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What changes occur in parts of the brain affected by neurodegenerative disease? How does the structure of the neurons change? Some pathological changes in the tissue are easy to identify using standard microscopy. For example, the protein deposits known as “plaques”, which occur in Alzheimer's disease, can be seen with staining techniques. However, pathological changes can also be of a more subtle nature and easily missed unless there is a complete digitilisation and analysis of the three-dimensional structure.

 E-Mail IMAGE: Left: 3D microscopic image of an optical LED-based cochlear implant (blue LEDs in gray silicone encapsulation) with hair cells (orange) and auditory nerve (blue/green) in the cochlea of a... view more  Credit: Daniel Keppeler, UMG Understanding spoken words, developing normal speech - cochlear implants enable people with profound hearing impairment to gain a great deal in terms of quality of life. However, background noises are problematic, they significantly compromise the comprehension of speech of people with cochlear implants. The team led by Tobias Moser from th...

. Claus Roll is a director of research and program development for OSA Europe. In a recent article, we offered an overview of the general funding schemes in Germany, the European Union’s largest economy. We noted there that areas explicitly described as “optical technologies” received a total of €245.8 million of public funding in 2020—but that the total funding for optics and photonics is likely much larger, with much of it “hidden” in other domains like electronic systems, microsystems, nanotechnology and materials technologies. The remaining articles in this series will drill...