What does it actually mean. This panel is the son of prevention. People working every day to prevent the kind of violent extremism we want to prevent around the world. They are doing it in innovative ways. Let me tell you who we have here. This is the youth panel. In nigeria, even into your 40s, you are counted as youth. I am in that panel as well. [laughter] next to him is the director of phd. V h and a we are eager to hear your perspectives. Obama foundations dollar and cofounder of the arts initiative. His from south sudan. But nowthis initiative you are based in chicago doing a degree there. Welcome as well. The cofounder and board member of crown the woman south sudan. Two members of the south sudan agencies. Since we have two of you from south sudan, maybe we can start their. We were given a Tour De Force and south sudan could be on that list. There is peace at the moment and a deal coming to the new government in february but there was six years of war and nearly half the country is displaced. When you hear us use words like vernons and prevention here in thosegton, d. C. , what do words mean . Think for the thank you for the opportunity. Sudan, those are very sudan forink 4s south sudan, we are working out those words for governance and to have prevention. I dont know if prevention is the right word. A context of a country that was given birth as an insult of decades of conflict. Understand. We no nothing but violence and war and we believe that if i react violently is the best way can be understood. It is difficult to grab the concept of what it means to live in peace. We are still signing Peace Agreements. We just revitalized one last year and has extended the period twice in an attempt to form a Transitional Government to have a taste of what its like to have a Leadership Structure that is functional in place. What that means is it still takes us back to the decades warlords country had being transferred or translated to peacemakers. You have agreements being signed based on a number of People Killed or the number of people you have displaced comes your leverage at the become short leverage at the negotiation table. The only way you get to be heard is the amount of guns that you have in the amount of atrocities have committed. We are trying to transform our country by using the same people that caused the problem to try and solve the problem. It is clearly not going so well for us as a country. We are figuring out what it means to have Good Governance. I would say that is the context we speak of fragility and we have no distinction between independent institutions because Everything Else is militarized. That makes prevention efforts extremely difficult, especially for people who come from and trying tods use nonviolent actions to settle conflict but speaking to people who only understand violent means of resolving a conflict. When we talk about countering violent extremism, people have thoughts about what that might include. You work in an arts collective. Why do you do that and how does that connect to the work of countering violent extremism. Thank you. Initially asked what do we understand about governance and prevention and south sudan. The word we understand most in south sudan is violence, because that is what we have been subjected to. Date, we hado stability for only two years. Us, understanding what governance means, you get to the idea of democracy of freedom of expression and respect of the rule of. That is some of the things our country lacks. It is more an militarization. Have not really politicians in our country. We have military generals running the country in more of a military way. It is a coal mine. These people have created an thatof Coalition Building kept them in that position. It is not easy to break through the barriers. Are using with before 2013 and after 2013, people were at a point where we were just watching with lined eyes and not seeing we were seen but not saying anything. You cant say anything. And then you sit back because there is so much repression you get into when you speak to issues happening within the country, especially when you get to an idea of a lucian and having things to do with youth involvement and women involvement in political spaces feel wecannot feel there should be new leaders. If you reflect back on some of , theyatements back then had this generation that was it was saidarmy and that it is now the destruction of sudan is that we will destroy the old sudan and the young generation will fix a new sedan. If you try to remind them what. S fix a new sudan if you try to remind them what is it is dangerous. Remember those jailed for talking. He was taken in for just speaking out and giving ways of the leadership. The operations we used as an initiative, we felt that when you speak alone on the right ideas and getting into spaces ands talking, you get in trouble. We came up with a creative way to get people into discussion and to be able to bring up new ideas and bring together this energetic young people with Creative Ideas on how they would want to look at an ideal country they want to live in. Music, spoken word, ofater to speak on issues concern in south sudan. Something in an entertaining manner, it brings people together and you can pass your message. It fosters the idea of public discussion and people Start Talking among themselves. So manye it today, young people out there are able to speak their mind on social media or in public spaces when we organize such events. That is the approach we are using. Softese may sound like tools but they are powerful and potentially effective as the report has shown arian in a way, what jacob is talking about is changing the narrative using art. You are very focused on your studies or tell me about that context you bring, especially in north africa which is different than sudan. Hello, everybody. Organization, since 2013, we started working on tv programs. Since 2000, we have been telling the government and the dictator that something should be done among the rising radel causation of the youth rising radicalization of the youth. With seen a rate of we have seen a rise of radicalization. We have seen the rise of protest in 2011 and that was because the government didnt address the religiousome clear policies in tunisia. To the 1980ss and the afghan radicalization process and also to the consequences of the iranian revolution, on womens rights, oferalism in islam, the rise a bigger hearted jihad. We have a study on the causes of youth radicalization, which is explaining. We detected that there is big the generation of tv programs. Let say websites and facebook pages and so on. The first generation targeted women and we know in tunisia and some countries that tv programs were using satellite to broadcast in tunisia but also in some european countries. And they are bringing a lot of housewives and Unemployed People to more radicalized views on religion. Bring theen trying to attention of the people to this problem. Thatvery grateful today you helped me raise my voice about these issues. Are stillrams broadcasting and nurturing radicalization. All of our security efforts at the global level will not give enough response if we dont work theseer on countering through youtube but also through tv programs. Also among the young generation in tunisia at least, we see, through youtube, facebook, which is very popular in tunisia, there is still big groups of radicalized others using s using this free space to radicalize young people. We cannot do a lot against it. But in our organization, we produced videos that you can find on our Youtube Channel. Videos are bringing positive narrative stories. We have a story of a young grouper who joined a which is a terrorist group in the early 2013s and thanks to , he was resilient. He is telling his story in a short film. We are taking this to the secondary schools because we think there is big vulnerability among teenagers. This is why we target in our work women and teenagers from 11 to 18. This is part of our work. Sampson intobring the discussion. In Northern Nigeria in particular, you see similar themes from what we heard in tunisia, but you are working on electoral and political reform. How do you connect that and why is that such a priority and how does it connect to the radicalization of young people . Samson thank you for inviting me to share some perspectives on this. There is a connection. And the reports are very clear on the nexus between a leadership recoupment process and fragility. What we have today are fractured societies. Between a disconnect the citizens because our elections have been typified by by many politics and have a transparent leader. Recoupings are about orey spent for elections just for personal objectives. With fragility and violence, there is exclusion and political exclusion. You take responsibility out of the democratic process, you just have leaders who simply run the affairs of state without regard to the people. Look at uganda. To run who is intending for office is unable to run because of the onslaught of a clamp down on the government criminalizing political aspiration. , a fewgo to liberia rs ago, today the citizens are very. Iscontent with the leadership ,f you come to nigeria as well i could go on and on. There is a connection. And that is why if you fix elections and politics, there is havebability it will leaders who will deliver democracy. Ou empower the people if we dont put people at the center of governance, than the attempt to bridge this between state and citizens will be notion it is the exclusion that creates the opportunity for young people to say i dont feel connected to my government there you talked about commanders disconnect from government. How do we fix that . . Hat is actually working some of the challenges you talk about in liberia or uganda, it feels too difficult to address in the short run. What do you do in the short run good what are you doing today . Up where want to pick he stopped the value and importance of democracy and getting too politically elected leaders into power. When you dont have an opportunity to choose your leader as a citizen, you have someone imposed on you to lead you. I would say you have leaders who have committed atrocities and so they are governing who are terrified and traumatized of this particular leader. There is no room for accountability. You have citizens who can settle for any small thing they get. They dont even look at provision of services as a responsibility of the people in leadership. The ability to have citizens that can hold their leaders accountable because this is not someone that i put into this position and came to another channel and he or she can use that channel to go back out if it doesnt get the interest met at the table. It is difficult in south sudan to be specific because when you talk about exclusion, i would speak as a woman first of all and also as a young people. I am dealing with two challenges that i need to address individually before i can make it into any space. When we look at the National Trend when people talk about the youth in south sudan, the picture in their mind is a young man. They are not thinking about women. People say we have to talk about they exclusion and when talk about young people who are unemployed, they talk about the youth on the streets becoming gangs. Looking at the young girl forced into marriage as a youth issue. We have issues that as a young person you grow up from an adam womant an adolescent girl to a woman. I feel that as someone who comes and belongs to women groups and coalitions, one of the ways this has been in advocacy anis opportunity in the capacity of young people with training and leadership skills and getting people to be comfortable airing out their issues. I think it is working because if i at the revitalized agreement, the mechanisms developed to oversee the Peace Agreement have a lot of young people that sit on the board. The board as a womans representative and i am definitely a young woman. I am a youth in a way and also a young women. The security review board and the other boards have young to and youth that sit beside the representatives. It is enabling citizens to be reflected in some extremely politicized spaces that young people dont eventually get to. The other challenge with that is also when you come from a society, theres very little influence you can make because there are still not very many people taking interest in politics because it is not purely politics it is militarized politics. At some point you have influence but you get blocked when it gets to a point where representation and decisionmaking is by those who actually feel like they have the positions they are in. It is something we are struggling with. From the society perspective, there is a lot of Movement TowardYoung Movement people. You talk about citizens not even expecting the government to provide services and if you change that, you fundamentally change the way people look at their government. Not expect a woman to be on a panel or a young person to run for office. What does it mean like what you have created in nigeria . How did people respond to that . We come from a continent where when you talk about transition, people think you are wishing them death. We come from a continent where talk, people think you have dug their grave and they are waiting to die and you bury them. That is the tragedy of my own generation. Leadershipolitical on the continent of africa that does not think about the future. Their own conceptualization of the future is a feature of themselves, their tribes, and those who have political affiliations with them. A leaderships are problem and if we fix leadership, for a lot of young people just understanding that readership is a big problem on the continent of africa. It is time for them to rise up and we are going to get into politics that if you say politics it will transform politics. It is simply how we use political power for the common good. You can have a young president of africa. It is not a guarantee. If you have 60 of African Leaders as young people, it prosperity in africa. You get with content and competence into office, our continent will make progress. Lets open up the space. That is why young people who rose up with support of different partners to advocate for a reduction of age in our constitution. Where we changed our constitution from the and there was a generation that cared about inclusive politics. That is what we are doing. In the last elections, for the first time in nigeria, we had onween youth 29 229 who sit parliament and our legislators for the people youth between 0 and 29 who sit on parliament and are under slaters for the people. There are people today in Public Office who have no business in Public Office. How do we expect to make progress . Thedo we expect to address economic and Development Challenges that we face as a continent . If you look at migration and boko haram and insurgent groups who are recruiting and radicalizing Young Children it is because we are not creating opportunities for those children. My generation is saying we are not going to sit back and complain but we are going to take action. That is an action young people are taking to say enough is enough. We care about the future and we are going to take steps to bring africa to progress. What do you want us to know about the region you are in . Tunisia is a recent government with a historic high number of women in cabinet positions now, i believe. There are many sense of progress many signs of progress. But it has been a challenging environment. What do you want us to know here in washington about the region and the opportunity to take this new prevention of approach prevention approach when some might think the military approach is the way to go . Congratulatee to new actal world for the because it is mentioning preventing violent extremism problems as a problem to be addressed on different levels. Is the security level which is normal, but i think that 30 to 40 years linked to violent extremism and religious extremism on a security level wasnt enough to address the problem. For me, it is a very Good Opportunity to raise my voice about the ideological problems. As an islamic studies professor, i have to point out that there are four populations and unemployed populations, but unemployment, poverty does not push people to be terrorists. There are some seeds of radicalization linked to dozens of islamic schools and dozens of ers. Calizin we see it in my area and in west africa, very challenging environments. It is very fragile north africa now. It is more fragile than it was in 2011. So what should we do globally to make north africa, west africa, also the mediterranean area more stable . Because if the mediterranean area and europe is more fragile, than i think its also a challenge for Homeland Security here in the u. S. Everything is linked in a way. Storm. Tunisia is in a as you can see, there are very challenging moments leading me to challenge the decisionmakers and what is the role of africa and what should be done to make the mediterranean area more stable . What are the ambitions for the of water and linked to Energy Ambitions in liberty libya . Libyanders linked to conflict, the western borders of libya, are challenging because groupsre a lot of armed and a big number of terrorist groups linked sometimes to the government. As a tunisian woman, have to say this conflictgh is very complex, it is more challenging and exposing more children and women. New waysmes expect now waves of refugees into tunisia if the conflict rises. We are not prepared to receive big numbers of refugees. Among the refugees, there will be women and children and a lot should be done. For the moment, there is not big readiness that we expect as a Civil Society to help these groups. Allow me to come back to our work as an ngo on peace building work. We started working on a project called 100 ambassadors of peace. It was targeting policewomen and professors of education, because we felt it is important to empower policewomen and help some women to be powerful in tunisia but even outside. Some are working in peacekeeping missions in the congo, and we trained them on the resolution 1325 and securities resolution and still a lot should be done on giving budget, because we can talk about the resolution, but if the country doesnt give a budget, we cannot really train and empower these women. Professors of Civic Education who are leaders and who do a lot of work in secondary schools to make societies resilient for us. Research action plan with a very precise mapping in 2017, where we identified areas and then we went to the from 11 to 15ols and from 15 to 18 and we trained and make them understand what is the first signs of radicalization and early alert signs of violent extremism. For example, we have a nice story with a professor in a Southern City not far from not far from libya, again, the professor identified early signs of radicalization among a aenager and this teenager had brother who already went to syria. Professor, shehe contacted us and she said i have student, he is student, he isk to refusing to talk to his other girls, he is becoming isolated. He is giving some radicalize posts on his facebook profile. We have a brilliant, generous professors who are giving every day, a lot of support to these young people. The posts was about music, for example. Haram, forc is bidding in islam, which is not real. Thatd to her, tell him among the two big books on the story of the life of the prophet muhammad, for example, the story , a very notorious story, that the prophet was received with songs. And the profit also sings some songs during the marriage of one of his daughters. And give him the source and the page, and let him do his research. And this young teenager had already prepared his luggage to go to syria. This very to important and crucial discussion with the professor, the young person decided not to go to syria because he understood that he was following Youtube Channels or some radicalize rs who were saying wrong things about islam. He identified a new Youtube Channel with new leaders telling him different stories, that music is not for been. These are everyday stories that we work on in our work, and we really have to prevent radicalization in early stages. Lot appreciate that story a because i think it really crystallizes how this works out on a very individual level and we have to imagine that across many millions of people what werey know talking about, i am really sorry to say that there is a global laziness in addressing this issue. I do recommend highly that we should Work Together on research onut how to make, prepare the ideological basis. Im open to work on this with you. Thank you for that. Before questions, i want to get your take on this. Anyway, he can sound like we are facing a huge fire and we got a cup of water to put it out. Then we are using education on an individual level, programs, speaking out in community groups. How do we turn this narrative, now that we have a Global Action in the United States, that we have an administrator who believes in these ideas and is ready to organize around it, how do we take this to the next level and what motivates you as a young person studying in the u. S. Planning to go back to south sudan, to see this through to the next level . Thank you. It is more of politics being taken as a career and not a form of self delivery. Context, because most of these people see in power and die if they lose these positions, they have nothing to run back to. Going to the point on how do we deal with a situation that we are in, i think the best way not we are working on is by one will be invited to these temples where warlords continue to manipulate the citizens. It is a tugofwar. We have politicians who are trying to utilize the influence to the citizen. We have a society, we are trying to create those to be able to persuade the citizens and have them get you have a wider understanding on what is their role, and how do they hold these whenever theyable are going in the opposite direction . 2017, the Civil Society forum was not just invited to participate, but we had to come together as a group and organization within south sudan. And we wrote our letter to the regional governmental facilitating the peace talks. I feel like when we did this, we were accepted to participate and gave the womens representation. Say, it is so blurry on what is the definition of youth. In my country, we are working on thatg a youth policy clearly defines the age bracket of youth. Talks, it would say that there should be in minister of youth, led by a young person. And what they described as youth is somebody under 40. Theres no definition. And somebody can just go and forge their passport and you will see them with gray hair or whatever it is, maybe it is a military general and he will say ive young, ive lost my youth fighting for the liberation. The other thing that i would add of ethnichis idea polarization and tribal hatred around people in the country. That thing that is introduced that people hate themselves. From this tribe or this and that. The politicians use this supporte together more and affiliations from their leaders. And when somebody moves out of a position of power, they will use that to recruit and have more young people support the interests. We kind of try to create a different narrative around it, and right now we have an initiative that uses nonviolence to talk on different issues and train people. We have a we call the new tribe. Tribe that we havent south sudan, we need to create an umbrella that belonging to a tribe is not a problem. The problem comes in when you use tribalism as a way to influence others and try to find yourself different. There are so many myths created around different tribes in south sudan and this is where the government in my country started falling. We thought we were all united and fighting for common goals and we did not understand that south sudanese by themselves had issues within south sudan. We were all under the same umbrella. When we got independent, at first, they committed a lot of atrocities by forcibly recruiting some of the young people who are soldiers now. Back to thing is going these communities, apologizing, and saying we have delivered this, this is what you paid for. Taking your children, taking her crops, to be able to fight this war. Now lets try to create a coalition and bring communities together and have an understanding that we might have these threats, because if you go to south sudan today, it doesnt have infrastructures. You dont have a road. There is no connection between different counties, different groups of people. People are not connected. South sudanese do not know themselves. This is easily exploited by our politicians to recruit young people. We are trying to break that barrier by using the new tribe as a platform where people come onether and do training nonviolence action because we are so used to solving conflict with conflict. We are trying to use nonviolence to try to propagate this into the mindset of young people that there is an alternative to using violence. I think that word alternative is important. There is a political culture of division that exists in much of the world, its very tempting for politicians to divide people in various ways. There are narratives that are ugly, violent, that need to be combated. We have to have that alternative, we have to present that alternative. We want to go to questions now. I know we have a lot of expertise in the room, so we will try to get to as many of them as we can. Tell us who you are, who you represent. Try to keep it relatively brief so we can get to as many as we can. Maybe we will take three and a time and we will tackle them as we go. Wonderful presentations. I wish i could talk to each one of you for a couple of hours. My name is mindy reiser, im Vice President of global peace services, usa. Do with thehas to Education Systems and structures in your country. Education takes place in many ways. It takes place in schools, through media, authorizations. But lets talk about the training of teachers and making teaching a profession that talented people want to go into. How can you influenced your ministries of education . How can you provide good wages and good futures for young people who are teachers . How can you encourage young men to go into teaching, so that it is seen not just as a womans role . And also the role of the media in investigative reporting, in looking at the changes in islam, the various ways of interpreting the words of the prophet. There is a lot to do. Please talk about some ways to do this. Thank you for that. We have one on the side of the room . Go ahead. , im aame is joseph public fellow at the world justice project. Prior to this year, i was a secondary and College Humanities teacher, so it is really gratifying to hear all the voices on the stage. One of the things that my teaching career involved was English Teaching exchange in malaysia. Where we worked with counter radicalization education in islamic schools. And i think that was really effective. My specific question is whether there is anything similar to this happening in the countries where you work or a desire to bring this type of educational Teaching Exchange to these countries . And then, maybe a slightly more general version of the question, what role does education around secondarylay in this and undergraduate kind of window of opportunity to intervene in the lives of young people . Thank you for that. I think we got one toward the back. Thank you. Im from the troubled u. S. British territory which shares a boundary with nigeria and the republic of cameron. I am very, very happy about what my folks have said because icf or collect one country. India works tor reflect on the intact International Political economy. Way fromrted all the africa. And i give you an analogy. It is going to introduce fragility. So the fragility we are talking and this a Foundation Empowerment of africa from its partition. Secondly. I would like to follow through with the lady who asked the first question about education. A curriculum that we are functioning with in most african countries is for cicely one of the sources of the fragility. We have african values. Ive worked in the Civil Society for 35 years. Ive and an attorney representing Civil Society organizations for 33 years. What you hear from the north and from the west, this is our understanding. But we fail to tell our partners, this is our understanding of democracy. In somalia, when there is conflict, if two men are takes offand a woman one of her robes and drops it between us, we stop the cousin the respect we have for mothers. I have a daughter working in mogadishu now. I have a connection and im saying that we need to be able to go beyond what is up, and really reconceptualize africa. You arelike to hear how factoring this in your works. Thank you. If there is one more question, we can take one now. I see one in the back row. Can we get this microphone . Thank you. Just try to keep it fairly brief if you can. Worked in a number of fragile states and the question that i have regards the definition of youth because that is something ive grappled with, with monitoring and evaluation. I was wondering if we should definition,rsal consistent brackets all over the world for every country, or should the brackets be dependent as life criteria such expectancy in that country or when we begin to their children . The other couple getting factor through conflict is going to alter what Life Expectancy is. So, what are your ideas about what the brackets should be based on . Start with that question because it is a fascinating one. Do we need a universal definition . I think prior to the u. N. Youth, theren of was debate about whether there should be a universal classification. See, it is very difficult to have an agebased, universal classification of youth because context matters. To 24, the. Says 15 african charter says 18 to 35. Policyerian national classifies young people as 15 to 29. All this is just targeted at ensuring policy formulation and we come to different age groups. Literaturefind between dependence and independence, and because this different socioeconomic conflicts, it would be very difficult to adopt a universal classification of youth. My proposal would be in societies, depending on their reality, thatheir should classify youth. But we already have existing frameworks. In africa there is a charter that does classify youth. For this toe push take it down from 18 to 15, so you would have 15 to 30 or 15 to 35. We should clearly define that. Why does it matter . Why is it important to think about youth in this context . I would completely agree with him. Ofre would be no way universally defining youth. We have already seen there is a different definition of youth brackets within the u. S. And the European Union and the African Union. What i think of as an african, is not justunion some independent institution somewhere else, but it is an institution that brings together all the african countries. They have kind of harmonized what youth means to them or what youth means to the africans. Basically, i would take the African Union definition and i think every continent has to define the youth bracket based on, as he mentioned, when do Young Persons start to be independent instead of being dependent . I think that would be my take on that. Anyone else . I think in some ways, it seems like it only matters in the local culture where people are not able to advance and take power, that you have to identify who counts as youth because they are marginalized. Maybe you can jump into this about the messaging, the kinds of messaging that we can use in Education Programs to counter at a causation. Joseph talked about a program in malaysia. Thank you for the question mentioning education and importance of education. I have to say, it is very facttant to point to the of west africa and the middle east. I always say to my american friends that sometimes, geographically, should point this link. But also its here important to explain to you that we are hopefully we are among the fourth generation of al qaeda. And we have been watching the rise of west africa. You hear regions where there was nothing linked to these terrorist views. For example, even in senegal, we hear that there is a binary violent very Violent Extremist Group rising. We should be prepared to the new ways of fourth generation. Allow me to insist, it will be and mayqaeda van isis be other opportunities we can discuss this. The young people are exposed to discourse, andt, a lot of narratives. Who should be prepared . Families, mothers, but mainly professors. There are different levels, there are programs, curriculums that i recommend. And we have schools clubs, informal activities led by leaders open and generous to work with young people. It is more than informal activities. Tunisia, changing the curriculum, it is too much political and it can bring the curriculum to become more conservative. So we used informal spaces. It is very good because i can tell you a very rapid story. We went to a city which is a and theyinalized city brought 25 leaders to isis. It was one of the top exporters of foreign fighters in the borders of the capital. School and wethe who among the very rare said it is very violent, it is very marginalized, and it can be even dangerous for us. What we went to the schools, we had the professor who opened and gave us legitimacy. It is three hours of training. This time, it is more training to the young people. By the surprised generosity of the young people. We usually work with sometimes private sectors. Videos, some debate, some exercises, and a little coffee break. Surprised that these very poor schools, the young men nightmen spent the preparing orange juice, preparing cakes. And we were really amazed because it was a very poor area. Area that only prepare the coffee breaks. And what they did, they were really amazing, they said ok, we take a short coffee break, but we will duplicate this activity to the other school not far from us. That weso to say to you learn everyday from these young people. Duplicated and they even have their own money to print like we offer mugs with peace messaging, we offer tshirts, and they love this. They just said to us, you have to send us the logo and your hashtags and we already have the money. So we were amazed about this big energy and positivity that these young people can produce. That in a way to tell informal groups or activities can be better than formal programs and its also to say thanks for you in tunisia, there 1800 schools and some and theare official are notlamic schools officially listed. And we dont know what curriculums are teach. Invest theseple to spaces. For us, they are bringing a parallel society, they are preparing parallel visions on democracy, on freedom. It is an everyday challenge and a lot should be done. For research, young women are very important and i spent two to make the open an office in north africa on a regional level because we ink we can bring our expertise and duplicate what we do in libya and in other areas in north and west africa. Maybe you can give us your final thoughts and if you want to address the question about the role of teachers. I personally believe that education is going to be one of the ways that we might actually transform the conflicts, because when you have a country that is considered a crisis, the services that are provided or more human Hair Development and for south sudan, that is exactly the case we are in. A conference of Peace Agreement that was signed in 2000, a child will beeducatif the making 15 to 16 years today. That is going to be another that has been denied access to rifle education to be able to be independent and make decisions on their own. Education is considered a and the kindspect of services that are being provided or more humanitarian than education. Weve been struggling to actually just define a curriculum for our country for the past couple of years. One of the main challenges with that is also that our education driven asdonor opposed to being national with support from development partners. We have less than 300 schools in south sudan in the whole country. And as violence continues, a lot of these schools get destroyed. Kids are kicked out of the learning spaces they are in. I believe this 2 million children out of school. Dr. 2. 2 million children. A basic need that is being considered a Development Aspect and we are just passing more years, and that is a generation of children that are growing out of school with no access to education. And theres also very minimal investment in Human Capital because they think it doesnt matter what structure the children have. As long as the person that is teaching me knows what they are i think the impact would be more than filling up a fancy room with someone who doesnt know what they are teaching me. I think it is very minimal investment in Human Capital and when people think of education in south sudan, people are talking about the schools that have been destroyed, the i think there, but aspect of Human Capital is something that we are lacking and a lot of young people are also not taking interest in that space because it doesnt look like an attractive career that is going to put food on the table. That is specifically to south sudan, not for all african countries. It is a crisis that we are actually in. Unfortunately we are running out of time but you have a great post on your twitter feed of a young kid who is working on the ground with a little backpack and a book studying and you are saying the kids are ready to learn, they just need the facilities to do it. Maybe to close is out here, we had a question from a fellow west african talking about historical partitions and the fragility that may have created in the region. Heard how north africa and west africa and the tremendous instability we are starting to see and maybe future instability is beginning to be rooted. It paints a somewhat dark picture and a very challenging picture. Could you close us out, what is the opportunity for this very rare species of a bipartisan act , a real been passed Coalition Building around the importance and prevention and governance . What do we do . How do we take us forward . I would like to start with my brother, my older brother. A few things happened recently. Didanent representation make a very surprising revelation. About not a Public Domain , andries in west africa the response was to fire her. That itaw the uproar generated. Around thebased currency for west africa, frances involvement in that. China is everywhere on the continent of africa. In politics, and very active. Generation is oblivious to this dynamic of international politics. We are very mindful of that and that is also reflected in our conversation. But my little pushback, and permit me to do so, this to say as long as we are africans and continue to complain about how we were configured or reconfigured, nigeria is the poverty capital of the world today. 20 years of democracy. We have had leaders who have been in office. What do these leaders do over the last 20 years . The Resources Nigeria has to advance its own development. We look at the dynamic at the to asktional level, ourselves some deep questions about what is leadership doing . With one of the youngest leaders we have on the continent. I pushed back slightly on that. A lot of it is actually pushing back on those values. Young people cannot question their elders, that generation is pushing back on that. To push back on some of these values, in think a political mobilization strategy as we advance this discourse. One, how does it inspire active citizenship on the continent of africa . Is about how does it put people at the center of power . Second, how does this fit in the capacity of Civil Society groups to engage in the space . Institutional or financial capacity, it is very critical you need very, very active and strong Civil Society. Centers,at the urban but at the grassroots level. You need to look at how we strengthen local groups at a Community Level to address some of the factors that drive fragility. The third is about dislodging inequality. But economic and political inequality. This is where institution plays a critical role. In the fifth, how does it promote political transition . Both for a generation of political leaders to another, and promoting leadership transition within Civil Society. Some of these political mobilization strategies with some of the gains of the global fertility act. And you for that. Reminding us about the berlin wall and the iconic effort to bring it down and how hard that was. Its important to remember that, in a sense, there is an equivalent effort underway in each of your countries and many others around the world, there is an equivalent effort to tear down a wall, to change something fundamental. Hope, i know this institute and the u. S. Institute of peace and many other organizations in washington and around the United States care here these issues and are in solidarity with all of you. It is a real privilege to hear from these incredible leaders. Thank you so much for being here. [applause] terrific. Let me add my thanks to the panelists for highly engaging, very informative conversation. I think youve given us a lot to talk about. Let me now invite you to join us for the next part of the program which is lunch, where you can continue these conversations. It is not just lunch included. Another very good conversation from some distinguished leaders from the peace building world and the governance world, who are going to help us think about everything that weve heard and think, well, what do we do about that . How do we set the strategic frame to help support Good Governance in fragile states . So, we will have that exciting panel during lunch. What i would like to ask you to do, if i could propose this, if you are in the top half of the auditorium, it might be easier to exit out of the doors in the rear. If you are in the front half, please feel free to exit through these doors right here into the great hall where he will have lunch. See you at lunch. The u. S. Institute of peace taking a break here before beginning their afternoon session. That will get underway about 1 00 p. M. Eastern. At that time, we do expect remarks from Madeleine Albright and we will have that for you live when she starts right here on cspan. Until then, comments from administered or green. He sat down for a q a session. We will show you as much of this as we can until miss albright begins her remarks. [applause] thank you for those kind words. It is good to be but all of you and it is great to be with my old friend, secretary Madeleine Albright, but daunting to be with her. The first time i spend any considerable time with her was actually my very first Election Observation for iraq. I was on the job for a couple of weeks, and here i was with madeleine