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The Original Great Power War: When Sparta and Athens Clashed The Peloponnesian Wars were brutal and a reminder of how states can go to war and leave each other in ruin. Key point: It took three conflicts before the contest to achieve hegemony was over. However, the exhausted victory was unable to withstand the sudden invasion from Alexander the Great. The wars fought by Sparta and Athens in the fifth century bc pitted one city-state with ancient Greece’s greatest army against one boasting her most powerful fleet. Yet the Spartan and Athenian ways of war differed in far more than a simple preference for fighting on land rather than sea. In fact, the distinctive approaches that Sparta and Athens took to combat embraced a wide range of tactics, only a few of which were tied to their traditional divide at the shoreline. ....