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Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can produce illusory perceptions of light referred to as phosphenes. Various exposure guidelines around the world use phosphene perception as an indicator that environmental EMF may be affecting the central nervous system, however many of them are based on low quality legacy literature. While exposure guidelines should consider all commonly encountered ambient lighting conditions, there are no studies examining electrophosphenes in commonly encountered mesopic (i.e., dim) lighting conditions. As a result, conclusions drawn from these guidelines may not ...

Abstract It is generally believed that the phosphenes induced by transcranial electric current stimulation (tECS) are a product of retinal activation, even when electrode placement is directly over the primary visual cortex. However, the origins of these tECS-induced phosphenes have not yet been conclusively determined. In this study, phosphene detection thresholds using an FPz-Oz montage were compared with those from (i) an Oz-Cz montage to determine whether prefrontal regions, such as the retina, contribute to phosphenes and (ii) an FPz-Cz montage to determine whether the visual cortex in t...