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Actual jobs for black americans. tanner, when i started reading this series, i thought, i don't know what to make about this. i felt a lot of angst about the sort of description of this period, which i think of as my lifetime, as a great failure of policy, because although we are not where we want to be, we are also not where we were. >> right. >> so tell me why you assess it as an era of failure. >> i think it comes down to, you go back to the argument of culture, we did a lot of, you know, legal changes and policy changes, without addressing the cultural problems that lie underneath it. and ...

Them, the whiplash can be worse. >> and you also write, and i want to ask you about this one, khalil, you write, in one of history's great ironies, the grand scale integration of scheme s embraced by liberals took place after it was underway, convulsed by spasms of white guilt, terrified by the prospect of more riots, so steps taken to dismantle the color line were accompanied by efforts to shore up the foundations of a separate black america and preserve its cultural norms. so, you know, as a -- you know, here you are at head of the shomberg, which is a separate institution, but also an insti...

Professor at new york university, khalil mohammad, and tanner colby, author of, "some of my best friends are black." let me start you here, khalil. when you look at the disinvestment in public goods that has occurred since 1964, do you read where we are right now, 50 years later, as the civil rights act having been successful or having failed? >> oh, well, from that vantage point, it's failed miserably, partly because the civil rights act, although it was about access, ultimately, underneath it, it was about equity. and at the end of the day, we department just gain access to the lunch counter...

Beltran, associate professor at new york university. brittany cooper, assistant professor of women and gender's studies y ies at rutger univers and tanner kolbe. mr. coates, are you just depressed? >> it goes back to that water is wet thing. i feel like i talk to academics about this, and they're like, yeah, this is the world. but there's this american need to believe everything is going to get better. that we're going to triumph in the end. which is bizarre and i don't think is necessarily healthy. we might triumph in the end, but we won't triumph in the end by assuring ourselves that we will...

. we must not approach the observance and enforcement of this law in a vengeful spirit. its purpose is not to punish. its purpose is not to divide, but to end divisions. divisions which have lasted all too long. its purpose is national, not regional. >> that was lyndon johnson, preparing to sign the civil rights act of 1964. in this part of the speech, we hear the president anticipating criticism of the law from white americans as opposed to integration, stating that its purpose is not to divide, but as we've been discussing, the end of legalized segregation did not necessarily result in the...