led a battalion in the First Battle of Bull Run (also called the First Battle of Manassas), was appointed to command a division in the Army of the Potomac, and was promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. In 1862 he was appointed to...

The Nansen passport was a certificate issued by the Nansen International Office for Refugees as an international substitute for a passport, which allowed stateless persons or those deprived of their national passports to enter and transit other countries. The Nansen office was the successor to the first international agency dealing with refugees, the High Commission for Refugees, established in June 1921 by the League of Nations under the direction of the Norwegian explorer and statesman Fridtjof Nansen (1861--1930). The League Secretariat had assumed responsibility for international refugees ...

The Federal Convention convened in the State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787, to revise the Articles of Confederation. Because the delegations from only two states were present initially, the members adjourned from one day to the next until a quorum of seven states was obtained on May 25. Through discussion and debate it became clear by mid-June that, rather than amend the existing Articles of Confederation, the convention would draft an entirely new framework for the government. All through the summer, the delegates debated, drafted, and redrafted the articles of the...

Une campagne au Tonkin (A campaign in Tonkin) is a first-hand account of the military campaign mounted by France in 1883-86 in order to establish a protectorate over Tonkin (northern Vietnam). The author, Charles-Edouard Hocquard (1853-1911), was a military doctor who sailed with a French battalion from Toulon in January 1884. He arrived in the Gulf of Tonkin the following month and immediately proceeded to Hanoi by way of Haiphong. Hocquard's book recounts important engagements in the campaign, including the capture of Bắc Ninh and the bombardment and capture of Hưng Hóa in March-A...

This watercolor by Manuel María Paz (1820-1902) shows four Amerindians in the village of Puracé in Popayán Province (present-day Department of Cauca), in southwest Colombia, an area sandwiched between the western and central cordilleras of the Andes. Puracé is also the name of the local volcano and is a Quechua word meaning "fire mountain." One of the most active volcanoes in Colombia, it is surrounded by other volcanic mountains and the sources of several major rivers. The watercolor is typical of Paz's work, which captured the diversity of the population of New Granada ...