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Taming the Dutch East Indies was one of Snouck Hrugronje s challenges. His experience of living in Mecca and observing the Jawah (Dutch East Indies) pilgrims provides enrichment to examine the dynamics in the Dutch East Indies.

Jawa tengahZuid hollandJawa baratSaudi arabiaJakarta rayaNoord brabantJawa timurNusa tenggara timurNorth brabantDutch east indiesAbdul ghaffarCharles huberSnouck hurgronjeChristiaan snouck hrugronjeTaufik abdullahHabib abdurrahman al zahir