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The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the environment is an important but controversial topic. But assessing it faces a significant challenge for separating its policy impact from the overall effect of economic development that will also have environmental impacts. This paper attempts to provide an evolutionary and counterfactual baseline to evaluate the environmental impact of BRI, based on the distribution dynamics approach and the mobility probability plots (MPPs). Our estimation results suggest that while the majority of BRI economies will lower their emission levels compared...

Background The adverse health effects of air pollutants are widely reported, and the elderly are susceptible to toxic environments. This study aimed to identify the all-cause mortality associated with cooking fuel use among the elderly. Methods A total of 5732 and 3869 participants from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey were enrolled in two (2014–2018) and three waves (2011–2018) of survey. Cooking fuel was divided into clean and solid fuel. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the mortality hazard ratio (HR). Subgroup analyses were performed to assess the ...