Blubbled him or not or that he could do that or not they were prepared to take a chance on it. A senate panel held a field hearing at the auto show to examine ways vehicles can become more energy efficient. Well hear from Energy Innovation researchers and industry representatives from General Motors, toyota, Oak Ridge National laboratory, eaton Vehicle Group. The energy and Natural Resources committee is chaired by senator lisa murkowski. Good morning. The committee will come to order. Its a little bit unusual to be here for a Committee Hearing but i think it is certainly appropriate given the subject matter that we have today. I certainly didnt mind the short commute over here. But it is a great setting to be at the auto show surrounded by the latest and the greatest, theo industry has to offer. Morning by is senator stab now from the great steat of michigan and she has the aged me that while washington auto show is good, the Detroit Auto Show is great. So that might be the the washington auto show locale for our next field hearing next year on this same subject. I want to thank the city of washington for hosting us and the association who puts on this show every year for helping us coordinate this hearing. I think this is an exciting time for the automotive sector, host of new technologies that have emerged in the recent years. Are weight materials increasing efficiency while boosting performance at the same time 3d printing are decreasing the time and costs for bringing new concepts to market. This has increased the product ing allowing manufacturers to thrive. Falling and are a new generation of batteries is powering todays electric vehicles like the chevy volt and teslas model 3. And meanwhile sales and consume increased for other alternative fuel vehicles including the Hydrogen Powered toyota. And while technologies are changing, so too are policies in many countries across the map. In the past year a number of nations have issued new targets mandates and regulations. India, for instance, has quhitted to banning petroleum powered vehicles. France made that same commitment. China which has the Worlds LargestAutomotive Market has mandated that 10 of the vehicles sold by an auto maker be electric by 2019. Here in the United States i think we are going to do what we do best. Probably better than anyone in the world. And thats innovate. Particularly interested in hearing from our witnesses this morning about the status of their efforts, whether at private companies or national laboratories. And how Research Across the Technology Readiness spectrum can be brought to market. As we think about new technologies i think its important that we ensure that our policies are modern, neutral, and working as intended. We also need to make this a holistic determination by considering how vehicles will affect and be affect bid our energy system. We have a burgeoning market. The local market provides early 100 power by way of plants and engaged in a successful demand function to incentivize charging at certain times of the day. These are cutting costs and emissions and were seeing one new registration per week, which in a Smaller Community about 35,000 people there in our capital thats meaningful. And its really kind of exciting. Many of our remote communities up in the state are completely disconnected from a traditional grid and yet were innovating in some ways that are pretty unique, bringing local resources together to decrease costs in very high cost rural areas. Last year we held a field hearing senator cant well was able to join us. In a little fishing village in South Central alaska not connected by road to anywhere else. So not only not a transportation grid but not an electric grid. We focused on hybrid microgrids. Now, the innovators are working with the National Labs, with the university of alaska and industry to further test the bounds of their grids. One of their next steps will be installing four easy chargers at their city center and studying how charging can benefit their microgrid. So were testing applications ven in the furtherest north of this country. This morning im happy to welcome a distinguished panel of witnesses to tell us about the next generation of advanced vehicle technologies. We have representation from across the automotive sector and stages from research to suppliers to auto makers. We have considerable opportunities in front of us but we also have a lot of work to do to realize them whether it is moving our most promising concepts from the lab benchtop to the dealership lot and out on to the road and whether its addressing lesser recognized challenges which is our Mineral Community which could make or break entire technologies. We cannot allow that to worsen. So, again, i thank our witnesses in advance of your testimonies for being here this morning all who helped make the hearing possible. And i will now turn to senator stab now for any comment you wish to make and im pleased morning. With us this thank you so much madam chair for holding the the field hearing today. I appreciate your focus on this very exciting area of automation and transportation and energy. We look forward to having you at some point in the detroit. We would welcome you there as well. I also want to thank all of the witnesses. I have to tell you that im very proud that of our five witnesses three of whom are from michigan. Michigan is in the house here today. And theres a good reason for that. Its because thats where the action is on these issues. So i want to welcome all of you. The director of advanced commercialization policy. The ceo of the center for automotive research. We thank all of you for being here. For our witnesses who are not from michigan you are welcome to move to michigan. We would love to have you. Ive often said that michigan workers can outbuild, outinnovate and outimagine anyone and were proud of that. A lot of that building innovating and imagining is centering around automobiles and transportation, and thats been true for 100 years or more. Its very true today. Five vehicles manufactured is manufactured in michigan and our states 944,000 auto related jobs account for about one out of five out of our total workforce. But this isnt we used to say this isnt your fathers oldsmobile. I actually grew up on an oldsmoblee car lot in michigan. But we dont do oldsmobiles any more. But its also not your grandfathers chevy orford. We know mobility and transportation is rapidly evolving more than we even realize. Things are moving very quickly both here in the United States and around the globe. Thats why were proud to be the home in michigan of the American Center for mobility focusing on all these issues. Some ad a chance to see of that great evolution just last week at the north American Auto show. From the emergence of new engines powered by elect rissty or hydrogen rather than oil did you buy a car . To the new lightweight materials and designs to rapidly evolving tech knowledges these will change the way we take our kids to school, go to work, get the products that we make to market. And best of all they have the otential to dramatically improve safety and cut the amount of carbon. We are emitting. However, we know that leadership isnt a given. If the United States doesnt continue to invest in new Automotive Technologies well be left idling in a cloud of dust while the rest of the world speeds ahead of us. And we cant let that happen. To stay in the lead we need strong partnerships between industry and our scientists at the department of nrnl and Research Institutions and all of us together. Nd thats why i appreciate the chairs support for the bipartisan vehicle innovation act that senator peters and senator alexander and i chairs support introduced in the past. As part of the energy bill on the floor of the senate which i strongly support moving forward on. So i thank you for that. I look forward to hearing from our partners today about the new research, the new technologies, the new approaches that are driving us forward. Thank you. I think some of the subjects that we deal with are the most captivating of our time. My husband and i have raised two sons in their mid to early 20s right now. They look at their mothers job sometimes with, oh gosh, how do you sit through all that . This is one hearing that they actually say shes got a pretty good job. So senator manch would you care to make any opening comments . Thank you. It is a pleasure to be with both of you and i want to thank lisa for setting this up here and for debbie our Ranking Member to be here also from detroit city. Im an old gear head so i just im a little bit late because i was admiring all the new products. I own everything from General Motors to ford the chrysler. If you make it, ill buy it. I just really do, and i just appreciate it. I think you all are so lucky to be in this industry. They say you find a job that you love you never work a day in your life. So i thank the committee for hosting this. I want to talk a little bit about western university. My alma mater has been competing in advanced vehicle tech the noling competition since 1988. One of the 16 universities chosen to compete in the latest technology challenge. Eco car 3. We have over 60 underdepradwut and graduate and phd students working on this projeck. The the project aims to create a shey cam ro that reduces the impact but still delivers performance. So im happy to see toyota represented on the panel. I just did a little interview that is going back to our buffalo plant in West Virginia where they make the drive train now they make the engines start out with a 4silledder engine 25 years ago. The whole thing about the evlution of the plant West Virginia, dr. Toyota and i met him. When i was governor i went to japen with then senator rock feller. Dr. Toyota was so excited to tell me that against all of the advice of all of his highpowered engineers and his Business Consultants recommended do not put an engine plant there. He was determined to do it. And he put that engine plant there not only has that become a model for the toyota manufacturing, and its now grown into some of the most sophisticated engines of the world were made there and then they went into drive trains. I said i want you to see this beautiful vehicle. Without West Virginia it would not move without the engine and drive train that you made for it. So i was very proud of that. But were proud of the plant manufacturers of the engines and transmissions. Toyota employs 1900 workers in West Virginia, approximately 1300 at its plant and over 600 at over toyota dealerships across the state. Investment through West Virginia totals more than 1. 2 llion producing over 600,000 engines and 500 sthourks transmissions. Their contribution is vital and im glad they are part of our great state and i want to thank all of you for what you have enabled us to do and helped the people in West Virginia. So i look forward to working with all of you and all of the industry. Its very important. And so goes the auto industry, so goes us. We dont move without you. Were very proud to be here. I look forward to participating until they call us and make us go back to the hill. I would rather be here than i l the hill. Thank you, senator manchen. With that we turn to our witnesses. I will introduce each of you. Well go down the line. I would ask you keep your comments to about five minutes. Your full statements will be included as part of the record. That will allow us plenty of opportunity to make inquiry, provide for questions and answers going back and forth, and hopefully good dialogue this morning. Kahil. Us is dr. At Oak Ridge National laboratory. We appreciate the good work that comes from our Many National labs around the country. Ms. Bilo has already been acknowledged by senator stab now. Nice to meet you and to have you here. Dorobontu. Again, a michiganer. Is that . Ive got to get that right. Ms. Grow. Director of advanced vehicles at General Motors. Nice to have you with us. And mr. Robert wimmir with toyota. So its good to have the full panel with us. If you would like to start off this morning and we welcome you. Thank you, senator. Chairman murkowski and members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today with this distinguished panel. Today i want to discuss the the challenges and opportunities we see in the nations transportation sector. The rapid increase in vehicle electrifyication and introduction of autmuss vehicles is revolution niesing the transportation. These technologyless forever change mobility, the movement supply in nd the fundamental ways. This requires scientific innovations. At Oak Ridge National lab our scientists and engineers work with the industry and other partners to produce breakthroughs for most efficient and cleanest forms of transportation. For example, our staff have been able to innovate in the area of safer, High Energy Density vehicle batteries. E have increased the Battery Energy content fivefold while lowering the cost by a factor five. We coautmiesed engines and fuels with emissions and high efficiencies. An electric motor generates significantly more power than the electric motor that uses rare earth elements that we use today. It was at the National Transportation research center, doughs only transportation facility, that we developped the worlds first charging system capable of transferring 34 kilo wath of energy. We are now on the way to delivering 100 kilo wats system. By directional Wireless Charging can make recharging much easier while ensuring that an electrified Transportation System is a benefit and not a burden to the nations power grid. The project demonstrates how a hybrid electric vehicle can wirelessly transfer power to and from a home that is generating using solar panels. The benefits are multiple fold. Energy reliability for the homeowner, more flexibility for the grid operater, and the ability to use the battery for energy storage. Resources are being leveraged to model and simulate the behavior of advanced vehicles and engine systems. These resources including the next generation super computer is expected to be the worlds most powerful when it comes on this year enabling the Artificial Intelligence systems needed to control this year aut connected vehicles. Even as we look to the future of electrified vehicles, the internal combugs engine is still the work horse of the transportation sector. The labs are researching breakthroughs for vehicles powered by Hydrogen Fuel cells focused on lowering costs, improving onboard storage and supporting Hydrogen Infrastructure through the program. We are also using capabilities of the manufacturing demonstration facility and the Carbon Fiber Technology facility to come up with breakthroughs in low cost carbon fibers, composite printing of 3d tools and dyes to improve the American Auto makers. The partners are crucial for the Research Activities and efforts of the National Labs guiding the way to the most impactful printing of results f world success. We are a cofounder of the institute for advanced composite manufacturing innovation bringing together over 160 members from the private and Public Sector to move carbon and other Fiber Composites into the Automotive Market. Just last month, we joined 189 other companies and universities and state agencies new initiative. The development and deployment of mobility innovation in tennessee. New other usion, onl and National Labs stand ready to work with other partners to develop and demonstrate breakthroughs. I thank you again for the opportunity to provide this briefing and i welcome your questions. Thank you. Welcome. Thank you very much. I would like to thank chairman murkowski, and senator stab now and senator manchen to address you today. We do we are a nonprofit independent Unbiased Research facility that brings together stakeholders for discussions and really trying to solve and do the research for some of the issues that are facing the Automotive Industry. For a little bit of a personal background. I was born and raised in michigan. I have cars in my blood. And i had 35 years in the Automotive Industry prior to in andahalf years academia where i led Smart Mobility research and now am fully into the Nonprofit Research side of the business. When we look at the Automotive Industry today, it is really in a critical period of disruption. When we look on the one side sales are booming even though we have a slight dropoff in this past fiscal year and we are seeing high profit models, s. U. V. S, pickup trucks that are providing on the one side possibilities a levels that we have not seen in some time. On the other side theres a strong need for technology and power trains and electrifyication combined with autmuss connected Vehicle Technology that are really stretching the limits in terms of talent and dollars. Really in order to provide the vast array of technologies required to meet the Global Standards because our auto makers are all global for co2, et set ra, the portfolios that are required are very diverse and challenging. Remain competitive the auto makers must comply with all the regulatory environments including those that are most aggressive globally. We have seen nearly all the auto makers makers announcing goals. It runs the gament from startstop technologies all the way through full electrifyication. The dike dichotomy that exists today is we cant make the customers buy what they dont want. Our Research Indicates today that the internal combugs engine will still comprise bout 90 of Global Vehicle volume by to 30 and over 95 for north america in 2025. The good news is that Battery Technology is continuing to get better, quickly driving costs down and improving the range. Its difficult really to predict but if this continues the proliferation throughout the market place could increase significantly. Throughout the u. S. The percentage of electric vehicles varies greatly depending on the infrastructure and the initiative. And on a global level we see a trend. Ilar the main drawback that we hear from customers about purchasing electric vehicle is range and the lacking of charging infrastructure going along with that as well as purchase cost. Although if we look trend. The main at the pure economics, the total cost of ownership including servicibility and refueling that product, it break even in a certain amount of time. So a lot has to do with informing the customers with he true facts. We can solve a lot of these issues through technology, supply demand, and we can solve a clarity on the charging infrastructure. I would be remisif i did not mention that the electric used to supply the power must be from a renewable source. Vs utilizing coal power have a greater footprint than an internal combugs engine. Is really about Technology Leadership and talent. This is a strong passion of mine. Really, if you u. S. Is really w continue leadership in the electication race, we need to hub for this kind of development in the Automotive Industry. The countries who create the the standards will drive innovation and grow the talent. And we would really like for that to be here in the u. S. Thank you for your time. Thank you. Welcome. Good morning. Chairman middle class ski, senators senator stab now and manchen thank you for the ability to testify before your committees. The industry is enabled by automation, connect tit. This committee has correctly identified these trends as enormous opportunities as we move into the next generation of vehicles. Eaton is a leading tier 1 supplier with 28,000 associates and more than 110 facilities across the United States and our Vehicle Group employs nearly 3,000 associated Manufacturing Research and development in georgia, indiana, nebraska, north carolina, and of course michigan. As an independent supplier, our innovations are incorporated in a large number of vehicles delivering improvements both in the u. S. And worldwide. Regulatory pressure, Technology Innovation, and Customer Expectations are driving the adoption of clean products, creating exceptional Growth Opportunities for wellpositioned companies. At the vehicle level the need to simultaneously reduce Carbon Dioxide emissions is driving advances in internal combugs engines and power train electrifyication both as a means to improve efficiency. Connect tivity electronics and controls. Eaton recognized early that the vehicle sector was on a trajectory of increased co2 emissions and fuel burn. So we positioned our entire portfolio to address Energy Efficiency along the following directions. First improve the efficiency of the Vehicle Power creation both conventional and electrical. Then distribute that power from ts creation all the way to the wheels. Finally, to optimize the use of that power in an increasingly diversified set of wheels. Finally, to optimize the use of that power in an increasingly diversified set of needs. So over a decade we have worked closely with several Government Agencies and that are also pursuing advanced energy use in vehicles. Our clal rations collaborations with national bs accelerate innovation and promote u. S. Competitiveness. Eaton benefits from access through leading edge talent and capabilities such as High Performance computing or vehicle test equipment as well but ecompetitive results at the same time we contribute expertise, research direction, materials, and funding. The result is that working together we create and demonstrate new technologies and joint advanced state of the art and competitiveness. We work closely with the dove energy. In partnership with the dough involve the fundamentals of advanced technologies. The perspective of the vehicle programs at the doe, these play a vital role in the vehicle maintaining u. S. Technology leadership. And especially important is the Public Private partnership model. These accelerate innovation in several ways. They Foster Collaboration across the industry in ways not easily achieved with separate commercial entities acting independently and thus create new opportunities and new product. They also connect basic Research Capabilities at universityings and national thus ith their rd accelerating the pace of introduction of innovation. The partnerships also connect Technology Startups where new concepts are developped to industrial players that have Manufacturing Capabilities and scale. Finally, they also demonstrate the potential of new technologies and thus enable product involvement investments that otherwise could not be made in what is essentially a conservative industry. The vehicle programs at the department of energy and National Labs are key to maintaining the u. S. Leadership position at all the levels of the supply chain. The publicprivate model is proving effective. It is essential that the investments are balanced between fundamental research and Funding Technology demonstration programs. In my experience, it is easy to recognize fundamental science and thats typically the domain of public investment. It is also easy to recognize new Product Development which is typically the industrys job. However, the transition between is not trivial. It is at this juncture partnerships are most effective. I would like to thank you again for the opportunity to testify. As you can see by the innovation, the industry is moving forward at a rapid pace and we applaud your efforts to support American Innovation in the feel. Thank you. Thank you. Good morning. I am General Motors director of advanced vehicle communication policy. I thank the chairman and senators for inviting me here today to talk about some of the challenges and General Motors sees facing advanced vehicle technologies particularly electric or zero emission. If i may first offer you a perspective about how quickly the world is changing. In 2010 when we introduced the volt we were one of americas first experiences with the plug vehicle. Challenges ever americans General Motors sees facing advanced 200,000 vehicles. Purchased over our own groundbreaking Chevrolet Volt plugins counted for nearly one quarter of those vehicles while this sounds like an incredible growth in the interest it is nothing compared to what is coming. You may have heard General Motors recently announced our 000 vision. That is our belief in a future world with zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion. This represents the convergence of our work in connectivity, electric vehicles, autmuss vehicles and car sharing in an effort to move humanity forward. We announced our plans to bring at least 20 new allelectric vehicles to the market in 2023. E know we are not alone in our electric vehicles become cheaper, as battery combs prove on performance and price, and as manufacturers reach scale we will see exceptional growth. Bring c vehicles enormous bring enormous opportunities. Not only are they cleaner and quieter to operate. They are also fun to drive thanks to the instant torque motors provide. General motors electric vehicle become cheaper, as battery combs is making Major Investments in facilities here in the United States. We are innovating around battery design and increasing hiring in areas not always associated with the auto sector. With all the benefits vehicles bring there are challenges too. Consumer acceptance has steadily increased but we still have a long way to go. I want to focus on two areas where your committee could help sustain growth. Consumer adoption and aiding with infrastructure buildout. The tax credit worth up to 7500 has been an important incentive and is without a doubt responsible for helping to fuel adoption. We appreciate the senates role in keeping this incentive in place as tax reform passed last year. This sends a particularly colorful signal about the importance to consumers in all 50 states. Right now when we are on the cusp of attracting more mainstream consumers is when we and strengthen this signal the most. It is a valuable tool. On infrastructure, this committee has a unique opportunity to lay the and stre foundation for the future. Mass adoption represents a large, smart, and flexible load that is unlike any other load on the grid. If we do this right and if we plan for smart charging, late at night and in the Early Morning hours, evs can act as storage devices and take advantage of renewables. Thus leading to a more balanced grid load. But this cant happen unless the United States reaches true scale. We need charging stations that are highly visible to consumers and that drive Consumer Confidence in the ability to at any time. Charging infrastructure today has grown from nonexistent to over 17,000 public stations but more is required. This at any time. Charging infrastructure today has will become competitive over time but we have a long way to go. This requires partnership between utilities, station operators, Vehicle Manufacturers and support by federal state and municipal got establish charging stations at the same scale as gas stations. Partisan legislation introduced by senator stab now, alexander and peters will support new technologies. This is important legislation. We hope the congress will pass this year. Infrastructure is not only key to the removing the barriers of electric vehicle but also an imperative for other innovative and advanced Mobility Solutions such as car sharing and selfdriving vehicles. The speed with which infrastructure and adoption grow will determine the future of mobility in the United States and set the stage for more advanced trarnstation technology. Leading in these here in the nited states means we can take these to global markets, and that is good for all of us. Thank you for your time today. I lock forward to answering any questions. Thank you. Welcome. Chairman murkowski, senator stab now, senator manchen, and members of the committee. Toyota preach yates the opportunity to testify before the committee today on Energy Innovation and automotive these to global markets, and hat is technologies. Toyota believes there is no one solution to addressing our challenges. That is why we are developing a port foleyoo technologies to mort efficient transmissions to lather weight materials. Hybrid and plugin drive systems as well as our zero Emission Vehicles. Fuel cells are not new. In fact they were developed in the 1800s and provided electricity and Drinking Water for our astro nauts. Systems combine hydrogen gas with oxygen from the air to produce electricity that powers the vehicle. A fuel cell vehicles only emission is a small amount of water vaber from the tail pipe. For toyota this is an integral part of our zero emission strategy. The long driving range typically over 300 miles, their ability to refuel quickly, usually under five minutes, and scaleability of fuel cell systems to virtually any size vehicle. Toyota believes retaining Key Attributes allows vehicles to appeal to the broadest range of to s ultimately leading greater zero Emission Vehicle sales. Toyota introduced the in 2015. Since its introduction over 3,000 have been sold in california and over 5,000 globally. It has an e. P. A. Estimated range of 312 miles on a tank of hydrogen and a fuel economy rating of 67 miles per gasoline gallon equivalent. Scaleability is another important aspect of fuel Cell Technology like adding more silledders to an engine more cells can be added to increase system power. This makes fuel cells the perfect zero Emission Technology for s. U. V. S and trucks which accounted for over 65 of sales in the u. S. Scaling the technology further toyota has developed fuel cell systems for both buses and tractor trailers. We recently announced that toyota will build 100 Second Generation fuel cell buses during the 2020 tokyo olympics. In the u. S. We have begun testing a proof of concept tractor trailer hauling Cargo Containers from the ports of los angeles and long beach to local destinations and rail yards. This tractor trailer has a range of 200 miles per tank and has a grows vehicle weight of 80,000 pounds. If successful this could provide an opportunity to eliminate emissions and noise from often highly polluted and underprivileged areas. The greatest advantage is the ability to produce in a variety of ways from different fuels. Toyota will demonstrate one approach with the first mega watt fuel cell generation plant that we are building at the port of long beach to fuel our port operations. The facility will use renewable biowaste to generate water, electricity and hired jep. Toyota believes the greatest challenge to success is not Vehicle Price nor consumer acceptance but hydrogen refueling infrastructure. California is the leader in infrastructure in the u. S. Having committed 200 million stations. 00 fueling to date there are 31 stations open to the public with 12 expected nother to open this year. While impressive other countries with strong federal policy and financial 12 expecte are outpacing california. There are 91 operational stations in japan, 44 in korea. And about 20 in to ensure the u. S. Remains competitive in the economy the federal government needs to take a more proactive approach to growing both Hydrogen Infrastructure and fuel cell vehicles. Finally, toyota wants to recognize the department of energy for korea. To their ongoing support of hydrogen. Their investment of over 1 billion has accelerated commercialization to the benefit of all. Recently its ongoing ability to address technical questions tunnels and bridges to alleviate any concerns about the safety of the technology successful. Els and highly toyota strongly believes that a portfolio advanced technology highly efficient engines and drive options are required to meet the needs of customers, with tors and society their longer range and ability to refuel quickly and scaleability we believe these vehicles can fulfill many of those needs. We appreciate the opportunity to testify and would be happy to answer any questions. Thank you. I cant remember what year it was that president bush in his state of the union made the statement that a child that was born that year when he turned he or she turned 16 they would be driving a car that was a Hydrogen Powered vehicle. What year was that . I believe it was 2000. I think so. Now its 2018. Ok. Get moving. But very i want resting updates from each of you. I appreciate that. The focus on the innovation and the advancements that we have made how we can move to not only higher safety standards, greatly decreased emissions. I see some in the audience ere, the moms from the Clean Air Force focusing on how we can do a better job on important job of reducing emissions when it comes to our transportation fleet. So thank you for what weve heard air force today. Here in the Nations Capital and up on the hill theres a lot of discussion about infrastructure and what an infrastructure package might look like that we could work to advance. I would be curious to know several of you have hit upon it. To the need for infrastructure as it relates to hydrogen stations. You spoke to the need for charging stations for e. V. S but what else is out there in terms of Energy Related infrastructure challenges that we are seeing right now with regards to advanced vehicle technologies . If we are putting together a ackage that could help advance these technologies and start making a difference what else out there other than charging stations . And you can amplify if you want. But i would out there other be from each one of you. Thank you, senator. Clearly like you thank you, sen. Clearly like you said charging stations will be needed. Other infrastructure for producing hydrogen will be needed. But a lot of these depend on electricity either from the main grid or from a we also need to look at grid balance and the appropriate positioning of where we put those charging stations. It may not be equally distributed you have to look at the demographics of usage. We need to get the private sector involved. In nies have to put charging stations for their employees. All new multiunit dwellings, all new homes should at least have a charging station plummed charging in as part of its code. Fundamentally the same as you plug in for a drier today. It should be there, it should be ready. Doesnt mean you need to put the expense of a charging station but its easier to do it in the beginning than the end. We need to focus before renewables making sure we have a clean Energy Supply coming in o that grid. I will reinforce the point about the electrical grid especially the modernization. We have a number of issues challenges facing us in the form of Grid Stability incorporating renewables, people talk about microgrids and that is a significant change to our infrastructure. Ut also things like smart grid and the overall control and distribution geographically of the electrical grid. A couple things come to mind. And the overall control and distribution first, i will just echo everything that karla talked about, the workplace charging and the building codes that would ensure that housing Single Family homes, multidwelling unit homes, that everything is just building in codes that require just a simple dedicated circuit when you move into this home so it is ready to charge a vehicle. So i think thats important. But beyond that i would say one thing that is really tough in this early market and why theres a lack of investment in e. V. Infrastructure is there isnt the scale so Business Case is very, very tough which means theres just not that competition which means theres not the investment. One of the likely parties you can turn to is the utility industry. They are experts at deploying electcal systems, maintaining, maintaining they do a fantastic job. But if you look at the 3,000 utilities and the 50 state regulators you start to recognize theres nothing that nits them together so the infrastructure that puts them the next s adapted to utility so we end up with some semblance of national strategy. So coordinating the industry and state regulators to participate together is really utility so we end up with some important. And maybe ill sort of just touch on the smart charging area of vehicles. Its important to take advantage of this big load coming and do it right by smart charging. Charge the vehicle in the Early Morning hours when theres low when the wind is blowing or in the daytime at work when the sun is shining and theres excess electricity on the grid. So utilities being prepared today with apis on their front end like onstar system mean utilities could talk to onstar, talk to our drivers and say would you like to the take advantage of hydro electric power on the grid right now . Well drop your rate and here charge up tonight you dont care as long as the vehicle is charged by 6 00 in the morning. So those fourd looking system views of how what the utilities roll is in charge up charging of this load is going to be powerful going forward. Infrastructure and i agree with the Panel Members said. But on hydrogen i think we can look at from the infrastructure standpoint the needs to have standardized codes and standards from the different cities and states. In california its been fairly straightforward because were dealing with primarily one entity but when we look at expanding infrastructure to ther states youre dealing with each individual state and each individual city and there are regulatory process is very different. Theres a long education or involved education process that the industry has to do with each regulater. Then also the hydrogen production. At mentioned were looking one unique approach. I think theres many other ways. One is drn oes field approach youre looking at using excess renewable or grid energy to produce the hydrogen in a very clean and efficient way, to be able to look at other you excess renewable or options. Thank you all very much. Senator stab now. Well, senator manchen has indicated he will have to leave shortly. Go buy a car so i would yield to him and then reclaim my time after. I wish. Let me just say first of all thank you all for your presentation. Everybody that 76 of everybody that 76 of all the electricity produced in america comes from coal and natural gas. And West Virginia is proud to produce 76 of your energy. Ere an all in energy state. Water, hydro, solar, wind, we love it all. But the fact is, if you want 24 7 reliability, youve got to go with baseload. So dont ever forget that right now were still trying to move to the new technologies, but you have to remember what has us at the dance right now. I understand a major challenge to the greater manufacturing. Adoption elect vehicles is access to Critical Minerals known as Rare Earth Minerals or elements. Chinas monopoly in the space is concerning. Extremely concerning to me and both the economic and National Security perspectives. This committee examined the issue last year and we continue to have discussions on how to ensure u. S. Consumers and manufacturers have access to these materials including the recreation of a domestic supply chain. I find it interesting that the argest adopter of vehicles was china at 40 of Global Demand for these vehicles. So my question would be in light of the use of Critical Minerals and litsdzium eye i dont know batteries and other sexonentsd how concerned are you and your company about access to Critical Minerals . It could be shut down at any time. You could be choked off at any time. So we need you to engage. I think i know i need to finish up on that and the rare earth elements so that youll know we dont mind any rare earth elements in the United States of america at all. We dont produce one ounce any more. So were relying on another foreign country to produce where you all want to go and where the American Consumer might want to go. Realistic ot to be were not prepared to do it and youre putting billions in investment that can shut you down overnight. So, again, my little state of West Virginia we have a lot of Rare Earth Minerals that come from the mining of the coal, even realistic were not prepared to do it and youre from some of our waste that were trying to contain for the climate, which is our mine drainage. We could produce and were working on that 45,000 tons per year. 45,000 tons per year of rare earth elements just from the waste in the mining for the country. But its going to take an investment from the department of energy working with us, and we have our friends here with the department of energy and i am glad they are here. And we want to make sure that you all are aware of that because were going to need your help. So if you could tell me how this would affect you. Senator, i think a few points. On coal, you know, one should look at coal to products and one of these is rare earth. But there is a lot of other things one can do with coal including you can produce carbon fiber. When it comes to rare earth, we need also to look at substitutes, other substudents. For example, making magnets without any rare earth. There is an Initiative Funded by the department of nrnl and the National Technology lab is part of that called the Critical Material Institute and led by aims national lab and oak ridge is a participant and we have been able to produce no earth otors with elements in them with higher efficiency. Are you doing it on a commercial scale right now or just no earth basically into th i think they can move into that easily. Into commercial. Ok. So the other thing is when it comes to batteries yes there is a lot of critical elements like litsdzym mag knees, nickle, and clearly when it comes to litsdzium, for example, we in the United States dont have that production. Although we have the resources in north carolina. I think thats a challenge. Today we get it from chile. Are you concerned about your supply chain because of our trade difference ors our trade maybe disagreements that you could be harmed if something happens . I could speak from the Research Point of view. I think we need to really invest in the research and the innovation to the make sure we can produce things at cost. So right now youre saying youre not concerned at all . No, i am. Thats all i need to know. Ho would like to speak next . Of you can really respond to this. As a Large Manufacturer of batteries clearly any interruption in our supply chain of Critical Materials we would be concerned with. Is that part of your Strategic Planning . Exactly. And we are looking at was mentioned by my colleague of technologies materials that can either substitute in our motors, our batteries, or diverse if iication. Our hybrid batteries. Most are nickle metal with only a few as lithium. So it might not affect all of our vehicles so just some. But its a concern but diverse if iication in moving towards that. Most of your products as far as your product to manufacture does that come from china . Are you all buying from china . I dont know. We can get back to you. We know you are because theyre the ones that have most of the we already knew the answer before we asked you. But thats where all the global they have the global control. Most of the auto makers fundamentally have a diverse if iication of supply as much as possible they try to mitigate that risk. If theres only a Single Source of course thats a risk that has to be tackled. What each company does is hedge that and look at the costs associated with that. En we look at whats happening globally for the cost earth of those rare materials as well as aluminum and steel we are seeing significant increases recently. So all of that needs to be hedged and put into the future plans and it goes into the earth optimization process. Materials as well as aluminum and steel we are seeing significant increases one thing to be focused on is the reduction of some of those rare earth the elements and that can only happen through the Technological Breakthroughs and research that is required and it needs to be supported not only within the industry but also within academia and in our National Labs. What time period are you talking about before this evolution comes to this new elements e rare earth that you dont need any more . Well, weve already seen a significant reduction in even the very basics that exist today in calt litic converters. Probably up to 60 has been reduced. Again, as we keep elements that you finding break throughs and better chemical equations, that number will continue to come down. If its ever going to become zero is anybodys guess. The other thing i wanted to add on the coal front is i dont think we can negate the fact that in some coal plants producing energy if you put in the right cat litic converters and others you could have a pretty efficient plant. Not when we had an administration that tried to shut us down completely eight years ago. Horrible. K. Eaton is in its Vehicle Business is not really a player in the battery side of the business so were not directly affected. I can go back and ask about our other industries and get back to you. Thank you. Just to add, a couple nuances from our perspective. Yes, we care about the forces we have teams of people that work around the world and make sure we know how to source these materials. One thing thats of interest though is that some of these a lot of these materials are not just in automotive in our batteries are also across all of our electronics. So it isnt just us tugging on these resources. Whattles comes back to us is sort of the cost of these materials. More recently theres been an issue with cobolt prices increasing. That just drives prices on our side as well and thats a problem for the price that we can offer these vehicles to the consumer. So we do watch that closely. The important work thats happening when we move from generation one technology, the volt that came out in 2010 and the generation two, in that period were trying to streamline use of those reduce s in many cases, the all the of cobe at in these systems so they operate, safe, durable dependable but that red the we can reduce the cost by improving either the engineering process or also the manufacturing process itself and how we apply the materials. So we get more and more effective. Thats part of a learning process. Let me thank all of you as a panel because youve been extremely informative. Thank you. Thank you. No pun intended but that was a critical question. Its so important to the discussion because we recognize at we have extraordinary opportunities for advances in these technologies. But if we cant safely and reliabley and affordably gain access to those base elements that we need to manufacture i appreciate what you have said that this is not just in the automotive. As we look to build out many of our Renewable Energy sources, whether it is whether it is wind turbins and the fact that you need to have the coating on the blades and the coating comes from so many of these minerals. T is an issue that i think has finally registered an appropriate level of attention within the government. We certainly have been pushing it for years on the Energy Committee and now we feel like we have a chorus of voices that say this is important. Thanks very much. And thank you again to all of you. There are so many different kinds of issues that come into play here from infrastructure to Rare Earth Materials to all of the research that needs to be done. I want to start with something a little bit different that goes to another need that we have in all of this. Talked about that and that is talent. Stretching our talent right now and whats happening. One of talked about my big conc when you look at the big picture, the National Association of manufacturers say the next seven years well create 3. 5 new manufacturing jobs and at the moment we could fill 1. 5 of them. So as we look at this piece of it as well not only engineers, not only scientists but skilled trades, people that can do coding, people that are in career and Technical Education. So my question would be and ill start with ms. Baylor because you had mentioned this specifically and youre working ith a variety of folks in this context. But what are your thoughts on how we look at our educational system and best prepare individuals for jobs not only tomorrow but that are right here right now and redesigning im working on efforts to support more options in college but also redesigning and expanding career and Technical Education in high school and also lifting up the privately funded skillbuilding trades Training Centers that we have in michigan and other places. I dont know how many times somebody has said to me in a manufacturing operation, just give me a skilled welder. Give me an electrician that can do the pieces that need to be done. So what should we be doing in that space . Thank you. I mentioned its a passion of mine so ill try to not talk for a long long time. I think we have to look at the entire chain of education and hink of ourselves as a Lifelong Learning industry and country. Starting with even very Young Children in their education, to begin to own lighten them into new ways of thinking, innovative ways of thinking. A different mindset is needed in todays industry than existed before. So starting there and then working your way up through. And i think we need to eliminate the notion that every person needs to go to a fouryear institution, because are honestly better skilled and will enjoy a quality of life and get rewards from what they love to do. You need to follow your passion. And we need to provide students that show that aptitude a place. It doesnt have to be four years. And we need to provide also opportunities for apprentice ships, internships, even starting in high school to again build that passion. The skill trades not only to manufacture the products but to work on the infrastructure that we need for connected autmuss vehicles, to do the coding et cetera. The other piece of the puzzle i believe is in the fouryear institutions today. We are teaching children to hink vertically. Mechanical engineering, industrial engineering. And in todays world you need to be a systematic thinker. So how we can start thinking about new ways to manage education, supplanting the standards of education that we require today with certification programs. We have a great example of entering the University Space that basically says were going to guarantee you a job. Its a very low price you have to pay around 2,000, 18 months, you have a certificate, you get a job immediately. If that job becomes obsolete or changes you go get another certificate. So theres a number of things that we can think about to enable that Lifelong Learning. With er part is Technology Moving so rapidly, if we are not continually teaching and training our existing workforces, with technology then they will also obsolete. So it has to be a life long learning way of doing business. I believe that strongly. I think this is a major issue for us. And we will develop new echnologies and not have the talent, the skilled people that we need for that. Anyone else want to comment on that brief . Briefly . The technology on the workforce is clearly significant as you mentioned. And its really an talent, the skilled people that we need for that. Issue toyota has been working on and to some extent struggling with for a while. Universities have a role to play but so does industry. Technology is moving so quickly these days that there needs to be a lot of work we must Work Together with universities to develop programs that ultimately help provide the skills and the training for both university depradwuts and engineering fields as well as the technicians to come right to work into the workplace. Were currently partnering with over 50 Community College and other institutions to train the technicians for our dealers, for our manufacturing facilities, that come in and work on tools, to prepare them for life in the industry. Were also working to promote stem at a variety of k12 schools. Again, focusing on both the technical career path as well as a university eeping near career path. Finally engineering career path. Finally, i would like to mention our companys strong support for the croor and Technical Education career and Technical Education act. We hope the senate would consider passing the bill as well. Absolutely. I just when we talk about this very quickly changing industry, its almost mind boggling whats going on right now. If you could share a couple tidbits. Pplications from silicon increased gm have 100 . Theres incredible interest in the innovation. That innovation does spur the movement of folks around with the talents that were going to need, because its just a very different place than it was before. 35 of our sal rid workforce at General Motors right now has been with the company less than four years. Stunning. But thats the kind of movement in our industry, bringing in the talents that were looking for. Were also looking very carefully and investing in stem programs. In particular weve made some recent investment in girls who code to make sure were looking at not only diversity but the talent and stem resources and the capabilities that were looking for to drive the innovation that we need. The quality of that workforce, our normal Traditional University programs do not produce enough engineers, especially in the fields that are now in place. Software, controls of electronics and so forth. So we work with universities obviously to try to lay track more workforce through traditional channels but we have worked also with some leading universities to establish Certificate Programs around, for example, Systems Engineering and manufacturing technologies. I will say that we do speand lot of time and resources in retraining, continuously retain retraining our workforce. Last but not least, we do have policies in place trying to tap into the talent pool, the diversified talent pool. Right now our industry looks very mechanical, engineering, very nondiverse. We have to change that because theres just too much talent that were not tapping. And i can get back with details if you need those. Thank you. I know im about sure. Actually i wanted to give you an example. Last week i was in michigan and we had a meeting with Michigan State university, and Michigan Economic Development council about trying to come up with a new program about how we train a work force. Is to bring the capability of the university to detroit but then to colocate with the facilities to learn how to deal with the new is to capability of the university to detroit but equipment and things like that. In the state of tennessee, the governor has said everybody in the state can do a twoyear college free. So were trying to, around, with the lab with Community Colleges, to reinvent the program. Two plus two. You could spend two years at the Community College and go train in the national lab on some of the tools that we have, and then if you decide you want to go to the necked level and go to the university, then the university of tennessee may be able to do that. Thats in the works. Were thinking about it and i think its an important concept. The other thing is within the state of tennessee we have something called a center for graduate students who do their research at Oak Ridge National lab. Many are from the university of tennessee but there is a parallel program for other students from other universities and that actually is quite enriching for the students and for the lab not just from a Research Point of view but they learn other things in terms of innovation, entrepreneurship, and thing obvious that nature. So thats another role that the National Labs can play in helping folks in the country moving forward. Im so glad you could come. It was my pleasure to be there when that facility was opened and it was truly a great example of partnership with the federal government, the state, nd the private sector. Right. Thank you senator stab now. You know, im reminded that as were talking about how we get more particularly young people in to these fields and nufacturing and all of the really the hightech skills that we need, im reminded that in most alaska villages that i visit its not the person with the phd that has great value. Its the young kid that can repair the snow machine, that can repair the fourwheeler. Theyre the ones we all look to. So making sure that were not only training those on the manufacturing end and again kind of the fun stuff. Its those who will be repairing and working on these advanced vehicles. Its one thing to know how to fix your fathers oldsmobile and the engine that was underneath it and now today so much of it is computer related and making sure that those who repair end of things have those same have the appropriate skill sets as well. So it is changing. I just have a couple more question that is ill ask and then turn back to senator stab now here before we conclude. I want to pick up on something that you raised when i asked the question about infrastructure and what more we need to be doing. You pointed out the what i think is the appropriate role of working with the utilities. Recognition that there needs to be some level of coordination or certainly communication. So that there is a better understanding as to how rticularly with evs we can max mise the efish maximize the efficiencies. And it goes to a statement that was made earlier and this might ve been by you that we cant make folks buy thing that is they dont want. So its how we are public ating with the about what is happening with these advancements and how they might benefit you and if they do how you can be a better participant. I were stab now and speaking before the hearing here about the driverless vehicles and ill be the first one to publicly admit they scare the living daylights out of me. And she described or you described as well, your experience last weekend of driving hundreds of miles touching the wheel. Literally touching the wheel. What is the effort out there within touching the the industr better educate the consumer, make us feel more comfortable, but also allow us to recognize the benefits that can come when we are smartly using the advanced technologies that the industry is clearly poised to help deliver . Its kind of a broad question, but im curious to know what your response might be. Wonderful nderful, question because its sort of at the crux of the opportunity right now is how do now is how s play together and take on part of the role because it just is a very large challenge. It is unifying utilities and their role building and installing infrastructure and its rallying environmental groups and Industry Groups to cooperate on National Awareness campaigns. Cooperationot of that has to go on. Maybe if i touch on the infrastructure side of it, back on in 2007 when we were penciling out the whole program and sort of reflecting on what the 1990s, it was clear one of the major strategies that was either going to make or break electric vehicles would be the engagement of electric utilities. They have to be a partner right by your side. Launch we set up a very large Broad Partnership and about 50 with 50 utility members very forward leaning at electric vehicles. We back to them and we have been working on this a decade now, up to 200 utilities that work cooperatively together on aligning policy priorities, aligning talking points so that when they are talking to consumers and we are talking to and simmers, we are answering questions in the consumers, we are answering questions in the same way. And then lastly, the role of encouraging ed education and awareness. Utilities are uniquely positioned because not everybody buys a car from General Motors. We would love if that were the case. We do not have access to every consumer, but a utility has access to every single consumer purchasing electricity in that Service Territory and that path to speak to consumers about the importance of electric driving and what it means for the grid, our data suggests that consumers would rather hear utilities talk about electric vehicles and the role of electricity and transportation than talk to dealers or automakers because they are viewed as trusted thirdparty experts on electricity. I think that that role of utilities cannot be emphasized enough when it comes to sort of the role of what else can happen when i look at the things that happened on the federal level. Evpartment of energy had everywhere and they were coordinating and convening industry experts, academia, ngos, everyone who is a stakeholder in the ev market and we were working together on ev awareness campaigns and it needs to be more. We need to invest in this messaging and show a vision nationally. One thing i can point to that has a been has been airy nice is the effort by dot with the department of energy establishing alternative fuel highway corridors across the country. There is no money assigned to that. It would be great if it were funded. Just the notion of creating a map of charging stations across the country from coast to coast have allowed local utilities and states to sort of recognize how if they do their part, it goes into this larger strategy of infrastructure. Simply creating a vision and communicating that federally add ionally is really helpful federally and nationally is really helpful to help stakeholders participate in the solution space. Doctor. Go to the first of all, we face multiple challenges. The consumers they are anxious about the driving range. The other thing they are anxious about his time to charge their car. There are uncertainties that the consumers face, but also the utility folks face. I think the critical thing for us to do is overcome these challenges. One way to overcome these challenges is really for us to win the energy race in these areas. We need to innovate and we need to perform research, Work Together, that u. S. Companies along with the innovation capacity that we have in the country that includes National Labs and universities to really move ahead of these challenges. Examples couple quick about things that have worked to educate the public. One is when nissan first af in earlye le 2012. The thing that worked well was cooperating with cities and dealerships directly and Holding Public forums with just meet your ev day. This is how you charge the vehicle, this is how the vehicle performs. A second example is the columbus Smart City Initiative which vulcon donated part of that initiative involves a local businesses and working with automakers, taking the to acts to a company daylong event, ride and drive. Let people drive the vehicle and understand how to charge the vehicle, let them see how it can be integrated into their daily lives. Seeing is believing and until we have the momentum of the, these kind of events really seem to be working. I would like to shift a little bit the discussion onto. Ommercial vehicles much more Passenger Car vehicles on the roads, that if you look at it from an Energy Consumption perspective, commercial vehicles are right behind the light duty segment in terms of how much co2 is omitted and how much fuel is burned. Furthermore, that consumption is increasing in time as opposed to the Passenger Car market where, because of all the work that is being done and the focus on it, the total image and are actually emissions are actually going down. Commercial vehicle spaces differ as different challenges. We do not have the consumer, but we do have the fleets or the operators of these vehicles and they have different needs than consumers. For example for them, the vehicles are a means of performing work. Criticalke downtime is , total cost of ownership is critical. There are other means to reach that community. Things that have worked our demonstration programs. I would give one example, we are working active with to look at how the fleets and grids of commercial vehicles that have on them could interact and provide benefit and, in fact, improve their Value Proposition of electrifying commercial vehicles by offering grid services. That is a different process. As the end result is the same, but the stakeholders in the commercial vehicle space have a very different bag they are trying to optimize. Might i also add one more point when i think about Consumer Awareness and really grabbing consumers attention and that is, i talked about the shared Mobility Programs that were operating around the country. In our 300 bolt evs program, a ridesharing, right hailing program in 6 cities in the United States. In those 300 vehicles we have been operating only about 18 months, we have had 400,000 riders. These are 400,000 people that did not have the ability to erience what we always say where you experience the drive in a car, which changes your mind about how fun these vehicles are to drive. That is another form of how we solidification electrification to get these vehicles out driven. Oft is another form awareness growing in the country. Thank you, madam chair, and i want to talk about inlicprivate partnerships my last questions because we know we have basic research and then we have what companies are doing in terms of commercialization. The big debate, it seems to me, that we have in terms of the federal governments role, sometimes we are doing it and sometimes we are not, is this piece in the middle which is sometimes called the valley of death. You get ready to commercialize or take that step and then there is not the support in the middle of that. One of the Things Department of energy has done is the super Truck Program and i know the doctor, your company is a participant in this, so i wanted to get your thoughts. 5050 car share Publicprivate Partnership promoting research and development and demonstrating technologies to improve commercial vehicles, the class 8 tractortrailer trucks and the goal is to improve 100 by 2020 and i should just remind all of us that trucks haul as much as 80 of goods and make up only 4 of the vehicles, but 20 of the fuel. A major way to save fuel economy is to focus on trucks. Of the your assessment super Truck Program at this point . There are actually two super Truck Programs. One has been successfully concluded a couple years back and then there is another that recently launched. I will talk about the 1 we know the first phase had a number of impressive results. What this program allowed us to do, the industry as a whole obviously not just is to provide later sharp laser sharp focus on fuel efficiency at the system level. There have been many investments in particular technologies which were needed and technologies have evolved. In a complex vehicle, many technologies have evolved. What super truck allowed manufacturers and suppliers to do is to put these technologies together in packages and see what works and what doesnt when they are put together as a system. It helped the industry sort out many options and plume some of these technologies. Also, we now have the technologies from super truck under thedeveloped First Program are already in production. They are saving fuel today. To give you some feel about this, when the super Truck Program started, most of the classic trucks were averaging about six miles per gallon. The super Truck Program produced some mind blowing results. We are looking at 10, 11, 12 miles per gallon trucks, but those were research trucks. Todayucks coming out invoking the technologies that were straightened out under the super Truck Program, those get 7. 5 to 8. 5 miles per gallon today. Moving from under 6 to 7. 5, 8 miles per gallon in a period of 5, 6 years is a tremendous achievement. It has impact in fuel consumption and the cost of transportation and impact in our competitiveness worldwide. Clubwe started super truck , we were well behind european trucks. Now with the combination of technologies developed on the super truck and very stringent co2 regulations that were recently enacted, we are in a position to overtake the europeans that pride themselves in being fuelefficient. Leaps. Ds and we are very excited with the outcome of the super Truck Program and we are looking forward at this second edition. Thank you. We are going to need your help to tell this story. I indicated earlier that Vehicle Technology innovation act with on theirs support floor, which is important. I need to say we will have a big debate on this in general of these partnerships because the administration has proposed cutting nearly 1 billion from the department of energys office of science and cutting the Vehicle Technologys office by 73 . We will have a live discussion and we will need all of your help on why this is important. To that, broadly as we look at other countries because we we know we are in competition with other countries. For all of us, this is about American Leadership and remaining the leaders in this technology. Business inany does one hundred 75 different countries, including the u. S. , and we are glad you are in michigan. Can you talk a little bit more about how the u. S. Compares to other major world economies in terms of supporting Technology Innovation . And from your perspective, how does a company with a global footprint decide where to invest its research and Development Dollars . Complex you, it is a question. World atook around the what other people are doing, what other countries or regions are doing, we are seeing a significant competition in terms of advanced technologies coming from europe. I will give one example of how other countries do. The united kingdom, for example, has realized about five or 10 years ago that it lagged behind being a leader in the automotive world they have made some Crystal Clear decisions in terms of investment and strategy to address that situation. Economic it as Competitive Edge to it they have set a massive Publicprivate Partnership and funded it sufficient sufficiently for a. Of10 years for a period 10 years and then they have to find a number of key technologies that, if successful, would put the u. K. Back in the saddle and they are startupsnything from to major starts with this strategy and longterm funding associated with it. They do use the 5050 cost share notanism to make sure it is a bunch of scientists like myself that make decisions and , so turn out to be wrong the cost share with the industry is a mechanism of ensuring that the research is guided towards actual commercialization. Trump in terms of how we operate globally, we obviously have to be where our customers are. We do that. We have also Global Resources and we have centers of excellence that have global research. Our investment in terms of technology is done here in the u. S. And this is where we put our technology money. We do have, in other parts of the world, we have Engineering Centers that are trying to adapt these technologies and optimize them for the specifics of those markets. Thank you. Thank you, madam chair. I have a lot more questions but in the interest of time i will save those for another day. Excellent panel and we appreciate your input. Thank you. I would certainly hope that the recent move we made in congress to lower that corporate rate is one of those forcing mechanisms, if you will, that would allow many others to look at the United States as a place to either return some of that more to allow for whether it is r d or manufacturing, hopefully that helps with the competitive aspect of it. I want to thank everyone for the information you have shared with. S today nobody really thinks about alaska as being innovators in , but wemotive sector have been plugging in our cars for decades. All of the cars i have ever ifhad a heater the you do not plug in your car, it does not start in the morning. At least this time of year where i learned to drive. Maybe not the precursor, but we understand what it means to plug amazed and and i am just very inspired by the level of innovation that we have heard and look forward. Maybe i need to take it of some of the ridesharing you talked about. I experience it myself, but still, the driverless one, i am going to feel compelled to reach more handsel or be on. I will get used to it. Before we close, i want to thank bob and joe and all of the Convention Staff that made this hearing possible and allowed us to work our staff with yours. It was a good opportunity. I certainly have enjoyed it. Motivated to come to detroit, michigan, and see more of what youve got going on and you, in turn, are welcome to come to alaska and see how in our little communities, the mayor of cordoba, one guy saying, you know what . We are going to be a demonstration case in our little fishing village and you start one little charging station at a time. Cordova and io will bring you to detroit. With that, we stand adjourned. [applause] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2018] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] washingtonspans journal alive with policies and issues that impact you. This morning we discussed the withity of the flu season the director of the National Institute of allergy and infectious diseases. And the federal response to the opioid epidemic, joined by an author. And a look at the u. S. s role at the World Economic forum in ,avos switzerland davos switzerland. Be sure to watch cspans washington journal live at seven 7 00 eastern this morning. President trump will address the World Economic forum in ,opmost, switzerland davos switzerland. The trump announced this week it solarimpose tariffs on panels and washing machines made in china and south korea. We will have the president s speech live 8 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan two. Here on cspan, Jeff Sessions will address National Security issues and immigration priorities of the administration. Live coverage begins at 1 30 p. M. Eastern. Sunday night on after words, kayleigh book, the newr American Revolution the making of a populist movement. Conservatives say to me, why do you use this word . I am not a populist. To me, it sums up what this book is about, its the people. I wanted to honestly profile the people. On the left and on the right and most of the voters i profiled were trump voters, but i did profile some who were not. To me, it was capturing the sentiment that drove an electorate to delivers one of the most astonishing electoral defeats i think we have seen, certainly in my lifetime, and i think in modern history. It was a profile of the american people. Wordser watch after sunday night at 9 00 p. M. Eastern. California governor jerry brown delivered his final state of the state address at the State Capitol in sacramento. He spoke about the recent wildfires, health care, immigration, and highspeed rail construction. Governor brown, who wont run for reelection this year because he is term limited, was also critical of the trump administration. [applause] [applause] [cheers] gov. Brown thank you. Thank you. [applause]