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It wasn't until the church at consta constantinoble broke off from its allegiance to the pope that we begin to see references to the roman catholic church as no longer meaning universal, but meaning the church which is centered at rome. >> 200 years after the historic ally anxious between charlamain and pope leo iii, pope urban ii rules the western empire from rome. and the patriarch reigns over the east. until constantinoble finds itself facing a threat. >> slislam is the wealthiest, mt sophisticated. if i was betting at the time, i would have certainly bet that the islamic empire was the wav...

Fully human and fully divine. >> you sign it, and you're part of us. and if you don't, you're ex communicated, you're out. you'll probably go to hell. so this became the battling cry for catholics throughout the world. >> with the church unified after nicaea, constantine looks to further stabilize the foundation of his empire. he establishes a second hub of church power in the east. he names the new capital after himself. and calls it constantinoble. >> there is a bit of back and forth. >> the christians in the east tend to look at the christians in the west as just being barbarians. they woul...

Steadily making their way through the arabian peninsula, conquering new lands and uniting them under islam. they have long since conquered jerusalem and were headed for the next christian stronghold. >> muslims had swept through what we would now say is modern turkey and really getting fairly close to constantinoble itself. >> when you can almost see muslims across the water, it's time to find the christians who are left to help you. >> emperor alexis i of constantinopel pleads for aid against the muslims. >> alexis is asking a few hundred knights to help him defend his city. what he gets is s...

>> pope leo iii's decision to crown charlamain as emperor marks a pivot away from the eastern church. >> the relations between rome and eastern christians have not been good for a while. >> charlamain, in his view, was the only legitimate christian emperor left. as he grew in power, developed a very standoffish relationship with the ruler of constantinoble. >> that really is the start of the schism between the orthodox church and the catholic church. >> in the two centuries of charlamain and pope leo iii unite western europe and the p papacy of rome, they begin to call themselves the greek ort...

The westerners look at the east as being not strong. >> the hierarchy of clergy under bishops who reported to the bishop of rome had been working well. but now with constantinoble acting as a second capital, there is a second bishop who believes that he should be in charge. >> there were disputes between the bishop of rome, the bishop of constantinoble, and each saw himself as a very powerful leader. and each one was competing with the others for authority. >> despite constantine's best efforts to unify his empire under one church, the east and west remain at odds. seven years after the counci...