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Funding for this program was provided by. Human beings are all one species. We are all equally capable of language, creativity, and thought. The differences among us lie in our cultures, our beliefs, how we organize our societies and how we make our living. Humans have populated every environment on earth. We live on the frozen tundra and in the searing deserts. We live in thriving cities of millions and in isolated camps of a few dozen. Some societies seem simple because they are small and their members are selfsufficient and use simple tools. Others seem complex because they have large popul...

To the hearts and minds of ancient people. Their decipherment is one of the greatest challenges facing archaeologists today. We humans are social animals. Our need to communicate is universal. Some of our messages can be easily understood. But we communicate, too, through abstract symbols that have meaning only within a particular culture. These symbols take many forms. The flag is a symbol. A gesture says, were number one. The uniform is a symbol that identifies the official and the player. The game itself is symbolic ritualized combat with clearly defined rules. Even sound can be a symbol. [...

To the kingdoms of the ancient maya, archaeologists trace the evolution of human leadership. Theirs is a journey through time seeking clues to the emergence of the state. Join us now at the dawn of a civilization to uncover the roots of power, prestige and wealth. In the pyramids and monuments of the ancient maya, workers search for clues to the emergence of a vanished civilization. These are the ruins of the ancient city of copan, honduras. Dozens of stone monuments, called stelae, proclaim the power of mighty beings. Until experts could read these carved hieroglyphs, most scholars thought th...

Such economic specialization here and elsewhere evolved over thousands of years. They are studying the evolution of specialization as they uncover details of ancient economies around the world. In the maya city of copan, a jeweler fashioned rare shell and jade for his powerful lord. In mexico, living artisans echo the economy of a vanished civilization. And in teotihuacan, evidence of mass production has now been unearthed. Tiny faces of clay reflect the men and women who made them a thousand years ago. On the other side of the world, in the ancient roman city of ostia, huge merchant ships wer...

About life among the maya . From ancient sumer, clay tablets reveal astonishing details about daily life 5,000 years ago, and tell the story of the invention of writing. Symbols can be the gateway to the hearts and minds of ancient people. Their decipherment is one of the greatest challenges facing archaeologists today. We humans are social animals. Our need to communicate is universal. Some of our messages can be easily understood. But we communicate, too, through abstract symbols that have meaning only within a particular culture. These symbols take many forms. The flag is a symbol. A gestur...