China, pursuant to [its 14 th Five-Year Plan]... will increase spending 7% per year to achieve "major breakthroughs" in areas of "frontier technology." Specifically, the country, will devote resources to artificial intelligence; quantum information; semiconductors; brain science; genomics and biotech; clinical medicine and health; and deep space, deep sea, and deep earth. In addition to theft, [China's leaders] adopted a determined, methodical, and disciplined approach to developing their own innovations. Beijing's efforts to master key technologies have been massive, state-directed, and gove...