This hearing is called to order. Welcome. 50 years ago, exactly what each week from today, at approximately 9 30 am, two astronauts, sitting atop a rocket the size of a navy destroyer, packing 7. 5 Million Pounds of thrust, took off from Kennedy Space center in florida. Roughly 1 Million People had gathered on the ground to watch this historic event. Including half of the United States congress. These three astronauts, as one of the newspapers put it at the time, carried with them the hopes of the world. The year was 1969. The year before i was born. The astronauts were Neil Armstrong, buzz aldrin, and michael collins. And the mission was apollo 11. Armstrong and aldrin went on to make history a little more than 100 hours later. When, with more than one third of the earths the earth watching or listening live, they became the first humans to ever set foot on the moon. The apollo 11 mission would go on to make history again. A little less than 100 hours after that, as the First Mission not only to put men on the moon, but to bring them home safely as well. Although president kennedy had not lived to see it, the bold goal that he had set eight years earlier had been met. To steal a line from the flight director of the mission, we have shown that what america will dare, america will do. Today, we rightfully celebrate the momentous occasion that is the upcoming 58th anniversary of apollo 11. As president nixon said in a phone call to Neil Armstrong and buzz aldrin while they were still on the moon, because of what they had done, the heavens had become a part of mans world. Indeed, not only did we succeed in putting men on the moon and returning them safely to earth, we have gone on to put robotic rovers on distant planets, celestial observatories in orbit peer into theally beginnings of the universe, and we have established a presence in lower earth orbit that is still there today. However, while it is tempting to focus only on the historic achievements that were apollo 11, as some of our Witnesses Today will rightly highlight, the moon landing and the entire Apollo Program for that matter did not happen in a vacuum. It was a result of visionary leadership, National Unity, and oldfashioned american tenacity. The success of apollo 11 and our National Space program was also due in large part to the tireless contribution of countless women who were working on the scenes and whose stories have only recently become household names. One of our Witnesses Today, dr. Christine darden was one of the famed Human Computers of nasa. Without her work and the work of other computers, many of them africanamerican women, we never could have sent astronauts into space, let alone brought them home safely. Unfortunately, at the time, dr. Darden and the other Human Computers contributions were hidden, and they remained hidden for far too long, relegated to the background. After that movie Hidden Figures came out, a wonderful movie that i reccomend to everyone, i introduced legislation to rename the street in front of the nasa headquarters as Hidden Figures way. The d. C. City council intern took up the idea just a few weeks ago. I was proud to join dr. Darden nd the family of those other legendary Human Computers at the dedication of the new street sign in front of the nasa headquarters, so that now, a generation, or a century from now, when a little girl or little boy goes to visit nasa, she or he will say, who were they . Tell me their story. As we look at the space landscape today, we see it is far different from the landscape of 1969. America and the soviet union are no longer the only players in space. The government Space Programs are no longer the only game in town. And our technological ape abilities in terms of our ability to plan missions, and how long these missions are, have changed dramatically. What will the next 50 years of Space Exploration look like . What should we seek to accomplish . We need a bold vision. A vision that sees the commercial space industry thriving. I have long said that the first trillion air will be made in space. In 50 years we will have gone ack to the moon. He Artemis Program is the twin sister of apollo. This time, when we return to the moon, nasa has committed that we will land the first woman on the moon. The First American astronaut who is a woman. Artemis. On behalf of my two young daughters, let me say thank you, it is about time. From there, we will move toward having a more permanent and sustainable presence on the moon. And then ultimately to mars. Just a couple of years ago, i was proud to arthur the bipartisan nasa authorization act, signed into law in which every member of congress and the house and senate in both parties united to say the objective of space expiration for nasa is to go to the red planet and land on mars and the first boot to set foot on the surface of mars will be that of an american astronaut. The next 50 years have the potential to be even more sequence rble. Consequential. More than the last. That is why im glad to be engaged with Ranking Member kyrsten sinema, Ranking Member continue to lay out a bold visionary agenda for nasa and manned Space Exploration, so that america continues to lead the world in exploring space and exploring the great frontiers above us. With that, i recognize senator sinema. Thank you chairman cruz. As we approach the 50th anniversary of apollo 11, it is time we look back at our countrys accomplishments in space. It is also important for us to look ahead at new strategies and technologies that will maintain the u. S. Leadership in space, grow the economy, and strengthen our countrys security. Thank you dr. Darden, dr. Ittmar for joining us today. In 1961 when president kennedy announced the amount ambitious goal for our country to send americans to the moon, we did not anticipate the lasting impacts the mission would have on our nation. At the time, we did not have capabilities or know what was needed for mission success. Apollo 11 showed us what our country and nasa are capable of. It demonstrated to the world thats the United States is the leader in space and chartered the expiration path we continue on today. The most impressive part is that we developed technologies and prepared for the mission on u. S. Soil. My home state of arizona played a critical role. The Data Collected from the Lowell Observatory in flagstaff, arizona was used to ake maps of the moons surface before the mission. The apollo astronauts often spent time in Northern Arizona preparing for the mission. They hiked the grand canyon to learn about geology and visited Meteor Crater to get an up close look at what they would encounter them in. During a test of the first generation spacesuits at sunset crater, also in arizona, nasa learned the suits were not thick enough to withstand damage from rocks, forcing a redesign. The most significant training was done at a lake outside flagstaff. Scientists of the u. S. Geological survey developed a 500 squarefoot lunar environment, including 47 craters, to test rovers, hand tools and scientific instruments. These efforts show what we can do as a country when faced with a challenge and be successful and achieving our goals. National political support, robust funding, and innovation meet president kennedys goal a reality on july 20, 1969. As we enter the next phase of space expiration return to the moon, when you to continue to utilize american expertise and ingenuity. Then we need to work closely with our research universities, like the university of arizona and Arizona State university, that provide leadership and do important work in these areas. I am looking forward to Holding Hearing on University Partnerships this year in this subcommittee. The United States has made significant technological advances since 1969. And we have a better idea of what is needed to explore space. We still face many challenges. Our workforce is aging and we have not sent humans to space on a nasa spacecraft in eight years. We must evaluate the use of taxpayer dollars to achieve our goals and maintain our leadership in space. Thank you again to all of our witnesses. I very much look forward to your testimony today. Thank you, mr. Chairman. I yield back. Thank you. I would now like to introduce our distinguished panel of witnesses. The first witnesses mr. Jean krantz, who is a retired nasa flight director and fighter pilot. In 1994, after 37 years of legendary federal service, mr. Krantz retired from nasa. After college, mr. Krantz worked as a flight test engineer for mcdonald aircraft, eveloping the quail decoy issile for 352 and be 47 aircraft. Joined the krantz Nasa Space Task Group at langley virginia and was assigned the position of assistant like director for project mercury. He assumed flight director duties for all project Gemini Missions and was wrenched chief for Flight Control operations. He was selected as division chief for Flight Control in 1968. He continues his duty duties as a flight director for the apollo 11 Lunar Landing before taking over the leadership of the apollo 13 tiger team. He was discharged from the air force reserves as a captain in 1972. Mr. Krantz has received many awards and honors, including the president ial medal of freedom, which you received from president nixon for the apollo 13 mission. And designation as a distinguished member of the Senior Executive service by by president reagan. Mr. Krantz received a bachelor of science degree in aeronautical engineering from Parks College up st. Louis university. Our second witness is dr. Christine darden. It is good to see you again. 47 darden spent an steamed years at nasa, becoming one of the worlds experts on sonic boom minimization and supersonic wing design. During her career, she was appointed as the technical leader of nasas Sonic Boom Group of the Vehicle Integration branch of the highspeed research program, where she was responsible for developing the Sonic Boom Research Program internally at nasa. N 1999, she was appointed as the director in the Program Management office of the aerospace performing center, where she was responsible for Langley Research in air Traffic Management and other aeronautics programs, managed at other nasa centers. Dr. Darden also served as a technical consultant on numerous government and private projects. She is the author of more than 50 publications in the field of and ift, wing design supersonic flow, flap design, sonic boom prediction, and sonic boom minimization. She earned a bachelor of science degree in Mathematics Education from hampton institute, a masters of science degree in applied mathematics, from Virginia State college, and a phd in Mechanical Engineering from George Washington diversity. Our third witness is dr. Marilyn dittmar, who is the president and ceo of the coalition for deep Space Exploration. A 25year veteran of the base industry, dr. Dittmar assumed leadership of the coalition in 2015. Prior to joining the coalition from 2012 through 2014, she served as a member of the National ResearchCouncil Committee on human spaceflight. Prior to that, she acted as a special advisor to the Nasa Astronaut Office before her appointment as boeing chief scientist for commercial utilization of the i. S. S. Dr. Dittmar coordinated r d managed Flight Operations for the boeing company on the interNational Space station program. Dr. Dittmar is a fellow of the National Research society and an associate fellow of the American Institute for astronautics and aeronautics. Additionally, in june 2018, she was appointed to the Users Advisory Group of the National Space council. In october that year, she was appointed by the secretary of the department of transportation to the commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee of the faa. Our fourth witness is mr. Homer hickman. He is best known for his memoir rocket boys about his West Virginia boyhood building model rockets. The book was subsequently made into the film october sky. Mr. Hickam is a vietnam veteran f the Fourth Infantry Division and a 30year careerist with the Army Missile Command and nasa. He trained astronauts on such missions as space, and the Hubble Space Telescope repair mission. He rounded out his career by negotiating with the russians on how to train crews on the interNational Space station. Besides his career as a writer, mr. Hickam presently is chairman of the board of the u. S. Space and Rocket Center in huntsville, alabama. Mr. Hickam received a bachelor of science degree in Industrial Engineering from virginia tech. Our final witness is mr. Eric tormer, the president of the commercial Spaceflight Federation, also known as csf. Cff is the largest trade organization dedicated to promoting the universal spaceflight, pursuing ever higher levels of safety and sharing best practices and expertise throughout the industry. Before working at csf, mr. Stormer served as Vice President of government elations at analytical raphics inc. Agi. Mr. Stormer joined agi in 2002. While there, he oversaw all washington operations and represented the commercial offtheshelf products and technology to defense, ntelligence, civil governments and other sectors in the aerospace industry. For more than two decades, mr. Sommer has served as an officer in the United States army and army reserves. Is currently assigned to the pentagon and the office of the deputy chief of staff army for mr. Sommer earned a master of arts degree in Public Administration from George Mason University and a bachelor of arts degree in Political Science and history from Mount Saint Mary college. Welcome to each of you. Mr. Krantz, you may begin. Would you please turn your ic on . I had a green button and now it is red. Normally, green means go. I have to say i never imagined i would give you technical advice. [laughter] i will start over. Acting member senator sinema, and members of the subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to discuss nasas early and future Human Spaceflight Programs. This is an exciting time for me and nasa and the base industry. As we celebrate one of our nations greatest technological achievements. Landing two american astronauts on the moon and returning them safely to earth on the apollo 11 mission. I was fortunate to be a part of that team for that endeavor. Going up, i could have never imagined i would serve in such a role. As a young boy, all he wanted to do was fly. On becoming an aviator, i learned and received an appointment to the u. S. Naval academy. Unfortunately, i failed the entrance physical. I believed my dream was gone. I obtained a loan and attended Parks College at st. Louis university and earned a degree in aeronautical engineering and i received an air force rotc ommission. After time in korea as a fighter pilot, i elected to reserve status in 1958. I was assigned a Flight Engineer on the b 52 program. At completion of the Flight Test Program i applied to nasa. I was selected to join the b52 rogram at langley in 1960. On the mercury mission, i served on a craft as the assistant flight director. Having never met him before, our initial introduction was short and to the point. He tapped me on the shoulder said i am chriscraft, you work for me. I want you to go down to the cape, write some mission rules, when you are ready, give me a call and i will come down and watch. That was two weeks on the job. As Space Missions became more challenging and the stakes higher, we grew with an incredibly capable team. During this period, we developed a set of values we called them the foundations which guided our operations for the past 50 years and still apply to our work today. For the past several weeks, i have done dozens of interviews for local and national media. A number of reporters have questioned should we go back to the moon . Should we go to mars directly and skip the moon . Can we do it again . Why have we not done it already . All good questions. Should be go back to the moon . The answer is simply, yes, no question. There are tremendous opportunities. The Lunar Missions would provide art space industry and in developing the new capabilities and technologies for spaceflight missions to the moon and beyond. My answer can we do it again and why have we not done it already is much more complex. That is really why i am here today, to offer some perspective based on my experience as a leader of one of the spaceflight teams which accomplish president kennedys 1961 mandate. To land an american on the moon and return him safely to earth. The 1960s were not dissimilar to where our nation is today. President kennedy face a confident soviet union and a competition with the peoples republic of china. We were at the beginning of the vietnam war and the domestic turmoil over civil rights was building. Yet, kennedy pops goal was timely and masterful. Utilizing the challenge of Space Exploration to unify our nation, and demonstrate the technical capabilities of the United States. Today, we have the same issues. One critical important element is missing. Kennedys mandate was the impetus. There was a National Unity that assured our success. I believe that today, in our country, unity is necessary for great effort and is lacking in our country, our government, and in the space industry. We have an administration that is strongly supportive of space and is willing to provide the resources. We have an agency charted to do the mission. The top level leadership is in place and there is a capable workforce, but each of the segments are philosophically divided on the goal. There is infinitely more technological capability than in the other programs. But there is a lack of focus and prioritization. I believe thats the general support for space and the desire to see our nation continue to explore, but without unity, the Space Exploration program will be grounded. To answer the question, what made apollo successful . It was leadership, unity and the team. The mercury and gemini programs provided the knowledge, experience and environment. It developed the teams and the technologies and provided the Training Ground for Time Critical and complex high risk leadership. The three elements of the Space Task Force were incredible. They created a unique organizational energy. There was classical aeronautical engineering. From the Langley Research center. We had a team of flight test personnel from canada. We had knowledgeable and energetic young recruits from americas colleges. We had a programwide unity that was focused on a singular objective space and the moon. As the programs evolved, we became facetoface with various challenges and failures. We began to solidify our teams values. Our values were simple discipline, competence, confidence, responsibility, eamwork. Toughness entered our vocabulary and it was learned the hard way after the apollo one fire and the loss of the crew. Toughness meaning we were forever accountable for the actions of what we do. In the case of apollo 1, what we failed to do. The leadership inherited from langley and the groups developed organizations with leadership at all segments at every level. There were individuals capable of taking leaderlike actions to make their pieces work. Leaders with confidence in their abilities to send word back up the line that designs, plans and policies needed amendment or reversal. Our mission, one team and one voice was present in every aspect of our work. From the formation of the space task group, through subsequent programs. The three primary elements that contributed to the success of the Apollo Program are well documented. There is a nasa special publication 287, with spacecraft hardware that is reliable. Flight missions extremely well planned and executed. And flight crews superbly trained and skilled. Most pertinent, however, was to System Design is related to safety. Nasa has six decades of manned space fight. It has written numerous papers related to design criteria, materials, tolerance, testing, and many other space System Designs. With gemini and subsequent programs, the safety engineers, design engineers, and my personnel work embedded in the space System Design and change control process from the very beginning of program initiation. This assured timely inputs to the System Design testing and development of the flight procedures and rules and plans. And correct configuration of the Mission Facilities and trainers. It is essential in todays current programs that nasa has the insight necessary to ensure safe and successful design for tests and operations. With emphasis on concurrent engineering and reinventing nasa, we must ensure that individual responsibility is not forever lost. For all of nasas programs, we must have individuals accountable for design, development and operations. The world has changed dramatically since apollo and the Space Programs since my retirement, but constant essentials for success are unchanged. Leadership, unity and teamwork. I thank you for the opportunity to testify and they look forward to answering your questions. Thank you, mr. Krantz. Dr. Darden. Mr. Chairman, members of the Senate Commerce committee and members of the subcommittee on aviation and space, i am very honored to be present today to participate in your committee hearings. I am here as a child of the space race. On october 5, 1957, i vividly ecall the headline about sputnik as i took the newspaper into my high school library. I also vividly remember may 1961 when my inventory halls were filled with screams about the challenge that Resident John kennedy had just issued about landing a man on the moon and safely bringing him back before the end of the decade. Where have you been . It is the response to that challenge with apollo that makes nasa and all of us so very proud. At the time, nasa Langley Research center had existed as that national Advisory Committee for aeronautics, nac naca laboratory for 40 years and had spent countless hours thinking about how to leverage our aeronautics expertise to address the challenges of space fight. Nasa langley had begun project mercury and trained the seven mercury astronauts to fly in space. As preparation for apollo, the gemini program, it focused on rendezvous docking, and long term spaceflight. The Apollo Program captured the worlds attention and demonstrated the power of americas vision and technology o inspire great achievement. On july 16, 1969, though it was nasa Space Centers that were visible to the public as the saturn five set poised for liftoff, many workers from the research centers, like langley, were several years removed from the simulators that they built for training the astronauts. The wind tunnel tests they did. That is where i worked. This test validated the spacecraft configuration, and etermined the reentry safety. Apollo was in their heart. Apollo is supported by this country. After 11. 5 years, apollo ended having spent a record 23. 5 billion. Having placed on the moon and safely returned 12 men and having inspired thousands of young engineers and space enthusiasts like myself. Sadly, after apollo ended, there was a decline in the number of American Students getting higher degrees in these areas. Where do we go from here . Nasa is now poised to return american astronauts to the lunar surface by 2024. As part of our broader moontomars exploration. Artemis is the exploration approved technologies, capabilities. Artemis. Through it nasa will establish a sustainable human presence on the moon by 2028. Inspiring the aartemis generation. Certainly, one of the necessary needs as we go forward is the development and preparation of a strong and energetic and committed workforce such as we have for mercury, gemini and pollo. A thriving visible Artemis Program will do much to inspire the next eneration. I saw the were being done it nasa result in you are strong walking on and safely returning from the moon. After apollo, i spent 25 years working in supersonic aerodynamics and minimizing the sonic boom. When i retired from nasa, two young ladies came to my party and stated that he was because of my sharing my story of how i got to nasa, and what i did at nasa, that inspired them to become engineers at nasa. I have over the past two years spoken to thousands of students about following their dreams, about preparing themselves, and persevering. Hoping that they too will be inspired to join the likes of an apollo generation to push the boundaries of knowledge. They will pursue Ground Breaking research to understand how to live and work on another lanet. Since retiring from nasa, i have remained an advocate for the agency. I will work in aeronautics and exploration. I wish to thank the Committee Members for your continued support of nasa and for the important work you are doing to pass nasas authorization bill through congress. Nasa really needs an authorization bill that supports our nations plans for he Artemis Program and the overall approach for moon and mars. In summary, this lunar destination is promoting sustainability, approving ground proving ground for mars, a strategic presence for our nation and a foundation for Building International and commercial partnerships while also inspiring the next generation to be prepared for the exime and groundbreaking opportunities. I thank you very much. Thank you, dr. Darden. Dr. Dittmar. Chairman cruz, Ranking Member senator sinema, members of the subcommittee. Thank you for the invitation to appear before you for such an extraordinary and distinguished panel on the topic of todays hearing. Ranking member sinema. Nation readiness was the driving force of the effort. To achieve the mission, certain capabilities needed to be developed. These included standing up the human Spaceflight Organization capable of developing a super heavy lift vehicle, a crew capsule, ground systems, crew systems, and related equipment. The entire operation concept in the Organization CalledMission Control had to be invented. I will defer to mr. Krantz. The overarching goal however was the geopolitical one. The Apollo Program had the means to achieve it. It evolved over 400,000 americans at the cost of 300 billion in adjusted dollars for the entire program. Esident kennedys challenge was fulfilled between july 16 and july 24, 1969 with eight Lunar Landing on july 20, 50 years ago. With regard to the call today, the primary objective of the Human Spaceflight Program is to a modern crew vehicle and groundbased infrastructure to support those missions. The systems respectively, these assets of the Foundation Upon humannational goals and deep space expiration will rest in the foreseeable future. Lead timelong National Assets sustained as a guarantee against economic downturn, policy shifted a message to the global community. Program seeking to align National Objectives with those commercial enterprises and global collaborators in the human exploration of deep space. The momentum established by the Current Administration is a welcome one, but as report after report has shown, nasa is asked to do too much with too little. Acceleration must be balanced with Mission Assurance and safety. Forward momentum much must be matched with significant investment. The administrations proposed 1. 6 billion to begin the process of accelerating the program. The administrators estimate estimated it will take between four to 6 billion per year over current levels. While funding increases are always a blood culture challenge, it is worth noting the benefits of 10 times that amount in adjusted dollars invested in the program are evident to all and form a foundation for the National Effort and the growing entrepreneurial sector. , i have been on crutches for the last 2. 5 years as a result of the connective tissue disorder and during the launch and landing of apollo 11, i was in town going through my fourth surgery. I stand before you without technologying developed at the Space Program. So for me this is deeply personal. Nasa plans to achieve architectural flexibility by constructing a station is the gateway in partnership with industry and international partners. Gateway simplifies our ability to including dissent and other vehicles for transportation of humans to the surface. Longer missions make it easier to conduct lunar operations over time. Entrepreneurial firms are teeming with investors and established companies to build technology for infrastructure on the moon. The moon has been called the Rosetta Stone of the solar system with evidence locked within it already telling a great deal about the system. We have explored only 5 of the surface. There is more to learn. Gateway is the next logical step in developing a command and logistics capability that is extendable not just of the moon but towards mars. The gateway is a prototype, and evolution of Lessons Learned over the last 50 years in particular from the interNational Space station to create habitable systems to support human life and work in deep space. The moon is an important steppingstone. What we learn there will not only create opportunities but it will open new discoveries and knowledge that will help us as we look towards mars. The moon is not an end goal, it is a beginning. The next step enabling the migration of technology, industry and humanity itself off the earth into the solar system at a scale that is no longer constrained by a single planet. Thank you for your time and attention. I look forward 20 any questions you have. Good afternoon chairman cruz, king member sinema and what homer is going to say now firmly i believe most that our destiny lies at the moon. We need to go back to the moon, we need to put an anchor there and from that, develop the moon commercially and scientifically. Of of the stories left out the movie october sky was the fact that i met senator john f. Kennedy when he was running for president in the West Virginia primary that he had to win. Since i was a rocket boy headed for the National Science fair, he asked me what we should do in space and i answered senator kennedy, i looked around at the bow hunters in the crowd and said i think we should go to the mine the thing. All the coal miners laughed and cheered. He said elect me president and maybe we will. Books,cently, one of my Vice President pence told me thats one of his favorite books. We talked at length and extensively about that. The next thing i knew he was down in huntsville, alabama at space camp saying we are going back to the moon by 2024. So im in the unique position of being able to take credit for the apollo [laughter] and the artemis Space Program. I really do advocate going back to the moon. There is a lot of work to do there. There is decades of work yet to be done. Where was i when apollo 11 landed . I was in the hospital ward in washington with veterans as a Fourth Infantry Division and we watched apollo land. At that point even though my mind had been occupied a great deal by vietnam and all of that i really i realized want to do work for nasa. I was going to make that happen. I got toe a while, work for nasa and i loved it. I woke up every morning and said to myself this is great, i get to go work for nasa today. Its a tremendous agency and i loved it. Here we are and what are we going to do . Mark twain said god looks after fools, drunks in the United States of america. That was never more apt than the way our Space Program has evolved. Modern american industry is moving forward with space in an astonishing in an astonishing way. They are able to come up with new designs to be more timely and much create much less expensive ways to get into space. They are even beating out Space Programs around the world like china. We have every right to be proud of that. Why are they able to do that . The number of parallel forces that include modern computer systems, new manufacturing techniques and along other parallel lines we see a demand for clean and abundant energy, and awareness earth is in danger of being permanently polluted and the gradual development that seeks to put mankind in contact with the universe. All engineers know, parallel lines never intersect until they do. I justarallel lines mentioned intersect primarily at one place, are moon. The small planet that circles us, our eighth continent torn from the earth a millennia ago. This was given to us by the benevolent hand of creation that all the elements needed to go back to the moon and set up shop and come to us to utilize its mineral well and discover all that is there this includes the possibility of evidence of life. We have never looked at a single water molecule from space, we are going to find a lot of water ice on the moon and in their might be evidence of life because the earth and luna have been sharing dna for millions of years because of meteors and asteroids. Sort of gods little Space Program. It did not work for the dinosaurs but it may work for us. I say so with this proviso. What we do on luna must make sense to the American People both economically and philosophically and should be designed in a way that it may cost the peoples money to place an anchor there, but not so forever. In order to sustain our presence. The riches on the moon, Rare Minerals should be gathered to boost our economy and put money in the pocket of this of all americans. Our citizens should be assured that it based on the moon should make this country stronger and safer. Thent really much care who next professional astronaut on the moon is, what i care about, who is the next american plumber, electrician, construction worker and bluecollar worker on the moon because when that happens, we know we are finally a space bearing nation. Thank you. Sen. Cruz thank you and when you invoked the twain quote about fools and trunks, i assume most people at home just assumed you were talking about the United States congress. [laughter] i have a tough act to follow. Homer was there to inspire the Apollo Program, i wasnt even born for apollo 11. You raise the bar quite a bit. Thank you for inviting the commercial Spaceflight Federation today to discuss how Rapid Advances by u. S. Commercial space industry to help nasa truly honor the apollo legacy are leading humanity into the solar system further and faster. In the past two years, nasa has crystallized ambition its ambitious agenda, establish a longterm presence on the surface of the moon and send humans to mars. These goals are all linked together and collectively they will enable an expansion of our civilization in the solar system. There is the breath of this vision of space as a frontier for all that makes the recent emergence of a strong u. S. Commercial spaceflight industry so uniquely valuable. It did not just happen overnight. Hastwo decades, nasa fostered the development and increasing success of this industry, sharing technologies and expertise, coinvesting in innovation and using purchasing power to serve as an initial customer. Those steps have enabled private companies to develop, own and operate the room their own hardware. These efforts were established in nasas mandate to seek and encourage to the maximum extent possible the fullest commercial use of space as well as a Bipartisan Legislation and administrative policies under democratic and republican president s. Years,st the past two space policy directives 12 and three have strengthened this partnership between government and industry and help remove barriers to industry growth. And under your leadership, this committee has worked to facilitate Industry Development by the space frontier act. We thank you. At the start of the spaceage, the United States established leadership in space with government funded and led expiration projects. When president kennedy propose sending an american to the moon, there were no alternatives to the all government strategy. Decades after apollo, the United States is enjoying a renee science in space written renaissance in space. The details are in my written testimony. But in summary, the u. S. Has stepped forward in every commercial space sector with more launches, more spacecraft pursuing old and new Space Applications benefiting more and more stakeholders on earth. So today as we seek to further place anower orbit, enduring american presence on the moon and send many brave pioneers to mars, policymakers like yourselves have newer more affordable and sustainable options than just repeating apollo. The ingredients of a successful strategy have proven themselves over and over in recent years. Operational element of returning to the moon and most of any affordable mars architecture should be purchased commercially or developed via partnership. For example, allowing the private sector to develop its own solution for the lunar gateway power proportion element , nasa was able to adjust have a fixed price bid that was less than the closest competitor. While science is appropriately a government led activity, basic engineering and infrastructure that supports it can be provided commercially with only the leading edge tools and instruments required by government for stewardship. Should specify clear highlevel outcome based requirements and allow entrepreneurs to innovate and create affordable basic capabilities to meet essentially all the operational needs. Nasa must pay for results, not effort. On all developmental programs, but the most esoteric technical challenges. Whenever possible, nasa should award multiple competitively chosen funded Space Act Agreements with commercial partners willing to put a private capital at their own risk. That leverage plus ongoing competition will replace any need for the costly micromanagement and bureaucracy of contracts. Competition allows for greater diversity in technical approaches and much lower Strategic Program risk. None of this will be easy. Commercializing lower orbit will be hard, human travel to the moon is hard. Staying there will be even harder. Mars will be harder still. With an even greater reward as we explore different planet and its moons. American industry is ready to help nasa chart in affordable and sustainable path to this challenging future. This month, it is natural to venerate the past, but we should also be proud of the great new things we are achieving today. And what we can do together tomorrow to build a True Partnership between government including congress and the American People and their enterprises. Chairman cruz, Ranking Member sinema, thank you for your invitation and i look forward to your questions. Sen. Cruz thank you to each of the witnesses for your testimony today. As we sit here today reflecting back on the last 50 years and the journey that america has traveled and that Space Exploration has traveled since that giant leap for mankind, i think it is also appropriate for us not to just look backwards, but look forward. And to ask what are the next 50 years what do the next 50 years hold . In the year 2069, perhaps our kids, grandkids will be participating in another hearing marking the 100 Year Anniversary of man landing on the moon. And so my first question i want to ask the panel is, in the next 50 years, what should we hope to accomplish in space . What should our objectives be . What should we be looking forward to . I think what is paramount is over the last 50 years, we could have and should have done a lot more. As young people to look at the apollo era 50 years ago and said we landed a man on the moon. In 1985, what are we going to do, what could we be doing and what happened is we havent really returned and i think we need to accelerate that, not think the 50 years, but the next 20 years and i think we have all of the ingredients to do it properly. I think this reinvigorated look to the moon, to the exploration, to setting out a base on the moon. What gateway will provide. In the future vision for what we can do with mars. I thing in the next 25 years, when a lot of these young people in this room behind me are comingofage that they will have the opportunity to live and work in space and develop new businesses that will help market rightpace now is a 650 billion industry. I agree will be a trillion dollar industry within a decade. We have to look at what of those ash what are those opportunities available and thats what excites me. From mynk for my standpoint we have an excellent plan written by tom payne probably the most widely distributed plan with participation from industry, commerce, academia and write down the line, it was called pioneering the space frontier. I think the key thing we have to do is establish a plan and stick with it. Since then had there have been at least three other plans. It was interesting that the gateway was discussed but never showed up in any of the subsequent plans. Goode question is there is work out there, what we have to do i think really, this administration should do is to really take a look at those plans that have been written and see what parts still are viable. What parts fit together because you are talking about a direction well beyond the moon, you are talking about a direction for the future and this plan was a 50 year plan. I think it is worthwhile to address. Sen. Cruz in your testimony you stated you dont see the same National Unity we saw in the 1960s that led to the successful Apollo Program. Can you elaborate on that and what we need to do to achieve that unity once again . I could talk for hours on this. I finished writing a book because i have addressed my perspective of the agency and our work in space since the time 60, through the first four decades. A fish i was trying to figure out while i was director of Missions Operation why we got such confusing change of plans, directions down the line. Eric cohen in the oral history describe the. Challenger is or is it time worse than chaos. He had been up at hickle it is really a question i go back into the leadership focus we need within the agency, but it starts at the very top and says this is what we are going to do. What i want you to do is give me a set of plans to complete that objective. I will work with you to pick the people but we need to find leadership, we ought to go to the government. In spaces growing up we had a very competitive industries, highly incredible aircraft and aerospace industry. Fromre able to get people aircraft to show us how to start a program and get it started. He was teaching us the business of Program Management. They were places where we learned the business from the professionals. I think the key thing is the future is there, a lot of plans are there. We have to establish which plan we are going to subscribe to and get on with it and then find the leaders to implement it. Sen. Cruz final question. In your judgment, what are the benefits to americans of returning to the moon and establishing a sustainable habitat on the moon . I was raised in a little town in West Virginia and in places basically they fueled the American Economy and civilization of this country. So what would i like to see in 50 years . See like to say families raised on the moon. I would like to see bluecollar workers, minors miners getting money in their pockets and crating a spacebased economy. The next billionaire is going to be from space. The way to make that happen is the moon. How can we make that happen . First went inr there, he went in the back of the mule. That mule, first he got off the and went offk that a road that was built and there he brought up about one million tons of coal. The governments responsibility in my opinion to do the same on the moon. We need to put an anchor on the moon. A place where people can go, companies can go, countries can go and from there they can branch out and develop on the moon and basically cause a real space economy to develop. Sen. Cruz im looking forward to seeing the spacesuit we can fit a mule into. Sinema my first question, both of you worked at nasa leading up to and during the Apollo Missions and can offer a unique perspective on how nasa achieved its ambitious goal in the 1960s. What lessons do you believe nasa current leadership and workforce can learn from your experience at nasa during the Apollo Missions as they prepare to return to the moon. When i went to nasa, we were two years away from walking on the moon. I think his comments about the leadership, the commitment and the background they had in working with the other programs, project mercury and gemini. I think all of those were personsof how these pulled together and were committed to making that a Successful Program and project. Theor my point i think mutual sharing of knowledge. When we first got in i didnt know anything about rockets or spacecraft but i could walk around, i could go down and talk to the booster people. I could go over to the safety people. There was so much to do and so much to learn that literally everybody spent the entire day telling everybody what they learned and vice versa. I think we have to reestablish this passion, the energy, the our organizations and i think this starts right at the top with leadership. I think somewhere along the lines, our leadership values have sort of been subtly changed. It might be generational to a great extent, i think the sonsation i came from, the and daughters of the greatest generation, i think they have ofhink we have to sort reconstitute what our nation is and what it stands for and what we expect from our people, what are the expectations we have. In Mission Control after the apollo one fire was disastrous. We sat down after we finished and wrote out the searing impression we had in such a fashion that we would never go through this again. We call it the foundation. Internet and i get requests for this every day. I see it was angry, passionate, except responsibility for the fire. The crew couldve called it off, i couldve called it off, nobody said stop it is not right. Twots a question we have really find the expectations that we have for ourselves and the organizations, people and leadership. What we have to do is put it in words. We need to establishing shared values that we are all working to. Gaos assessment at nasa did more than half of nasas workforce is over the age of 50 and 21 of nasas workforce is already eligible for retirement. Workforce challenges exist beyond nasa since the Shuttle Program ended in 2011, many of the commercial manufacturers and suppliers who had for decades supported Nasa Missions were left to close up shop and many of the skilled employees who worked as port nasa programs went and found work elsewhere. As the question is United States prepares again to send americans into space and return to the moon, do you believe the current workforce at nasa and its commercial partners can sufficiently support a longterm series of American Space leadership . In my written testimony i did address this to some extent but let me recap. Several studies that have looked at when people first become interested in going into aerospace and about 71 of it become interested while in grade school. The pressure you are describing with regards to people continuing to stay in the workforce longer does make it difficult for younger people to enter, at the same time however, there are two westerly based activities, computing, advanced Artificial Intelligence and those hightech firms actually have been attracting for some time some of the best and brightest. We situation we are facing, have an aging workforce, we have positions opening up but a lot of them are being competed for i other industries that are very attractive and so as a country i think its important we have to focus on making sure we continue to provide additional opportunities that that education is topnotch. The United States remains in the nationsird of other with regards to stem education, better the lower third but its not where we should be. So i think a National Focus on making sure our folks are prepared to go into this work, continuing development of jobs both through National Programs and commercial developments. I think its very important. We open up opportunities for people to come into that. We underfund science in this country to an external area extent, that has been noted in so i think forrs quite some time we have a lot of indications that we need to remain focused on this. I think aerospace and defense continue to inspire and i think the sooner we get back to the see, the more we will people in these industries. We need to make sure they have the basis to make it work. Years, the last 20 or 30 the face of the workforce hasnt ofnged much and people worked hard on that in aerospace. This is another issue that its a tough nut to crack. Its one lead to keep on working on. I see the little differently. I see nasa is really one of the marquee government agencies. I just traveled to europe and everywhere you go, people are wearing nasa logo teacher tshirts. Its a brand, its an inspirational brand. I understand the aging workforce issues. Why i say i see the little differently from the commercial companies represent, company like spacex and blue origin, they cant hire enough people. There is a line out the door for people who want to work for these type of companies. These innovative Cutting Edge Companies that are pushing the envelope in a fantastic way that is moving the needle for our industries. We also represent universities. There universities in arizona we represent. , andna State University you have a out there. The programs they are having, the innovative programs and the studies, the space studies programs they have are fantastic and they are preparing these students well to go into the workforce. I caution myself to tread lightly on this next issue, but there is an immigration problem we have or may be a visa problem. We are the most generous country in the world, we educate people from all over the world and we give them one of the finest educations, doctorates and Aerospace Engineers and we are so generous that we give them a diploma and a ticket home. Those of the people we want to keep. Some of the best and brightest instead of sending them back to china and india and elsewhere, lets keep those people. They can help the workforce and as mary lynn said, the diversity of the workforce, i think we are making efforts. Im not going to turn around and look, but i know that this week, there is a program called the Brooke Owens Fellowship Program that gets young women from across the country. Anyone from the Fellowship Program behind us or alumni . I think there are some here. They are all coming into town. Internships across the country and i think we are doing a better job of inspiring young women to go into the field from desh for math and science. We are not there yet but i think the effort is being made. I see a lot of the companies trying to advance that. Sen. Sinema thank you very much. As the chairman of the board of the space and Rocket Center, that includes the space camp and Space Academy. We have ake to add shadow space Workforce Program there. We trained hundreds of thousands 11young people, including astronauts come all women by the way. So far. That program down there completely selffunded and is doing a remarkable job of getting young men and women interested in stem. Sen. Sinema thank you. Sen. Cruz thank you, senator cap. Sen. Captio capito we had john mcbride was a commander on the shuttle and catherine johnson. And then homer as well. I just had the honor of dedicating, renaming the nasa center in fairmont, West Virginia in honor of catherine johnson. I had heard some concern today about the next generation, but we had about 250 to 300 people and by far the greatest majority of them were younger people that were so excited to see. And its a crosssection of buta and the book and desh to recognize her integrated, cements over her lifetime. Becausecook was there roy was waiting for you. He is doing well. The other thing we learned on the artemis that was a lot of discussion about the project because the administrator was there and did a great job to inform everybody. This is just people dont know about this. They do we are not tuned into it but i had never heard artemis until i walked into that dedication later in the day and it talked about the sustainability of the mission and how we are going to have a longterm presence in and around the moon and i said of course we are because it will be the first one where a woman is going to go to the moon and we will sustain it for you guys, so dont worry about it. Also evon was there and she was yvonne was there and she expressed a desire to go to mars. I said why do you want to go to mars come why do you really want to go . She said i really want to see the effect it has on my body. She was curious about the science of what it would have on her own body and is willing to do this for her and for the country to the advance of science. In the back of the room is a robotics was a Robotics Team and it was interesting because in the Robotics Team, they all had mentors who were either a parent or someone who did Something Else and did this in their free time. , i think about homer and your book and the emphasis you had on your teachers and everything and i thought why arent we incorporating more of this into the regular curriculums of our schools so that the teachers are there, mentors are great, but they are volunteers and its tough for them. They have another job and other family responsibilities. I would like to ask if you can talk about the influence of your teacher and your mentors on you and your investment in science and how you see that now in the context of what we want to do in the future. Of course one of the major elements i wrote about was our teachers, especially one teacher , our miss riley who was our science teacher, who so influenced us, who brought us a book that was called principles of guided missile design when we were trying to figure out how to build rockets and i later saw that book in a phd program for rocket science, required a working knowledge of calculus and differential equations. I was having trouble with algebra. She and other inspiring teachers right there in West Virginia were Pretty Amazing and they raised a generation of coal miners to get out into do some pretty great things. Hadme especially, but we captains of industry that came beforetheir in that era the coal industry ran into problems. Is and i look at it now try to support that again is the Rocket Center, space camp and Space Academy. Aerospaceand other companies send and pay for teachers to come to space camp and i make a special room on my calendar to talk to those teachers when they come in and my goodness they are so enthusiastic about the Space Program. Person atch a young space camp and Space Academy and they will have all of this knowledge, but if you teach a teacher, my goodness you think of the hundreds and thousands of students that they then are able to pass their knowledge along in the enthusiasm for the Space Program. We must never forget our teachers, god bless them all. Sen. Cruz thank you. Senator gardner. Thank you for hosting this hearing. A pretty incredible panel for a kid who grew up on the Eastern Plains of colorado and wanted to be an astronaut. I failed miserably at that. But i will never forget the letters i wrote to nasa and the pictures i got back from nasa. Is a reason people wrote books about you and made movies about you, that you are featured in our culture and their ideas and societies because the impact you have had on kids like me. Turn around and look at the young people in this room, look at them all. Razor hand if youve been inspired by the work that anyone of these people have done on the panel . Raise your hand if you want to lead better lives because of the people on this panel. This is what it is about. You didnt just change the 1960s, you change the world. With an impact that will last forever. All ive done is given you a book, you have to have the courage to find out whats inside of it. The commenter teacher made is so powerful, thank you for being here, thank you for the work you have done and i hope as we look at things like the rising above the gathering storm and the america competes bill, the work we will continue to do to rise above the storm that often is washington will make every single one of the people who raise their hands in this auditorium and Committee Room proud. The day that somebody else lands on mars and not the United States, the day that somebody else creates the next Better Internet or algorithm is the day those jobs and those ideas, those teachers and people go somewhere else. The power of that innovation, the power that thought is no longer here. We have to maintain that incredible power that is the United States. Butthe military prowess, the power of the people sitting before this committee. What is in your head, the knowledge you have that you have given to this country. Thank you for the work that you continue to do to inspire, to dream, to create. Because you have made this country a great place. Thanks. Thats all i have. You senatorhank gardner and thank you for pointing out the young people here and all of us who are inspired. Darden i wanted to make desh ask a followup question. Now nasa headquarters is on a street named after you and named after your colleagues and fellow pioneers and as you and i discussed then, im particularly inspired because like you, my mom was a mathematician, who became a Computer Programmer in the 19 1950s and 60s. Theworked on computing coordinates of sputnik. When i went to see Hidden Figures i took my mom, my wife and both my daughters and afterwards i was talking with my girls and telling them that their grandmother had been doing much the same as you were doing and your colleagues and i asked my mother how accurate was the movie in terms of what it was like to be a woman and a mathematician in the 1960s or in her case, starting in the 50s. And her reaction was she thought it was quite accurate and i said thingsthe otter odder seeing and listening to it was seeing people called computers. We think of it is a hunk of metal on the desk and my mother began laughing and she said when she came out of rice in 1956 and went to work at shell, her first job title was computer. And so i would just ask you if you could tell this committee what it was like to be a human computer . Drive theing incredible success of nasa all these years. Arden we worked with great people. I would say to you and its a confession, i did not like being called a computer. [laughter] darden the support work that we did. I could program when we got there. The support program is very great, i think what really inspired me is to know the work will the work that i was doing, what they were doing to the real world. How they were evaluating the wind tunnels there such that when we use that data to go fly, everything was correct. So that really inspired me and when i worked with wonderful when i so that is went there as a data analyst but soon after about the time the Apollo Program ended i was asking to be switched to an abouter and i switched at a year after supersonic flight across the continental United States had been banned by law. So that became my life after and lived itt that for 25 years. Still hoping the airplane that Lockheed Martin builds will be able to have us get rid of that law and we can have supersonic flight in the country. So it was great. Certainly when apollo was going up and everything, it was just fantastic to see these things happening in our lives and my vision for the space in a few years is that we can actually start operating in space likely operating airplanes on earth. Ofctually dream of that kind mobility within space. Sen. Cruz i look forward to that. Testimony, you mentioned since 2000, investors are supported threeheaded 75s private Space Companies with nearly 19 billion in private capital. Like you i think that is a wonderful development. Expandingat is key to into space at the level we need to. You, if you have questions if you thoughts come what should we be doing to turn that 19 billion to increase it tenfold and then one hundredfold to get the resources invested that will be needed to go to the moon and build a habitat and go to mars and go to explorend explore and space . Stallmer i think its critical that investors see the government is a partner and not an adversary. Partnershipe that stability of working with these various government agencies, it provides a sense of assurance i think for investors. There are a lot of investors out there not just in the u. S. , but around the world. That came last year alone. Investors that have invested in Space Companies in the last two years. There is money out there. They want to see the stability of the government. I think what the senate has done with your committee and the bipartisanship of your committee working together has been a real think for many to see, i the president upon enthusiasm on the Space Program with the creation of the National Space council, the you ag which we all serve on and the passion that we that reinvigorated passion for the Space Program i think spends a great message to investors and the regulatory environment. This was highlighted in the space frontier act. How do we streamline this environment to make it more accessible and streamlined to access space . A lot of the rules and regulations we are under i think the current regime, you go back to the 80s where there was a where there was not a commercial space industry. So how do we adapt to that . I think our committee ask your committee has done a fantastic job. Ill agree with everything eric said. In my testimony i made some references to essentially how we go forward with the government acquisition process, when you a very long programs that take a , using acquisition processes under these make sense although accountability should not be lost. I think the nation needs to have a conversation about what are the goals with regards to developing and how it is you want to talk about it. Right now that has been left with nasa but i think there is reasonable questions to be asked when you talk about Economic Development. Nasa is not an economic developer and agency. Outs it recently rolled some commercial development seventh, doesthe all that belong in nasas hands . Does it make sense to get other including ngos to look at this . This is significant. Were talking about doing Economic Development off the earth. We are not so hot at it down 20 or 30 years and we dont have the certain barriers we have. I think there needs to be a serious conversation in congress and other places about how do we really feel about doing this and how much investment do we want to make and what kind of investment. There are lots of means to talk about Economic Development. Sen. Cruz thank you very much and let me thank each of the witnesses for their helpful and productive testimony. Thank you for being here, thank you for your careers and lifetimes that has inspired so. Any young girls and young boys the hearing record will remain open for two weeks, closing on july 23. Senators are asked to submit any questions to the record and upon receipt, the witnesses are requested to submit their written answers to the committee as soon as possible. With that, the hearing is adjourned. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [indistinct conversations] announcer this month marks the 50th anniversary of apollo 11, lands first landing on the moon. In you poll shows there are still widespread interest in the event. New armstrong and buzz aldrin both continue to enjoy broad name recognition, greater even than more recent famous astronauts like sally ryan and mark kelly. And nearly threequarters of americans said he actually watched the event live on tv or solve for this later. But theres also little interest to return to the moon. We spoke with florida today space reporter about the findings. I think the headline really is that Americans Still support aa. S. A. Overwhelmingly, have positive and favorable view of nasa, but very few really think that a return to a manned mission to the moon is a highpriority. Does that number surprise you, on 8 of americans say a man on the moon mission should be a top priority . It feels surprisingly low especially on the eighth of the apollo 11 anniversary. Especially considering that only months ago, the Trump Administration charged n. A. S. A. With returning to the moon within five years, so theres a lot of talk, a lot of press about this excitement in this new mission, yet polls are still coming out showing very little in terms of support. What was interesting about the polls is when they phrased the question, in the presence of the competition, somewhat similar to what we had going on during the apollo era, the space race between the United States in russia, when it is presented that way now, as a space race between china or israel, support shoots up to 49 . Get ourkind of thinking flowing. Ve juices and we also have the apollo era competition spirit happening, but not right now. Announcer you can find all the results at cspan. Org including the findings on americans attitudes toward space force and the privatization of Space Exploration. Newsmakers, the n. A. S. A. Administrator discusses the up about 11 when lending 50 years to the u. S. sad plans to return to the moon, and the goal of developing a space force. Newsmakers, today on cspan. , former new York City Police of Deputy Inspector talks about his book whats a cop . I grew up in welfare, a family of six, five girls and myself. Book,ironic that in my theres a picture of me in the fifth grade and im sitting indian style in the Front Holding my feet, because i didnt want my socks to get wet. I had a rough upbringing. Got involved in the streets i made some friends and they were selling drugs, so that was the thing to do. Announcer tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on q a. Now, democratic president ial ofdidate senator cory booker new jersey talk to voters at a house party in exeter, new hampshire. This is about 90 minutes. [applause] hello, exeter, how are we doing . Everybody doing good . I am relatively new to politics and i won the seat, district 23, which includes exeter, by about 100 votes. I want to thank senator cory booker. Had the saying that i would like to share with you. He would often drill us as a little kid and he would say, john, just remember, you got to leave the wood pile just a