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Corruption thrives in societies undergoing rapid change. Time becomes a resource to be exploited by officials, so that bribes, or ‘gifts’, are an emollient to unblock intractable log jams. With endemic corruption, public services are informally but effectively privatised.
3.1.2. corruption increases the cost of doing business by up to 10% on average 3.2. World Bank 3.3. IMF 3.4. The Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) 3.4.1. Each year, PAPI assesses citizens' experience and perceptions concerning policy making, policy implementation, and the monitoring of public service delivery 3.4.2. Problem: people hesitate to answer questions truthfully for fear of self-incrimination or reprisals, and the risk that respondents overstate the corruption problem but underreport instances of corruption when it affects them. 3.4.3. Method: U...