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Ambiguity and complexity in the DNS protocol has caused the issues, dos Santos says. "Because of the complexity of the DNS specification, vulnerability types that we have known about for 20 years are appearing in implementations of network stacks," he says. "The more complex the software or protocol gets, the more difficult the protocol is to implement, so we need to make them as least complex as possible, which is not always possible." Earlier this month, Forescout and JSOF disclosed nine vulnerabilities that affected four different TCP/IP stacks and could affect hundreds of millions of Inte...

The nine vulnerabilities affecting four popular TCP/ IP stacks (FreeBSD, Nucleus NET, IPnet and NetX) were revealed this week by researchers at Forescout in San Jose, Calif., and JSOF Research in Israel. Collectively the vulnerabilities are called Name:Wreck, which refers to how the parsing of domain names can break – “wreck” – DNS implementations in TCP/IP stacks, leading to denial of service or remote code execution attacks. TCP/IP stacks are the communications protocols used for organizing data transmissions from devices across the internet. A number of companies make stacks for th...

The vulnerabilities—the same across all nine stacks—involve the manner in which the so-called Initial Sequence Number (ISN) is generated. The ISN ensures that every TCP connection is unique, that there are no collisions with other connections, and that no third party can interfere with an ongoing connection. To guarantee this, the ISN is randomly generated so no one can guess the number and use it to hijack an ongoing connection or spoof a new one. Forescout's analysis showed problems with the manner in which the TCP/IP stacks that were analyzed generate the ISNs. In nine of the 11 stacks...