And one russian on board. One of the returning nasa astronauts, peggy whitson, now holds the us record for time spent in space a total of 665 days. I wonder that mean she will get a holiday from her taxes . I doubt it. This rain and drizzle is moving very slowly eastwards, at the same time its becoming like an patchy but we will be left with a lot of cloud, low cloud as well hence we fog around the hills and over some coasts as well, warm night, 14, 15, 16 coasts as well, warm night, 1a, 15, 16 degrees. Still some drizzle around, rain coming into Northern Ireland, particularly scotland, michael brighten up a touch through the midlands, central and southern england for example, 19, 20 degrees, burst of sunshine and 22 or 23 not out of the question. Rain overnight, the heaviest will be into the north sea on tuesday morning, still some rain sweeping towards the south east but elsewhere it turns cooler and fresher with sunshine and a few showers. Hello. This is bbc news. The headlines north korea says it has successfully tested a Hydrogen Bomb that could be loaded onto a long range missile. The regime said its test of the bomb which is many times more powerful than an atomic bomb was a perfect success. The International AtomicEnergy Agency called the test matter of grave concern. The International Community has condemned the test. President trump tweeted that north koreas words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States. The Prime Minister has called for tougher action against the regime, saying the test was a reckless and unacceptable further threat. Pro eu conservative mps are urged by theresa may to unite, ahead of a debate of the governments brexit repeal bill next week. David davis said the uk will continue to meet its international obligations. We have said the era of big payments to the European Union is coming to an end. We will still be paying something i suspect. The nhs in england may suffer its worst winter in recent history if it does not receive an emergency bailout, hospital chiefs are warning. They want up to £350 million to pay for extra staff and more hospital beds to reduce waiting times. And in sport, britains Lewis Hamilton celebrates after winning this afternoons italian grand prix in monza. Now on bbc news from 0ut from out of town. For decades, our country has lived through the greatestjobs theft in the history of the world. You people know it better than anybody, in pennsylvania. 0ur factories were shuttered, our steel mills closed down, and ourjobs were stolen away and shipped far away. How did donald trump pull off his surprise victory . He did it partly by appealing to the feeling that, across the usa, small towns have taken a battering. Main street. There is plenty of room here. Room for the individual to expand, to plan for himself and his children. The small towns of america, where once life was good. The less densely populated the place you lived, the more likely you were to back trump for president. While they celebrated in our nations capital, there was little to celebrate for struggling families all across our land. Washington versus real america, wall street versus main street. The small town has long been the home of sunny american innocence, while the big bad city was the source of all corruption. If only, trump seemed to say, the innocence of the small town could be recaptured, we could make America Great again. It is still a powerful story, but was it ever really that simple . In the 19405 and 50s, big bad cities really came to dominate and overshadow america. And, as they did so, they inspired a whole new style of cinema. In film noir, the American City is dark, and anonymous, and frightening. People are not what they seem. You can trust no one. Everyone is out for themselves. It is no place for the innocent. Yes, i know, im. Im being foolish. In doa, dead on arrival, Frank Bigelow makes the mistake of leaving his small home town and his girlfriend for a sneaky vacation in san francisco. Within hours, he has been fatally poisoned, and is tearing around the city trying to find his killer. Im adam smith, a historian of america, and in this programme, im going to investigate what film noir, and its sharp contrast between corrupt city and innocent small town, can tell us about america today. After 1945, americans moved to the cities, and especially the booming suburbs, in huge numbers. Many of them found what they were looking for, but there was also this sense that they had lost the sense of the community they had had in the small towns theyd left behind. So film noir is not only about the city. It also plays on the contrast with the small town. Against this innocent background, the dodgy, sophisticated incomers from the cities stand out. In some film noirs, the small town is the place you run to to try to escape your past. And it is where your enemies from the city catch you running a gas station. That is what happens to Robert Mitchums character, jeff bailey, in out of the past. In the 1940s, america was becoming the land of the car, and that meant it was getting harder and harderfor small towns to be the isolated islands they had once been. If you wanted to avoid marauders from the cities, a gas station was about the last place in a small town to work. Long time. Hello, joe. Wish it was nice to see you. Everyone sure misses you, jeff. Bailey discovers that, even hiding in the eternal innocence of bridgeport, his urban past will finally catch up with him. I had to find you. I owe you something. Jeff bailey clearly hadnt watched Burt Lancaster in the killers, where more or less the same thing happens. Hey, you look at the oil, will you . Driving into the small town where he is hiding comes the man he really didnt want to meet again. In the killers, a mans big city past comes to him in the shape of two hitmen hired by the man he once doublecrossed. They track him to that centre of small town life, a diner, and the men dont exactly hide their opinion of the place their victim has run to. This is a hot town. What do you call it . Brentwood. Did you ever hear of brentwood . What do you do with your nights . They eat the dinner. They all come here and eat the big dinner. The killers go and kill Burt Lancasters character, peter lund. But brentwood, newjersey can at least console itself that it remained unstained by this viciousness from the city. The way i look at it, this killing doesnt rightly concern brentwood at all. What concerns us is protecting the lives and integrity of our citizens. This man, lund, lives here. Thats all. The killers came from out of town. It is part of an american attitude which says that, if you want a safe, secure, comfortable life, live in somewhere like brentwood. And that notion persists to this day. And its one of the great ideas and fallacies behind trump, that theres an america that is settled, rural or semirural, provincial, lets say, where life goes along at a leisurely but acceptable, regular pace, and people are good to one another. It is a myth, but it is a very prevalent myth. And it was very prevalent then. But sometimes the man who runs to the small town is secretly the bad guy, likejoseph cotton in Alfred Hitchcocks shadow of a doubt. Uncle charlie appears quite briefly as an urban character, but in wonderfully telling ways. You see him lying on his bed in a mean room, in a mean building. You dont quite know where you are, but it is urban. And theres a sense, i think, of whatever damage hes done, to others or to himself, that it has been an expression of that urban world. And he wants to get out, he wants to retreat. So he goes to santa rosa, in fact, and his niece, charlie, lives there with her family. And its another america from that city that uncle charlie has come from, and its an america thats really half asleep. Its not thinking about anything very much. Its a conflict between that darkness that uncle charlie has seen and the brightness that niece charlie likes to believe is going to sustain america after the war. Theresa wright plays a small town girl who is over the moon when her urbane uncle charlie, who she reveres, comes to town. Until, that is, she realises he is a serial killer. Youre just an ordinary little girl, living in an ordinary little town. You wake up every morning of your life, you know perfectly well theres nothing in the world to trouble you. You go through your ordinary little day, and at night you sleep your untroubled little sleep filled with peaceful, stupid dreams. And i brought you nightmares. And really what that scene in the diner is saying is, this girl has got to grow up, and probably her growing up could break her down. And then you sort of say to yourself, well, maybe uncle charlie was a nice guy once. Whether the invader was a villain or a victim, these movies portray the small town as a land of innocence. And here in sierra madre, near los angeles, this place still has a lovely, small town feel. There is a wonderful old theatre over there, some great cafes. It is a very pleasant, peaceful place. You can see why the small town idyll still has its appeal. But, even as it was becoming a symbol of nostalgia, these films were already unsettling the vision of the small town. For hitchcock, i think, its a way of saying to that very secure, settled american attitude to itself, dont trust it. Shadow of a doubt what does that title mean . It doesnt really seem to spring out of the film, but a shadow of a doubt is what a smart viewer is going to feel about america when the film is over. In the stranger, another charming outsider brings a share of evil to a small town. Orson welles is a teacher in harper, connecticut, and is about to cement his position in the little town by marrying loretta young. But then Edward G Robinson tracks into the town, and makes her confront who her new husband really is. Surely you dont think. You might. They look like other people. They act like other people. When it is to their benefit. A gas chamber. But if nice mr rankine is really a nazi, who can you trust, even in harper, connecticut . When he is exposed, the desperate kindler hides in the Church Bell Tower and the people of the town come together to hunt him down. Citizens of hopper have come after you. The ones you have been laughing at. You cant fool them anymore. If the target is an escaped nazi, thats one kind of story. But the smalltown mobs in these movies were not always quite like that. Sometimes, noirs went a big step further. Instead of casting the small town as an innocent place to show up the evils of the big city, they turned the american heartland itself into a nightmarish landscape. In some film noirs, its the small town itself which harbours corruption. And these films suggest the flipside to community and togetherness. The code of silence. The wall of hostility. I could punch him in the face, ill tell you. You know what they used to do to guys like that when they were in a place like this . Theyd be carried out on a stretcher, folks. So perhaps that noir vision of the world also has something darker to tell us about trumps america. You see somebody getting ready to throw a tomato, knock the crap out of them, would you . Seriously. 0k. Just knock the hell. I promise you, i will pay for the legalfees i promise. People coming together as a community can be a lovely thing, but not when they come together as a crowd against one outsider. Spreading the violent propaganda of race hatred and violence. In the wake of world war ii, many on the left were worried about fascistic tendencies in america. Taking root in many fanatical brains. Like hitlers gang, they thrive on persecution, hatred and violence. If that boy isnt alive when the troops get here, youre gonna get hurt where it counts and again and again, left wing filmmakers expressed this through images of that most passionate version of a Community Coming together as one the lynch mob. In trial, their target is a terrified hispanic boy wrongly branded a sex attacker. Heave in the sound of fury, the mob do manage to kill the murderers theyre after. If the mediasjob is to be honest and tell the truth, then i think we would all agree the media deserves a very, very big fat failing grade. Looking back at these films today, its striking to find the mob focused on one of Donald Trumps favourite targets those interfering big city outsiders, the media. Warner bross storm warning was an attack on the ku klux klan, portraying them as fanatically hostile to outsiders, as ginger rogers, a new york model visiting her sister in a small town, discovers. The victim, we soon find out, is an undercover reporter whod been investigating the klan. Many times today on the streets, in the restaurant in the hotel, people have come up to us and asked us not to judge their whole town by their brutal criminal action of hoodlums last night. Wheres that cable . Get off the line. Bob . Bob. These decent individuals sincerely upset by the. Astonishingly, the filmmakers decided not to mention the klans racism, but instead, the film explicitly connects far right extremism with smalltown hostility to outsiders, protected by a wall of silence. But looking out at the faces of the men and women here this afternoon at the courthouse, it isnt always easy to tell on which side they stand. No wonder some people in small towns get fed up with the way hollywood and the media represent them. Around this time, joseph losey directed in the lawless. A small town turns on another hispanic boy who was being wrongly accused of a sex attack. Prevented from lynching the boy, the townsfolk instead turn on the newspaper which has defended him. It would be hard to find a more vivid image of mob hatred of the media. Come on, where are you . But whats most striking is that the newspaper that gets destroyed is trying to be honest. The situation has been whipped up by another paper, peddling what you might call fake news. Now, a big hit, vicky. Now, dear, try and remember just what happened. You went to the barn and he jumped out of the dark and grabbed you losey was a very self conscious, very. Very heart on his sleeve liberal who saw not just the chance, but the need almost to make a story about racism in smalltown communities, but also of about the general danger of a vigilante spirit taking law into its own hands. The lawless was written by daniel mannering who also wrote the film who helped set the template for the smalltown noir, out of the past. Mannering grew up in a small town in Northern California and though he was brilliant at evoking their particular atmosphere, he wasnt particularly sentimental about them. If youve never been tempted to take part in a lynch mob, perhaps you can take these films in your stride. But another film script of the 19505, also written by daniel mannering, shows the growth of a mob which is even more unsettling. In invasion of the body snatchers, a mix of noir and science fiction, directed by don siegel, the people of a small town in california are not scarily angry, but scarily blank. Gradually, the towns doctor and his girlfriend realise that the townsfolk have been taken over by alien pods. Step over to truck number one. That marvellous idea that i completely believe in is that the world is populated by pods, those are vegetables, and they have no emotions. They get up in the morning, they bathe, they eat, they go to work, they eat again and they go to sleep. They have no cultural aspirations. And the local psychiatrist thinks the advent of total conformity is just what the town needs. Suddenly, while you are asleep, they will absorb your minds, your memories and youre reborn into an untroubled world. Where everyones the same . Exactly. I think what its saying is the very things that we think of as precious in a free society, like education, like love, like differences of opinion, like sexual expression, they may be great threats to social control. So the conformist crowd turn on the two dissidents. But has the arrival of blank conformity come from out of town to ruin the innocent townspeople . Is it like communism or consumerism, or is it their own Community Spirit thats made them obedient and conformist . The invasion of the body snatchers gets under your skin because this crowd are trying to do the right thing. Even the towns well meaning policeman joins the chase. They went this way the film refuses to tell you who to blame. Are the townsfolk villains or victims . But today, the message coming out of the pass from those old film noirs is that theres no perfect place, not even in the would be paradise of smalltown america. One way to keep america divided is for trumps opponents in the big cities to sneer at his supporters as losers left behind in flyover country. And another is to look back too nostalgically at the smalltown life of the real america before the cities took over. This old dream risks hardening the divide between the big city and the small town. Exactly the division that these old movies, more than 60 years ago, tried to dissolve. This week all the weather coming from the atlantic so very changeable, today weve seen a bank of cloud quite low producing rain and drizzle and its all moving slowly east and we are finding the rain and drizzle is becoming lighter and patchy, it said it heading to the east coast. We will be left with a lot of low cloud overnight so you can see quite a bit of hill fog as well but its quite warm and temperatures 1a, 15 degrees minimum for many parts of the country. Heading to tomorrow, for the start of the week its quite an grey and gloomy start, hill and coastalfog particularly in the west, a bit brighter across east anglia, cloud and drizzle across northern england. Many eastern parts of scotland and also Northern Ireland start dry there is a band of rainjust waiting in the north west and it will be accompanied by stronger wind as well. That will be heavy as it works its way into scotland and it may well eventually clear away for western parts of Northern Ireland, it might brighten up a touch in england and wales as well, there will be a few drizzly showers but remember its warm and muddy so even with the cloud 19 or 20 bit sunshine, central and southern parts of england and 2223 degrees possible. A weather front on the scene and it peps up the rain abet overnight, monday night into tuesday, across the south west, wales and northern england, the rest of it, some rain around pushing through the midlands, it may take some time to clear away. 0therwise it brightens up, we get more fresh air, we get some cooler air, sunshine and showers towards the north west, as we head towards the middle part of the week its all coming from the atlantic right away across the other side of the atlantic, westerly winds, showers around particularly towards the west and north west, brighter skies and sunshine in the east. Those temperatures are what we will find to the rest of the week which are pretty normal, we will keep those westerly winds going, rain showers and quite wet and windy to end the week. This is bbc news. The headlines at five oclock. North korea says it has successfully tested a Hydrogen Bomb capable of being fitted to an inter continental missile. President trump tweets that north koreas words and actions continue to be very hostile and dangerous to the United States while theresa may has called it a reckless and unacceptable further threat. The brexit secretary said the eu is making itself look silly by insisting negotiations with britain arent making progress. The era of big payments to the European Union is coming to an end