Transcripts For CSPAN Key Capitol Hill Hearings 20240622

Next, the organizing director at quentin. Why are these people here . Why arent they deported or why arent they still imprisoned . I am the organizing director. We have been around the past eight years and we came out of a direct response to the contract that sheriff arpaio signed and put into a limitation into implementation. We were born out of the crisis and a few years back, a big piece of the needs of our key minute he beyond community beyond doing the protest and the legal stuff it was essentially on a casebycase basis. Our people were saying they need support. My family, my husband my daughter is in detention and we need you to help us get them out. Jose found out about our work inside the jail and called his wife and said to look for us. We have been becoming experts at understanding the legal system, helping families navigate it and fight to get their loved ones out and in the past two years, we have gotten over 150 people out of detention through this level of advocacy and political education and leadership building. [applause] thank you. I want to come back to catherine. If you could expand a little more on the experience of fighting for your parents. We saw in the video you want to d. C. And kept fighting. How the think this will shape your future, set the rest of your life . I went to washington, d. C. To talk to congress. After that, i started going to marches, protests, different events where i could speak to people to make them helped me so they could help me get my parents out. I also got involved with puente. They were ably big help. They were always there even after my parents were out, they were always supporting us. In the future, i think this will help me because i am going to be a stronger person. What ever i become in the future, i am going to be strong and have more knowledge of what i am doing to help me and my community, my family. It is something that me and my parents are never going to forget an experience that will scar us forever, but now i know that we can live in not total peace but 95 peace so we can stay here together and i think in the future, there will be a big difference for everyone. Not just my family, but for everyone in the community. [applause] will you expand a little bit about what arpaio symbolizes and how he has impacted politics. The icon nationally for the antiimmigrant movement, donald trump. There is a legitimate discussion to be had about immigration in this country and about how to proceed forward. There is a legitimate escutcheon. You cannot have that discussion with people who believe that we are inferior, criminals, rapists , murderers, and believe we are raising our children that way with those values. What arpaio is is a moral gathering point for the people that exists evil that exists in this country. This battle, this clear hate against us he became the beacon for it. As his popularity grew, he gave license to others to speak in that most vile way that he has described us, Catherine Catherines family that most vile way. You think about arpaio and all of the and traditional institutional evil. He is a beacon of evil for racism. Donald trump is trying to take his place and he is welldressed with 1 billion but we will see whether he has his reserve of hate and people in his get. Ut. It appears he does but that is what we face and that is who arpaio is in this state and country. Victoria, what has the legal battle looked like with arpaio . We always hear he will always almost go down. I think the litigation has started with immunity in the county. We currently at the aclu have two major lawsuits challenging the activities we have heard about today, the worksite raids and the crime suppression sweeps we heard about. That litigation i think in part, we got to that point where we had to bring this to the court because politically arpaio had free reign and i think through the court, we have had some major wins, frankly in stopping worksite raids and ending the crime suppression sw eeps and finding Court Findings that arpaio engaged in racial profiling, violated constitutional rights. These have been major victories that have been carried by the community through their experiences and having that affirmed by a court and also having a court order that there be major reforms taking place in the agency itself. I think one of the important things that has come to light out of the litigation is the disrepair the agency has been in as a policing agency in this country and as we look at how Police Conduct themselves across the country ncso is an important example of what reform looks like in a police department. Through the racial profiling case, we had an order from the judge ordering training revision of policy, data collection, body cameras to monitor the activities of a sheriffs deputies, ordering the Sheriffs Office to stop enforcing immigration laws, stop Immigration Enforcement activities. Those have been major wins. They have, to cut there have been people in the Community Forward and testified in hearings, then plaintiffs in these cases and used the courts to be able to end those practices and frankly, it is the beginning of a conversation about what happens next. I can go through the history of the cases. Im sure many of you are following what is happening in the racial profiling case. There are currently content he contempt hearings going on against arpaio for violating court orders. We will be back in court monday despite arpaios efforts. We will see on monday how we will proceed and hopefully the back on track with hearings to address those violations of the court order and what the remedies will be for the community and work from there. That is not really an update on what the litigation look like but if anyone is interested in knowing more specifics about the cases, i am happy to answer those. We have had some major wins in defeating arpaio but the committee has really driven those cases successfully. I want to ask you you work to fight other peoples cases. If you could talk a bit about what you do and a similar question i had with catherine. How do you see your experience shaping your future . How do you think it will affect your future . I work with puente and im helping people detained like i was fighting their cases. We are not lawyers but we help them because i know there are lot of people that cannot afford to pay a lawyer. I do it because i dont believe in families being separated. I just do it because i dont want anybody suffering the way i suffered. I dont think there should be children without their parents. And that is really why i do it. The way i see this affecting my future in a way it has already affected me. Due to the criminal charge i was left with, im no longer eligible for daca which was my only hope so i could go to college and get a better job and have a Better Future and help my family. But, for now, those dreams are kind of just going with the flow. But, i am not going to stop fighting for what i believe is right and that is why i joined this lawsuit. I have the faith we will win. [applause] carlos jose, how did you feel when you heard your family was outside fighting for you . It was an emotional video were your children are talking and pushing to get you out. How did you feel when your family was fighting for you . Jose [speaking spanish] translator there is a video made that was very moving to me. Jose [speaking spanish] translator they fought really hard for me and im really proud of my family. They gave me strength to really withstand the time i spent in jail. Very hard to be in jail and have your children outside. They call you and ask where you are. I had to lie to my children the first two months. Because i did not want them to know i was in jail. The first time i spoke to them inside the jail, i said i want to vegas to work. My youngest spm on was five years old. He kept asking me when i would be back. I would say i was not sure because i had a lot of work. They would ask me for pictures of where i was. How was i going to send pictures if arpaio took away my phone . I said i will send you a picture. One time, my eldest son asked me when i was returning home. I said i did not know. He said he must have a lot of money because you have working a long time. I said yeah. He said when i came home he had a list of toys he wanted me to buy him. I said ok. I could not lie any longer. So i had to tell my wife to tell the truth. I did not have the courage to tell them. My wife thought for fought for me a lot. She never left me alone. She worked to sustain my children. She paid for the attorney. She paid all of the bills. I am very thankful for her. There was a moment when i told her i would not do anything and i would selfdeport. Because the attorney was taking money and not doing much. She said no. When i would speak to my daughter alejandra she was a person that gave me a lot of strength. She would tell me that i was there because god believed i was strong. And to fight and not give up. She told me to keep fighting and fighting and not give up. They also told me while i was inside that my father was very sick. I cried because i could not speak with him. I just knew he was a sick and was going to die. Without being able to do much myself. Theyre moments that hurt and will hurt for the rest of my life. [applause] to close the panel, what is next . What did the demands look like . Why are we marching tomorrow . Has anybody here heard there is a big protest happening tomorrow outside the 4th avenue jail . Great. That is good. So come as we have heard from different folks here, a lot of our people have gone through the 4th avenue jail, including myself. It is a terrible place. At this moment, it is a very volatile moment for arpaio. When you have some free time you can read about why. He is in big trouble in the courts and his ratings are down and at this moment, we can tip the pendulum our way and there have been some small moments where that has been a possibility. He is in big trouble and we want him out. We want his resignation and not only that, but we know with him gone, his entire legacy will not be gone and we have a lot of work to do beyond him leaving. Everything from the terrible conditions in the jails and human right violations to the racist practices on parole to what he has symbolized and the trend he has set for the entire nation and what he represents for a very rabidly racist conservative base in arizona and across the country. Money of the people who give him money are across the country not just in arizona. You would be shocked to see how much money people put in to his campaign. We want him to be gone. We want justice for all his victims in terms of people like jose like catherine and her parents and the thousands of lives he has devastated. We want 10 city shut down. We want tent city shut down. We want an host arpaiofree town. Tomorrow, we will be outside the 4th avenue jail. We are taking kicking off the campaign. When you get arrested and you look like me, you get sent to an ice agent if you dont immediately give them an id. We have heard about the horrors. We will be demanding tomorrow ice out of the jail. To uproot the sickness we have been living with for the past 20 years and we hope you will join us. Thank you. [applause] carlos we have some time for some questions. If you will ask questions, please keep them short and please use the microphone. We probably have time for 3 or 4 questions. Say your name. I have spent some time in the deal also and i noticed even manipulating the system as a collegeeducated white girl, i was in there almost a week before i could figure out how to make a phone call. They gave me a handbook on how the jail operations work but at the first opportunity when you go anywhere but a search you. You have to do the whole of noxious of noxious obnoxious thing. The first time i did that, they took all of the things in my pockets and did not give them back. The reason was because they noticed i had been making notes. If i was a spanish speaker, how would i figure this out . I was wondering if you could speak a little bit to that part of the experience where you guys are like double punished by not even being able to understand what is going on there. There is nothing in spanish, no translation. I can imagine it was just hell. You have so much respect from me. I know what it is like in there for me and i saw what it was like for girls like you and it was a lot worse. As bad as that is my situation was, i cannot imagine. You have my mad props. If you can talk about that special discrimination. I have a question about the specifics can everyone hear me . If they took couldnt he have why didnt he get impeached long ago . [laughter] based on the fact how many human right violations there would have been. That is a human rights violation, probably a couple dozen policies. And then one of the people i cannot remember his name but a very important person to not come this year because he was too worried about him and his family getting assaulted by arpaio. Thank you. Great question. [applause] [laughter] my name is kimberly ellis. Yesterday, i went on the borders store with carlos tour with carlos. It was transformative. I spoke with liz who also went and we have been processing the whole time. We consider ourselves informed and there was so much we did not know. It was very heartbreaking. It is like i cannot move forward in my life without helping to address this situation. The first time i heard about sheriff arpaio in a real and fluid way was with the jodi arias trial. I saw the racism in the jodi arias trial, and when i talked about it on twitter, i was attacked. I have never been attacked like i was when i said i sought a racism here. This is without knowing any of the other aspect. For me, for the people i work with back home, we associated dan brewer being a bad person. I did not make that connection between sheriff arpaio, jodi arias, and how it effectively served to ramp up White Supremacy and imagery, although she is not an undocumented citizen. So my question is, number one, i asked carlos, and he said it was disconnected. I wonder how you process how the jodi arias trial made things worse, or did it help . I dont really know. Number two, i was concerned about issues of solidarity. What is the background relationship here . How is there a discussion about haitian immigration and how they are treated in florida . There needs to be more working together, and there are ways to do that. She said on the stage that people raise money nationally for sheriff arpaio. We experience the same thing. People raised money for Darren Wilson and george zimmerman. But we can raise money nationally for our causes. We have to Work Together to do that. Carlos thank you. Maybe noemi, you said you helped other women. Maybe you could answer the question about what it was like for other women who didnt speak english and what they had to go to navigate the jail. Noemi when i was in there, i actually got to experience, one time, one of the guards, she started yelling at this girl because she had put away her apple for later in the day because we werent going to get any more food after that. She started yelling at her, and started saying, you stupid mexican, you need to get rid of your apple. The girl stood there and looked at her. She had no idea what she was saying. I went up to her, and i was like, she is not understanding you. And she was like, well, why is she here . Why is she in the United States if she doesnt speak our language . I was like, that is none of your business. But i can tell her she needs to get rid of the apple. But you dont need to insult her. She was just like, well, she has been here for a reason. She must be a criminal like everybody else. I was like, look, lady. There is no reason for you to call her a criminal. You dont know the reason why most of the people are in here. And she was just like, well, you are acting up. I will write you up and send you to the whole. To the hole. And i said, it is not right, the way you are yelling at her. I think they take advantage of us when they see we are mexican or whatever, they are like, they dont speak english. I can insult them and they will not say anything. I saw that many times, and i dont think it is right. They dont understand, they dont know all the bad things they are being told. To them, it is like, oh, i have to do what they say. Or i remember one girl, she said [speaking spanish], and i wasnt going to tell her the mean things she was being told. But it is hard for them. They never understood what they were being told. There were times when they wouldnt get their food because they wouldnt hear their number. Thats how bad it was. They didnt know what number. We would go by numbers. We werent being called by names, we were identified by number. Sometimes they would miss their food because they didnt hear when no number was called. When their number was called. So it was hard, not being able to understand. Carlos thank you. Victoria why does the food stay the way it is . Why arent we changing that . I was on the recall committee, we were wondering that as well. Victoria the issue of Language Access in the jails it was raised by the department of justice or filed a lawsuit against the sheriffs pop the Sheriffs Office in 2012. One thing they raised has to do with access to resources material translation for nonenglish speakers in the jails. But it has been a systemic problem in the jails. Certainly, noemis experience is commonplace. It is awful. Hopefully, we will see that remedied in some way, through the litigation. The question, i mean, i have to say, it is a hard question to answer. The conditions in the jail. Litigation can only get you so far, i think. We have been challenging the conditions in the jails for years. The case is 40 years old. It only gets you so far in terms of how you can change the conditions inside the jail and what is minimally required to comply with the constitutional standards that you can raise in the litigation. It is not really an answer to the question, but it really is the reality of where you can get with litigation on some of this. We continue to monitor those conditions. We have medical and Mental Health monitors that going to the jails, and review what an cso is doing. We continue to do that. One of the challenges when we are talking about jail and detention litigation is, how to bring some of that information out of the jail, and how to show litigation to the public, making people in the community, making people sub such as yourselves, aware of what is happening inside the jails. It is a difficult system to penetrate, unless you are in there or you have someone who is in their who is impacted i by the conditions. To be able to speak to the change we want to see in there. Carlos alfredo, if you could talk about why he hasnt been impeached. Or will, other spectacles we have seen with the jodi arias trial, and ending with the final question about politics in arizona. Alfredo i may be the only person in arizona who did not follow the jodi arias case. I made it a point not to. I cant comment on that. Why hasnt he been impeached . First of all the term impeached, of course, refers to a process of removing him by other elected officials, in this case the board of supervisors. There is no such procedure available under the arizona constitution. Impeachment was not available. What is in available, there were two other courses of action. One is for the board of supervisors essentially to deny him funding. Because it is through the budget that they can control independently elected officials. They were terrified of him. They were afraid of him. One of the settlements in the doj case is his admission of retaliation. They were afraid of him. That wasnt going to happen. The other factors, the voters. Whenever this. He was, until recently exceedingly popular in this state and in many parts of the nation. He declared that he was going to feed the bologna, that is, rotten bologna, to prisoners. It was a popular thing, when he closed them in black and white stripes it was popular. When he started chain gangs it was popular. When he started the homophobic practice of putting them in pink shorts, he started selling the pink shorts and they sold like wildfire in this county. When he began tent city 20 years ago, it was begun as a temporary facility while a permanent facility was built. It has been there for 20 years. Attracting celebrities of all kinds, you all know about stephenson golf Steven Seagal and other movie stars. A Catholic Bishop of Maricopa County has toured the facility and took his picture with him, and never, never raise the issue , never raised the issue of a concentration camp in the middle of a desert in arizona. It is his popularity, the only way and the ultimate way we are going to remove him is, actually there are two routes. The most simple and direct is to vote. I have something to say to our people. We have never voted 40 of those who are eligible. I am not sure we could take him out, but we could come close and we have not done that. The other was of action course of action is the aclu suit. The contempt portion, we might remove him. He will run again. Assuming the devil doesnt call him sooner. He will run again. We will have that opportunity to defeat him. We have to make it real this time. Carlos i want to thank all the panelists. I want to remind you all to please come out and march tomorrow, and please tell others. We will need help. After the keynote speech by Elizabeth Warren, we will march together. Thank you once again. The cspan cities tour, working with our cable affiliates is going to the literary life and history of augusta, georgia. Awarded the Carnegie Mellon metal for heroism, he was awarded the medal of honor for his actions in world war ii. We sit here in the Augusta Museum of history. About 10 years ago, a decision was made to do a military display, a permanent display, to honor ginny jimmy dyess. I went through over 9000 medal recipients, and the 3500 or so medal of honor recipients. He is the only person ever to have earned both awards. He would say that he didnt deserve it, he might point out that someone else that was more heroic. He was so humble. He never talked about the Carnegie Medal. People knew him well. When i wrote the book, i asked what about the Carnegie Medal . They didnt know anything about it. I have known a lot of recipients from my years in the medal of honor foundation. Most of them will say, i didnt deserve this. It shouldve been given to somebody else. It is a piece of humility we can learn from. I think he would have been in that category. We visit the boyhood home of woodrow wilson. President wilson moved to augusta as a child. He lived in another house, then moved to this house when he was three. President wilsons first memory was in november of 1860, before he was four years old. He was standing on the front gate, in front of the house, and two men came by in a hurry, with excited tones of voice. They said, Abraham Lincoln has just been elected president and with there is going to be a war. Young tommy ran inside and asked his father, what is war . Why are they so excited . We think it is remarkable that his first memory was about another president , Abraham Lincoln, and about another war the civil war. Of course, wilson would have to leave the country for world war i. See all of our programs from augusta saturday at noon eastern on book tv and sunday afternoon at 2 00 on American History tv on cspan3. A week from today on august 3, cspan is partnering with New Hampshire union leader or the newspapers first forum. Candidates have been invited to participate. It will be in manchester. Live on cspan, cspan radio and cspan. Org. Up next, a forum on strengthening investment in Scientific Research to create jobs and grow the economy. We will hear from Newt Gingrich and a panel of researchers and academics. It is part of what is called the middleclass prosperity project launched by Elizabeth Warren of massachusetts and representative Elijah Cummings of maryland. We will start the middleclass prosperity project for them. Why is the prosperity project holding a hearing on the imports the importance of federal funding for research . The recent art deeply the reasons are deeply interrelated. Investments in research produce good jobs right here in america. Breakthroughs in research are our best chance to keep free to keep from bankrupting our country and the middle class. Keeping us from going broke over all timers, diabetes, and the other costs of medical care. Research will give it give us a chance to lead better lives. Television has changed the world in america. Advances like supercomputers, the internet, sequencing the human genome and treatments for diseases have saved lives and create a jobs for middleclass americans. Economists agree, advances in science and technology have been the predominant provider of gdp growth over the past halfcentury. Today, 2. 7 million americans work in jobs focused on Scientific Research. Many, many more are employed by the companys built from new discoveries and technological innovations. Companies like google and facebook. For every dollar invested in the National Institutes of health, we get about 2. 20 back in immediate economic activity. Private industry is great at generating new inventions based on scientific development. That have a clear application. But a sick research, the kind of applications that arent clear yet, doesnt get so much investment. Government provides patient capital, the kind they can wait for longterm results. An american president once said that quote although basic research does not begin with a particular practical goal, when you look at the results of the years, it turns up being one of the most practical things government does. That was ronald reagan, a conservative who understood the value of investing in american innovation. For decades, investment in science have been a bipartisan priority. Todays washington has lost sight of the priority. Everyone come republicans and democrats, say that investing in science in and innovation is good. But talk is cheap. We need action and we havent had any in a long time. One proposal for congress is the 21st century cures act, which includes 1. 9 billion for five years in new funding for nih. That sounds like a good start, and it is. But it is not enough. Todays nih budget, adjusted for inflation, is 12. 5 billion less than it was in 2003. That is a 25 reduction in our federal investment in nih alone. Even worse, the bill doesnt include maintenance of effort provision, which means there is nothing to stop congress from cutting the nihs budget at the same time that it adds new money on top. If that happens, instead of expanding our investment in the nih under the bill, nih could shrink. Earlier this year, i introduce the medical innovation act which would rebuild the nih budget. It could boost funding by 20 without raising taxes, gutting vital programs, and without adding to the deficit. Dozens of dr. Organizations, patient groups and scientific associations have supported it and there is no research there is no reason that every republican democrat, and independent in congress could not support it, too. Members of congress are responsible for deciding whether we make these investment in our future, or whether we just talk, talk, talk about them. The American People deserve better from congress, and that is why we are holding this for them today, to have a real discussion about what we can and should do to get more money into research. I am pleased that we have speaker gingrich to talk about his work to increase federal investment in Health Science research and to talk about what it takes to make real, effective partisan progress. There are many things that the speaker and i disagree on. But, we strongly agree that investment in research is a fundamental response ability of our elected leaders. It is long past time to meet that responsibility. We also have a distinguished panel of researchers economists, and innovators, who will talk about increased funding creating jobs and strengthening the economy, and how congress can do a better job of prioritizing federal investment in science. Dr. Wilson, dr. Kessel chaim dr. Kesselheim, i look forward to this congress this conversation. Sen. Cummings we convene as part of the prosperity project. Today, we will examine our nations investments in research and development, charting the past progress for our economy. Over seven decades and the end of world war ii, sending the middleclass jobs in the process. We will examine how cuts to these investments, and unpredictability in funding for research and development has affected our future progress. American ingenuity is unmatched in the history of the world. The United States harnessed creation, and help new discoveries leap from the lab to the marketplace anyway that is the envy of countries all over in a way that is the envy of countries around the globe. The federal government is the nations largest supporter of basic research. It funded more than half of basic research in the u. S. In 2012. As a result of funding appropriated by congress, the National Science foundation, the National Institute of health the department of energy, the department of defense, and other agencies award tens of thousands of Research Grants every year. Federal funding, through programs like the Small Business Innovation Research program have been critical to help researchers and entrepreneurs convert the results of Scientific Research into new products and technologies that improve the lives of millions of people, while creating entirely new industries, and the jobs that come with them. In 1961, president kennedy called on americans to make a Major National commitment of scientific and technical manpower, material, and facilities, and as a result of that commitment, the u. S. Became the first and only nation to put astronauts on the moon. We reap the benefits of the discoveries that were made through the states program. In the form of technologies, products that were never imagined when we began lunar explanation exploration. The role in the 13 year effort to decode the human genome has lead to treatments for devastating diseases. This advancement created in or miss benefits interest benefits in or miss benefits. 8 billion was invested in the program, and generated in Economic Impact of 796 billion between 1998 and 2010. This is a massive return on investment 14one. The question is, what story will leave right in the 21st century will we write in the 21st century. Will it be new Economic Growth or will it be a story that we can no longer afford the next big discovery . Will we remain the world leader in Scientific Research and development, or will we succumb to a culture of mediocrity, and watch as other nations outpace our investments our discoveries, and our progress . Into the nine, the american recovery and reinvestment act contributed more than 20 billion into the in the federal research and development at it. In 2013, sequestration intensified a series of events that began shortly after the recovery act was passed. According to the American Association for the events but of science, our nations federal research and develop and budget declined by more than 26 billion. That is a drop of 16 . These cuts, and the uncertainty scientists face, have had devastating impacts on research initiatives. These cuts are shrinking the pipeline from which discoveries will emerge, 10 or 20 years from now. The decisions we are making from the shortterm perspectives of the annual budget cycle are shaping the nation and the economy we will leave to our children. We need to make sure they inherit a country that continues to lead in science and innovation, that creates a better world and a stronger economy, and that will take prosperous middle class. I am pleased to welcome speaker gingrich. I served with speaker gingrich, and i thank him on his leadership in investing in biomedical research. I welcome our distinguished members of the second panel. We have an Extraordinary Group of experts assembled today. It is an honor to have the opportunity to hear from each of you. I yield back. Sen. Warren thank you congressman. We are honored to welcome the former speaker of the house of representatives to this forum. Congressman gingrich. Good to see you here. [applause] congressman gingrich represent george represented georgia. He was the 58th speaker of the house of representatives. I join you in welcoming speaker gingrich to the forum. Not only did i served with speaker gingrich, but i daresay, he gave my parents one of the greatest thrills of their life. Both my parents had less than a sixth grade education. They were former sharecroppers from south carolina. Speaker gingrich, use swarming in in a special election. You took a moment after the swearing in to speak to my parents. I shall forever, ever be grateful. Thank you. And welcome. Speaker gingrich let me thank both of you, and to say as a former member of the house, i am delighted to have had that opportunity, congressman cummings, and i appreciate you bringing your parents. It is one of those magic moments, the first time you get sworn in. It means a lot. Thank you, senator warren, and i can appreciate how hectic your schedule is. When you called me i was both surprised and delighted. I am glad to be here. Im delighted to be here to discuss federal funding for research and development, a topic that has the potential to transform the lives of millions of americans of all backgrounds and clearly, to bring together liberal democrats and conservative rule republicans. Before i offer general principles for funding, let me start with an example that is close to my heart. That is, finding cures for the most common and Serious Health problems. This is a challenge that is important, it is urgent, and now, there is great hope that it is doable. It is important, because everyone of us has been touched by the devastating effects of problems like alzheimers disease, dementia, cancer, kidney disease, and parkinsons. We know how debilitating it can be, how they absorb the energies of Family Members and character caretakers, and how they strain the finances of all families. From a fiscal as well as a human perspective, funding and finding cures for these diseases is urgent. I chaired the Alzheimers Group for a few years. Americans will spend 20 trillion on alzheimers and other dementias. That is more than a full years ddp. Imagine more than a full the taxpayers are on the hook for much of it includinging a 420 increase to medicare, and 330 increase to medicaid. These are two out of many. The federal funding for research to cure alzheimers is only a tiny fraction of the money the government is already spending to treat alzheimers every year. The nih grants sunday 1 million on Dementia Research this year less than one half of 1 of the 154 billion medicare and medicaid are spending to treat it. Part of the reason for the imbalance is that nih funding has been cut more than 20 in real terms since 2003. Given the costs we know are coming, boosting Research Funding may be the most fiscally responsible step we can take. I want to emphasize this for a second one of the places i bring a unique background we balance the federal budget for four straight years. We did it while doubling the nih budget because we set priorities. I want to make a deeper point about the future. With the baby boomers aging, if we do not find a researchbased solution, we will never balance the federal budget because we will never impose the level of regulatory pain it would take to balance the budget, which means people not getting treated people being an miserable circumstances. What alzheimers, caretakers are twice as likely to be sick as not caretakers. You not only have the alzheimers population, you have the caretaker population both at risk. The good news is hearing major diseases appears more durable doable today than anytime in history thanks to basic research. We are in a time of extraordinary breakthroughs in biology, genetics, and materials. The nih in general and console then have shown real initiative. They are pioneering immunity. To allow Research Funding to languish at a time of historic opportunity when we could be saving lives and money takes a special kind of stupidity that is reserved for the city. I should note as an excessive exception of this criticism, the colleagues whose Cures Initiative is one of the most important efforts in congress in recent years and the senators are working hard in the same direction. In addition to drastic increases in Research Funding, i called for doubling the nih budget and i would include a substantial increase in the National Science foundation, which is the one mistake i think we made an Research Funding. We should have tripled nsf when we doubled nih. Let me offer some bold ideas. The first is research bonds. Four large, expensive projects with the potential to generate huge savings, it is worth exploring issuing bonds to finance the research, which would then pay out some fraction of the savings. This without the benefit of taking important projects off budget and raising larger sums of money than the federal government is likely to appropriate. Congressman Michael Burgess has proposed a version of this idea with the mind act. Similar models could apply to large infrastructure investments. Philip howard has argued that if we simply rationalized the absurdly bureaucratic review process we could create 3 million more jobs with the same appropriation. For research and development the return is a less obvious savings but im a big supporter of prizes. They are good for a couple reasons. Taxpayers dont pay a thing unless the goal is achieved and they never pay more than the prize amount. You get a lot of competing strategies or solving the problem when you have multiple groups working independently to get the price. This means you get better results that are far more efficient than costplus contracting and you may end up with several working designs. I would reorient many of our efforts in space and transportation procurement around prizes to accelerate competition and development. I look forward to your questions. Spake her, thank you speaker, thank you for your presentation. You argue that it is a responsible and shortsighted to let financing for basic research window. What do you think are the main reasons we have let financing for basic research dwindle . Speaker gingrich one is that the past has lobbyists and the future has publicist and in this city lobbyists often be pubea publicistts. Second, i think that there are those fiscal conservatives who are antigovernment in a way that makes no sense. It is a little like the woman who wrote brown and told him to quit going to the moon. There are people with no notion of the power of the government whether it is the airplane you ride or the computer you are using or the internet or 1000 different things. Government investment in this country we are the only country in the world that created a Patent Office in its constitution. There is a branch who doesnt get it. I think we have allowed welfare state spending and other bureaucratic spending to crowd out investment. If you look at the percent of the size of the government we were spending on investment and Research Investment infrastructure 30 or 40 years ago is dramatically bigger than now. One of the reasons i am for Something Like alzheimers bonds is i dont think we will win the fight. We will make some incremental progress but compared to the size of the tidal wave of illness coming down the road as people age, were not going to get ahead of it with the traditional mental appropriations process and that is why i looked for some way to break out as i suggested with issuing bonds that would be retired as we gain the savings of people not getting sick. I want to come balk to alzheimers in a minute. Didnt some of the things you just stated exist back then when you were able to double the budget with regard to research . The reason i am asking is im 20 figure out how we can get trying to figure out how we can get back to where you want. Speaker gingrich i think something sort of magic happened when we were in the first stages of trying to balance the federal budget and john kasich had the lead in that project. Congressman john porter who spent his entire career on nih problems and senator connie mack who had a familybased concern with cancer both came to cs and they brought with them every Vice President for research of every pharmaceutical in the country. We had a meeting of 70 people and they said this is a function of jobs. You want really highvalue american jobs, you invest in basic research. You want to have the most competitive economy on the planet you invest in basic research. You want to have the best National Security, you invest in basic research. Those things have carried us or 150 years and it is utter foolishness to walk away from the things that have worked and that means those of us who are conservative have to win the argument with other conservatives about the centro the of government investment. Iowas point out the transgression i always point out the Transcontinental Railroad was built with a huge part of the senate. It did not happen randomly. Even the wealth of nations argues there are times and places for National Security reasons when government should be shaping the market. I would argue that the areas we are talking about are a key part of that. I give john porter and connie mack a great tool of credit for making it possible to build the momentum to double the nih budget. Just curious, has private sector funding increased to fill the gaps. Private sectors would be do more . Speaker gingrich theres some areas of private sector activity that you can see where theres been an investment, there are two things that operate against that. The first is that wall street is very very one quarter at a time my did. The analysts would not look at a 20 Year Investment strategy and give you a very good mark. Most ceos are really driven by the finance system towards shortterm optimization in a way which undermines the kind of investment you are describing. There is a second part to this. Most economists agree with this. When you are talking about fundamental breakthroughs everybody has an incentive to help someone else will pay for it. That is just an objective. The jet engine is as good an example as any. Jet engines were really complicated and really experimental in 1939. You were not going to get those created without massive government investment. Once we built jet engines come it was pretty easy to build the bowling boeing 707. Without that edging capability, you cannot have a transfer into commercial activities. You have to be honest about what the private sector will really invest in. We have had a really wonderful history of philanthropy. I and a big fan of the american easing of Natural History funded and founded by private citizens. That is terrific but if you are talking about the scale of science that we need, particularly in National Security and dealing with health , youre not going to get that from philanthropy or forprofit companies. One more question. I was stunned to read in the m. I. T. Report that over the past two years, the fda has approved 19 cancer drugs but over the past decade, not a single new drug for alzheimers disease has been approved. Based on what you just said, it would be almost impossible for the private sector to make that breakthrough with regard to alzheimers without a lot of government help. Speaker gingrich that is partially true. The other thing i would say, i think we really need to rethink how the fda works. If youre dealing with a lifetime condition, you cannot afford to test a drug that takes 20 years to figure out if you will legalize it. You will never raise the capital to invest in a drug with a 20 year time horizon of getting approved and when you get into brain science, the fda is not scientifically prepared to deal with the complexities this is true for Regenerative Medicine. There are entire zones happening in science we are not bureaucratically prepared to understand. The government has to make the investment but candidly, we could dramatically excel in right getting investment in new drugs and we could accelerate getting all summer related things, many of which will have to be conditional. If you are doing with a 20 year process, you have to say we dont see any immediate safety problems and those of you with informed consent, do it because we will not know for another generation if it will work. Sen. Warren thank you very much, speaker. Thank you for your remarks. I am delighted to hear you talk about tripling the nsf budget. I strongly agree with you but i focus for a minute on the nih. This is the crown jewel of medical research, supporting the work of more than 300,000 researchers, including hundred 45 nobel Prize Winners at more than 25 hundred institutions. This work expands our understanding of biomedical science and saves lives. For Decades Congress increased the nih budget year over year and in the late 1990s, both parties worked together to double the budget. You are the architect of that historic achievement. I think it should be a lesson for Todays Congress a lot of people think we are too partisan to get much of anything done but i dont think anyone would describe the late 1990s as the golden age of nonpartisanship. Despite that, you successfully built Bipartisan Coalition to support nih funding. You got it done so that is what i want to ask about. Despite the divides, why was it that members of both parties decided that nih funding was so important in the late 1990s . Speaker gingrich i think there were three things involved. Im partially thinking through thats a very good question. The first is, as Hillary Clinton has said on the campaign trail her husband and i had a technique where we could fight all morning and negotiate all evening. I think it is important that does not educate to a nonpartisan, Perfect World but you have to place the country above whatever your fights are and you have to say ok, now we have both gotten it out of our system. What can we do . Lets not talk about what we are not going to do. That is where clinton and i could find solutions. Second, we did have remarkably strong Corporate Support and that allowed us to overcome a lot of the conservative bias against government because you have people who were Vice President s and you can imagine today if you took the biological company in the san diego area and harvard and all of the ceos showed up, you would have so many hundreds of ceos saying you want us to have good jobs and be able to solve problems. We were able to bring a private Sector Energy to get more money for the public sector. The third thing was we were able to engage a lot of the constituency groups in have a direct, immediate interest. I remember when bob kerrey and i spent three years on a bipartisan basis on the alzheimers study group and we had a 15 or 18 senators come to a hearing. I think all but two of them had a personal relationship with alzheimers. Suddenly, your people saying this will create jobs, it is the right thing to do for disease come and it is the only possible strategy to balance the federal budget and somehow that conversation broke through. I am tried to figure out how we get it into the president ial Campaign Next year because i would love to have the candidates answer the question are you going to try to get to a balanced budget by bureaucratically depriving people of goods and services or are you going to try to invest in the research that lets us break free . If you postpone alzheimers onset by five years, you cut the projection and half. That is 10 trillion. They are not many places you can say i can take 10 trillion out of the spending stream in a positive way by keeping you healthier. Sen. Warren let me follow up on this now. Youre conservative, may have a little more correct than i do in some circles on the question of the role of government here. Why isnt it enough to count on a private industry . Why do we have to have a substantial investment from the federal government . Speaker gingrich its a question about American History. Were currently developing an entire project on why George Washington matters. People dont often notice that the Founding Fathers wrote into the constitution a Patent Office. They so deeply believed in the future. They made investments. The First Federal highway was built during washingtons lifetime. They believed in improving things. Jefferson launches an expedition westward by the way, in a Childrens Book on this, it is supposed to cost 2800 and costs 35,000. The idea and jeffersons era of taking a group of people and sending them to the pacific is comparable to going to mars today and yet jefferson understood we needed the knowledge, most of which is stored in the academy of natural sciences. I think we have had a very long history of investment. The Congress Passed the money to enable the first telegraph to be built between the capital and baltimore. That was a congressional investment. I think we have to recognize that lincoln was the only president to hold a patent and he was totally fascinated with technology and brought a lot of it into the civil war to the benefit of the union. There is a long history of america being a country of technological advance and recognizing government has a significant role to play. Sen. Warren let me ask with a little more sharpness to the point on health care in particular. Given that the taxpayers are on the hook for medicare for the veterans administration, for all their health care cost, if we fail to make the investments in nih and discover the cheers cures we need, who will pay for this . Speaker gingrich let me try to paint a picture for a second. Anybody who talks to cutting edge scientists knows we are right at the edge of breakthroughs. It is so extraordinary. I am of an age where i have several friends with unique am a difficult problems. When i can help them find the best two or three people in the country, their allies are suddenly transformed because the best people in the country are 20 years ahead and are doing things on laboratories and hospitals that are like magic. We are having breakthroughs at every single level of health. To know that exists and were this close and were generative in Regenerative Medicine to help you regrow your liver instead of having a transplant, regrow your kidney to be able to regrow your nervous system if youre in a car accident. You see these things in the lab and you look at what is happening to wounded warrior. The science we are applying is 20 years behind the science in the laboratory. Look at the failure to fund this and frankly, it is probably the thing that comes closest to driving me nuts because i say this to all my fiscal conservative friends you have trillions of dollars of guaranteed expense sitting on the table. You will never get away from it and never have enough bureaucracy to rationally spend this money away because in the end, you have to cut off services. That is what happens. If you dont want to cut off services to people who love very long problems like alzheimers or park at sans parkinsons or autism, you have to be solving this. I think the creative and honest about it, i can get as to a federal balanced budget through health breakthroughs. There is no other strategy with the baby boomers aging that will get you to a sustainable balance budget. One other thing. By the way, while were doing that to save ourselves trillions of dollars, we will create hundreds of thousands of very high paying american jobs and dramatically strengthen our balance of payments. Sen. Warren if congress boosted nih funding again, how would you recommend that we structure this funding . Speaker gingrich first of all without putting it absurdly, i will try to get Francis Collins to really reflect on the lessons from the human genome project. I and not a big fan of the Peer Reviewed small grant model. I think it leads to extraordinary caution and it has not made progress and i think this is one of the challenge s we have. What is the rhythm, the excitement . Similar problems nasa has. Boredom is not a good device for getting people to be involved. The human genome product project was stunning. I will carefully at three areas one is to what degree can we design much larger grant projects that are very driven towards goals the way the human genome project was . The second is to what degree can a modest amount of money be put into prizes of a variety of forms and if you look at aviation, it is a new how much activity was stimulated by very modest prizes. Lindbergh flew the atlantic for 25,000. Lots of people were trying. Third, we need to find a way to guarantee that a significant part of that money goes to younger researchers so they have a chance to become principal researchers, not just serves working. I hesitate to do this because he represented the state that is the most affected but i would love to see if someone has the courage to question the scale of money we give the universities for administering this. You look at the percent are part gets percent harvard gets. Come on guys, cant work that go straight into research . Sen. Warren let me ask you the question on the funding part of this. Should we be doing Capital Budgeting as a way to increase the funding substantially for nih . In order to fund nih, do we have to cut shortterm spending . Speaker gingrich we dont have to. I would take it off budget and issue an alzheimers bond. The longterm tidal wave is so enormous the most fiscally prudent thing you can do is to find a way to undercut that wave through research. I and happy to defend that notion anywhere in the country in terms of talking with conservatives. There is no all are other alternative that works. If you look at how the navy builds aircraft carriers, they cannot put the money in so they cannot buy the entire carrier but they can send a contract that makes it prohibitive to not complete the carrier. It is a clever sleight of hand. I do think we should find ways to fund fairly large projects over at least a four or five year period. I am a constitutional conservative. I believe congress has control over things but i think there are practicalities. The Transcontinental Railroad could never have been built on an annual budget. They had to design a plan that enabled them to get the capital over a multiyear time and i think i would challenge this puts my friends in a bind i would challenge nih to come back and say give us a project so large and exciting that they justify a Capital Budget and then lets go fight for the Capital Budget. Sen. Warren thank you very much. I feel like im standing here pitching low and slow over the plate. Ims very pleased to hear your answers. We had a gaping hole in the nih budget. It is 12. 5 billion. We need a plan to fix it and if we want to dream big about what we can create, we need to get out here and fight for more funding for nih. I proposed a bill called the medical ovation act, which would increase nih funding by 20 without raising taxes and it doesnt even have to go off budget. If there are other ideas, people should put them on the table but it is time to get this done. I think it goes without saying that you and i have a fundamental disagreements in some areas but it is clear that one thing we agree on is what Congress Must do and i hope that we will be able to follow your example, double the funding for nih as you did in the 1990s come and bring home some of the promises of medical research in this country. Thank you. Sen. Cummings i went to thank you. I am hoping you will use your influence to help us achieve the things we need to achieve. I dont want something to go unnoticed. You talked about key people who played a significant role in making sure we had appropriate funding for research and particularly medical research. I opted say out of our pain comes our passion to do our purpose. The people you spoke about obviously had pain they experienced and were able to take it to the halls of congress and make a differencedifference. Then i thought about what you said about how important this research is. I had a Family Member 10 years ago who had a terminal type cancer, but it is now fine. Those are things that mean though much so much. The bank both of you let me thank both of you for your leadership. What you are doing is very important. Thank you very much. But let this be the start of a new alliance. But i would like our folks to step up for the second panel. We invite the second panel to take their place is. Places. Our first guest is the professor at the university of Maryland School of engineering. Dr. Wilson is a member of the National Advisory board of the national and appeared of health. And the board of health. Welcome. Back i am very proud to introduce an associate professor at Harvard Medicine School medical school. He direct the program on therapeutics and law. He earned his bachelors degree from harvard and his medical and law degree from the universe the of pennsylvania. University of pennsylvania. He is certified in medicine and. Welcome. We are very pleased to have you today. Thank you for lending your ex ortiz. X are teased. Expertise. I am honored to welcome our next guest. She completed her degree in new york. She is the author of the entrepreneurial state, which was included in the 2013 book of the year list issued by the financial times. If you can issue opening remarks, we will get started. Back thank you for the opportunity to be heard today to share my expertise. I have enabled this is in a Research Program with the support of the national ion foundation. I am in the process of working on technology from the nationals i am foundation and is mall science foundation. I think it would be informative to start by describing the academic career track will start as postdoc and then an assistant professor, on to an associate professor or, and after five years one may become a full professor. A significant amount of time is spent conduct thing research. We want to build a pipeline of student excited about research and graduate cool and collaboration graduate school and collaboration in several this up since. Disciplines. Professors are able to share their permission so it can be applied to solve useful problem and to motivate to dance to seek students to seek research career. This has helped us solve problems and develop technology that can be transformative and developing the next generation. This provides the basis that will benefit our children and grandchildren. There are alternative sources of report. Without Faith Research there is lied research. There is no research. It is as though as 9 . Low as 9 . This has had a significant negative impact on morale. Also on the peers who are saying these proposals. It has a negative impact. They are making career choice is. Choices. These are the people we should encourage because they are the drivers. They can find research job. However, many young scientist are heading to under a limit. Under employment. One of the first thank you will cut is your travel ajit. Budget. That does not allow you to send students to conference to get the job skills they need. There are no and intense encourage meant, and financials support to creative ways of thinking. While Government Support is shrinking in the u. S. , it is growing in europe and asia. This trend begs the question of where will the next big break throughs come from. I am sure you are aware of it listing student existing you didntstudents going into stem cell. It is the case that at the phd level our graduate consist of mostly foreign to dance, not american. Foreign students, not americans. This has a huge return. These are not necessarily for ourselves in the short term but our children and ran children. Grandchildren. I would like to address the translation. The research translated at my company was supported by multiple grants. Giving some talks, i got a lot of encouragement to do a company, and that became my foray into entrepreneurship. They have an active incubation program. It was of the utmost importance to me that the transfer program existed. The grant was a critical catalyst for beginning the effort to transform original research into a commercially viable solution. It enabled me to reach out to per active partners for evaluation. Perspective partners for valuation. It was critical in his tablet showing credibility establishing credibility. It allowed us to further x than the team expand the team. The government must continue to provide incentives to support new technologies, as these lead to ask ended employment expanded employment and improve in quality of life. They are doing well. The Funding Amount is from 500,000 to 550,000. Commercializing technology can take a lot of effort resources and time. In my case my given the code we were starting with, that was very expensive. We had to optimize the code to run fast or. Faster. It took a lot longer to do the test than we imagined. I want to point out they have developed a program, and the primary goal is to foster entrepreneurship for engineers and scientists to expand in the technology reported previously. This has shown to make a significant difference. They are fostering and egos to stem wrapping around these companies, and ecosystem wrapping around these companies. It helps them get to the next level. This program only it to sit for two or three years. Can i ask you to wrap up so we make sure we get everyone . This is the last part. On the entrepreneurship side the federal government is doing well. We have to start at the base. It is my pleasure to talk about transformative medicine. The holy grail is innovative drugs that have a groundbreaking affect. Patients have worried about a reduction. It is important to direct policy. There is controversy. The pharmaceutical industry has contended it leads to development of and while arguing nih goes to drug development. I want to focus on the valuable yet underrecognized roleplayed a public invest. I lead us ready to determine what they thought was the most led a study to determine what they thought was the most important drug. I then examine the development his three of these drugs. The full result of these are available, but one of the major recurring themes was conceptualizing an approach and even damaged trading proof of concept. And even demanding proof of concept. Researchers loan the gene and produced large quantities leading to the approval. The first effective treatment for a rare form of emea leukemia was the first successful. At set out to prove they could inhibit the malfunctioning enzyme. He and his colleagues identified the agent. It was synthesized many years ago. In 1984, sam broder Commission Companies for candidates. Broder and his colleague documented activities. Clinical trials were conducted. One variation is several concept first arose in University Setting and were followed up in industries that things. An example can be found in antidepressant. They invest to gated serotonin investigated serotonins role in depression. Around that same time, a Research Teams darted designing it. The transformative conditions were discovered at a variety of it did to ship. A variety of places. Industry collaborators provide support to move forward, but our findings do not support affirmative dickel industry pharmaceutical industry. Further support can be found in us torry behind recent drugs. Story behind recent drugs. They discovered drugs and conduct trials. The Senior Scientist formed a startup to develop drugs to treat a hepatitis see c virus. Many of the key drugs arose in government sponsored settings. Ownership under patent laws is generally reserved for product. This leads to misperception about the relative importance of the contribution of these products. One argument is postal often focus on providing greater incentives for drug producers by x pending patent extending patents. In contrast, reductions have threatened the sources did support most transformative drug innovation. I firmly believe these are powerful ways of producing transformative drugs in the future. This is subject to high costs and high risk may lead to new therapies that will raise concern about whether this could lead to socialization of risk. We should think of how the public can gain from this. As demonstrated by the significant role in creating trance fermentative drug, publicly funded hold great promise for drug development. Thank you. Thank you for inviting me. I must say this is one of the only topics economist agree about. Spending on r d has an important longterm effect. The main issue is how do we talk about this. We have a real problem. I want to focus on how it has influenced the way policymakers have read enabled been enabled to increase. Its not a coincidence i work at the university of sussex. It was one of the only place iss that confronted the notion the role is to fix market failures. We have heard a lot about research. It is fundamental for innovation. I was happy to see you say the word innovation. It has the in market shaping. We really do not have the word to talk about creation. The spillovers are ohio that it is hard to appropriate the return. The government has stepped in. If you look at places, what used theyou see is they are invest in research. If you know anything about venture capital, they are exit driven. That tends to happen through a buyout for an ipo. That is not going to get you the biotech revolution or the cleantech revolution people are hoping for. I want to focus on the inability to talk about this. Lots of youth aged these lots of these agencies have been mission oriented. They have a mission to nurture outofthebox thinking. How do we include mission . We dont. Beware of those tests. If you look at the big problems we have today, the cuts we are when thing in research, so the latest figure, it was peaking in the 60s. It has dropped in the 2000. Recently it has on up. It is increasingly focused on the thick research. Basic research. We have to remember the big successes come from nurturing linkages between basic and applied research. It looks like the private sector is leading up to that. That has been increasingly around research. They used to spend 35 on the are. It has fallen. It is narrow in scope. We have an increasing financial is asian of Companies Spending more on inks like share buybacks. When you had an active sector you had to ask why are they doing that. It actually came from a deal with government. Government says you can maintain your status as long as you reinvest in innovation. We really dont have that kind of deal make it. Dealmaking. Have allowed this narrative to become so pervasive. All the cool stuff is going to happen within business. The problem is that is historically correct. As long as we talk just about basic research, we miss the wider story. Let me start with the question about where innovation comes from. If we want to improve medical, we need to understand where it comes from. One analyst found that two thirds of the drugs stemmed from discoveries made from publicly funded research. You found most of our trance fermentative drug most of our trance formative drugs tra nsformative drugs are from research. A study found 91 of drug patent are owned by the drive it sector. Private sector. This suggests innovation comes straight from the Drug Companies. I want to understand this discrepancy of where innovation comes from. There are a number of different x the nation x the nations. Explanations. A lot of the key insights, which inspire a whole field of therapeutics are not necessarily patentable but a rise from decades of government funded research usually conducted in the academic center. Those key insight are not patentable, although the product are. Pharmaceutical companies do it one job do an excellent job and will patent changes and will build we did one study around the particular drug. A lot of the key innovation is not patentable. They pursue patent to excess. We did a study and found the small sliver of patent held by academic petition and government are much more important and had more impact on the field. Senator warren the federal government conducts research. They use that to develop new drugs. When they earn money, the tax payers do not necessarily reap the reward. Some Drug Companies argue the government recoups its investment. Do you believe the taxpayers are being adequately compensated . I think we could do a lot