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Origin and evolutionary malleability of T cell receptor α diversity

Lymphocytes of vertebrate adaptive immune systems acquired the capability to assemble, from split genes in the germline, billions of functional antigen receptors1–3. These receptors show specificity; unlike the broadly tuned receptors of the innate system, antibodies (Ig) expressed by B cells, for instance, can accurately distinguish between the two enantiomers of organic acids4, whereas T cell receptors (TCRs) reliably recognize single amino acid replacements in their peptide antigens5. In developing lymphocytes, antigen receptor genes are assembled from a comparatively small set of germline-encoded genetic elements in a process referred to as V(D)J recombination6,7. Potential self-reactivity of some antigen receptors arising from the quasi-random somatic diversification is suppressed by several robust control mechanisms8–12. For decades, scientists have puzzled over the evolutionary origin of somatically diversifying antigen receptors13–16. It has remained ....

Snps Bioconductor , Life Synthetic , Open Tree ,

New data format aids large-scale evolutionary biology research

In addition to revealing the hidden histories of life on Earth, studying the evolutionary relationships between organisms can help scientists track emerging diseases, inform methods to control invasive species, and understand how to best protect at-risk ecosystems. ....

Gaurav Vaidya , Hilmar Lapp , Nico Cellinese , University Of Florida , Duke University , Phyloreference Exchange Format Phyx , Open Tree , Life Project , Phyloreference Exchange Format , Professor Nico Cellinese , Web Ontology Language , Phylogenetic Tree ,

CNN Somebodys Gotta Do It With Mike Rowe April 17, 2015 01:46:00

and how complicated is this in the realm? it is crazy detailed. what else can you show me? that is an interior gate to keep the dogs from having run of the house. so you guys make big, meaty pieces of steel? it is the nature of the beast. and this is a school sized mere yore and we have a life-size as pen tree and the blue on it and the copper with an ammonia patina. this is extraordinary. will you sell it or just keep it. do you want to buy it? maybe. let s see how the rest of the day goes. everywhere i look, i have questions. just shout them out. this is where we re here. so you ve been working on this? rory has been working on this. this is amazing. yeah, it is looking okay. your boy does good work. yeah, i learned him good. ....

Big Tire , Meaty Pieces , Run Of The House , Open Tree , Life Size , Nature Of The Beast , Ammonia Patina ,

CNN Somebodys Gotta Do It With Mike Rowe April 17, 2015 04:46:00

it is crazy detailed. what else can you show me? that is an interior gate to keep the dogs from having run of the house. so you guys make big, meaty pieces of steel? it is the nature of the beast. and this is a school sized mere yore and we have a life-size as pen tree and the blue on it and the copper with an ammonia patina. this is extraordinary. will you sell it or just keep it. do you want to buy it? maybe. let s see how the rest of the day goes. everywhere i look, i have questions. just shout them out. this is where we re here. so you ve been working on this? rory has been working on this. this is amazing. yeah, it is looking okay. your boy does good work. yeah, i learned him good. i don t know if we ll have a wall that will support it. ....

Meaty Pieces , Nature Of The Beast , Run Of The House , Open Tree , Ammonia Patina , Life Size ,