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Without a plan... it doesn't work. thank you, thank you, caroline. applause. let's go to our next question. what do you want to ask our panel? what is the role of external actors in discouraging military coups? i your answer, murithi. i wouldn't say that the coups are externally—driven. i think they are a response to frustration, in this... yeah, but can they be externally solved? that was the question. i don't think they can, really. all right, so... so the african union is wasting its time when it suspends burkina faso and mali and sudan and says we don't want to military there? they are j...

That was the question. i don't think they can, really. all right, so... so the african union is wasting its time when it suspends burkina faso and mali and sudan and says we don't want the military there? they are just wasting their time? i think they are sending a very important signal, but we have seen in west africa, burkina faso, guinea and mali, they have ignored the sanctions. in fact, the west african bloc ordered an embargo on mali, guinea refused to implement it. so ultimately, i think the african union sends an important message, in terms of sending a signal that coups are not accept...

I think mali gives a very good example, because it is lieutenent colonel goita there, who originally said he was handing over power and then extended that to 2025. yes, and that is one weakness. you know, power can be addictive, power is very seductive, and that is the question. the problem with military coups is that, how do you then terminate them? how do you move to the next level? i would say that is where you have a role for regional blocs. the regional bloc in west africa is particularly effective, it has imposed sanctions on mali, for example. and so i think it calls for nuanced engagem...

Ok, let's get down to ourfirst question and it is from dido, where are you? your question, please. my question is, is there i a good coup or bad coup, and if there are, what makes it good or bad? _ thank you. oh, my. that's a big question to kick off with. murithi mutiga from icg, you start. say what we are seeing in west africa, it is something more complex. it is basically a cry for help. coups borne out of desperation. you know, in many parts of the sahel, these are people that were never particularly wealthy, were not particularly engaged in the democratic process, but could at least live ...

Agriculture. we are using a lot of products that have been given to us from outside containing significant amounts of disastrous nutrients, nitrogen is, phosphates and chemicals that have penetrated our ground and remain in the ground fora number of our ground and remain in the ground for a number of years. so when we are thinking sustainably, again i make the point, this cannot be ad hoc responses, we have to be able to look at these things and think scientifically, and there are a number of young people who are now thinking so differently about, and the space in relation to agriculture. and ...