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Abstract: Adversaries may target alerting alarms raised by PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) to prevent notifying operators of critical conditions, to hide faults, to disrupt operations, to cause damages to ICS (Industrial Control Systems) and surrounding environment, or to lead to financial loss. The paper focuses on exposing vulnerabilities of the ladder logic code that handles the alerting alarm messages and how to mitigate them. A real-time test bed of a PLC alarms code was developed and used to conduct several stealthy attack techniques to suppress or hinder alarms by exploiting code vulnerabilities. A novel ladder logic solution that consists of countermeasures against the introduced attacks was proposed, demonstrated, and tested. The countermeasure techniques, such as scan time and heartbeat techniques, were able to detect and prevent the code vulnerabilities and other abnormalities. The provided countermeasure techniques in this experiment could be applied to any PLC to enh ....

Programmable Logic Controllers , Industrial Control Systems , Lerting Messages , Cyber Security , Etection Of Alarms Code Threats And Abnormalities , Aults Detection , Uman Machine Interface Hmi , Cs Diagnostics , Adder Logic Code Vulnerabilities , Aintenance Responses And Errors , Lc Cycle , Scan Time , Upervisory Control And Data Acquisition Scada , Uppressed Plc Alarms ,