Tragedy in las vegas on sunday night. This hatred deserves no place in our society. As the time to come together and heal. We must stand united rechecked this senseless violence. I also want to recognize the courageous First Responders, coast guard, national guard, fema, volunteers who continue to work and rebuild communities in my home state of texas, florida, puerto rico and the u. S. Virgin islands. We pray that everyone affected can make a full recovery. Today, will review legislation told protector homeland is strengthening the security of our borders. American people are threatened by international terrorist. Human traffickers, drug smugglers transnational gangs like ms 13 to try to sneak into her country. Allowing this to continue as unacceptable. The southern borders 2000 miles long. We must do more to keep it secure. This markup will allow us to do that process. Including the construction of a wall thats practical and effective. He provides new cuttingedge technology and the powers of dhs six secretary to take action to secure the border. While barriers and advanced technology are important parts of achieving our goal this goes further. It provides 5 billion to improve and modernize purse eventually to better target illegal immigration while facilitating trade, to assist with intelligence operations and aviation support. Ventures identification of visa overstates with the implementation of an entry exit system. Something in 9 11 Commission Recommended years ago that was never fulfilled. It adds 5000 officers and 5000 Border Patrol agents. They are strongest assets as they serve on the front lines of fight to control her border. The resources provided will allow us to defeat drug cartels, stop gang members and help put human traffickers out of business once and for all. Under leadership of the president we begin to make progress by cracking down on illegal immigration. I like to commend the white house for implementing the stricter vetting process for those traveling to the United States from conflict zones and nations unwilling to meet basic information sharing requirements. In written testimony provided to the senate, acting secretary elaine duke highlighted the dangers and post. Stating that they provide a potential means of transferring weapons of mass distraction to terrorist or for facilitating terrorist entry into the United States. As we have learned to the worlds most dangerous terrorists are only one plane right away. Will never successfully secure homeland until were capable of controlling who can lawfully enter our country. This presents many challenges. Going forward the best way to prevent the challenges from reoccurring by securing our border. We must not forget the United States is the most welcoming country in the world. We cannot allow our adversaries to exploit our generosity. At a time when threats grow everyday we only endanger those we swear to protect by ignoring the border. Ive seen these problems firsthand. We all have an obligation in article one of the constitution to protect our homeland and keep the American People safe who wish to do us harm. Today we have an important opportunity to Work Together to pass a commonsense bill to move it to the house floor. Weve been talking about Border Security for so many years. Now we have a chance to get this done. We have a partner in the white house was prioritize this issue. Its time for congress to do the part and get this job done. On project knowledge this legislation is cosponsored by her colleagues and we have momentum in both chambers of congress. Outside groups have submitted support for this legislation. Think of the lawenforcement association, the Border Patrol union, the border trade allian alliance, the National Fraternal order of police among others. I ask unanimous consent to enter those into the record. This is clearly a domestic terrorist attack. Turning to the matter at hand day simple promise in the Trump Campaign was that he would build day big beautiful wall against the entire southern border in mexico would pay for it that was a time in the not too distant past when the committee cared about taxing and results and we supported the jazz having day border strategy to that effectiveness of operations to deploy personnel and equipment and infrastructure last month the department of romance security provided that our efforts are paying off and the just concluded the available data indicates the southwest border is more difficult to illegally cross today than ever before vhs found the inflow of illegal crossers is down and our apprehension rates is getting harder to cross i ask unanimous consent to place the report in the of record. Without objection. We are considering a misguided fiscally irresponsible to formally authorized president comes wall we were here throughout the day with a 15 billion bill the cost is much higher and for sure that day will not be borne by mexico it is american taxpayers and native americans and the environment to bear these costs i have seen estimates that Construction Cost for the wall would be between 20 years 70 billion and it does not include any limitations or specifications for cost controls no telling how much it would cost. The federal government owns onethird of that section on the southwest border but has such to fulfill president trumps promised a of a big beautiful wall to trigger the most extensive federal takings this nation has seen. Not just my expectation that he expects to pursue middle action against ranchers and small landowners with Eminent Domain attorneys if history is any indication when the federal government once land to build barriers it is re jerseyians small landowners to bear the biggest cost. There are still americans waiting to get paid for land taken by the federal government for every quarter acre of land is only a couple hundred dollars but to the landowner it is priceless. Additionally environment and other lands would be carved up also in the habitat and endangered species that they protect makes it difficult for wildlife to move across the border including those that have the various parts of the u. S. After the long absence. A 28,000 member native american tribe would also pay a steep price. They control 75 miles along the Mexican Border in one tribe member explained the wall would cut through our ancestral land in families to go back and forth freely for the border. In this bill as it across that state their authorized to be appropriated to u. S. Customs and Border Protection to increase the annual rate in mr. Chairman i believe personnel should be adequately paid for the way this bureau goes about to call into question the seriousness of the effort. This postpones language for the 15 billion authorization with those protocols issued by republican leadership. I ask unanimous consent to submit those protocols into the record at this time. Has so ordered. It would authorize the border what little cost with a 15 billion boondoggle with those efforts to stop throwing money at the border and hope that after today we can have a serious conversation and move Forward Together in a productive manner. Of yellowback i yield back. By agreement between the chair and the Ranking Member views the amendment roster today the Ranking Member is recognized. Will not object but will you explain how Agreement Regarding the amendment roster . The roster has been arranged to modify the bill. We agreed it is open to amendment at any point we shall take up amendments in the order listed the chair will allow to have those amendments out of order in the manner not prohibited by dave rules. Thanks for a the explanation. The Border Security for america act, 2017 and discharge subcommittee on Maritime Security from further consideration consideration. The court shall designate the bill. Of reading is dispensed with and open to an amendment at any point. And it show up point the amendment. H. R. 3548. Without objection the reading is dispensed with in now for purposes of the amendment and with those Committee Rules is there any discussion . No further discussion the committee will move to consideration, at ms. Coleman is recognize. Thankyou. With the past commitment to build a ball along the southern border to follow the of lead in the misguiding effort because theres so many things to be a better use of the resources of the wall. And then the gateway project we could use the of money to rectify in authorizing Border Patrol agents we could take the vantage of the Border Crossing to ship those resources away from Border Control and for severs security. With their real and growing threat. And instead of wasting a day that will not woefully will not become law and that we are always asking for a discussion with the Emergency Responders and then a madman with easy access for pro but obviously and so to discuss this broad piece of legislation. Macaulay have laid out of these amendments. But to highlighted a couple of specifics. Section 120 have a waiver to comply with the religious freedom act and religious freedom restoration act. And the last conference several members include a new chairman, cosponsored the First Amendment defence act that would have widespread discrimination of samesex couples in the religious freedom. Apparently be so it does not allow that. To seek to women have access to contraceptives and the freedom does the allow that. And to be sure the nonprofits dont abuse for a dump for purposes they say religious freedom does not allow that but suddenly when we were looking to build a massive wall, my republican colleagues could not care less and the First Amendment but not even that they dont care but they gotta their way to specifically put into the statute the federal laws do not apply. To detain individuals. I hope that our Committee Members will think before they vote how they will explain and why it was worth the bidding their commitment when so many indications they do it as an absolute right to. Given a we have experienced i cannot end his concern without mentioning the hurricanes and the devastation to our island and the state all of which we should be using the resources to a better you. Do to these provisions i urge the committee to reject this legislation and i yield back. Thank you to the chairman and saddam looking at times past but looking in a bipartisan manner. En to that bill was enormously effective construct the lows ranchers and others that live at the border felt and could proceed United States was doing Something Real about Border Security. It did have some enhancement but it did use the important construct of technology and intelligeintellige nce to be able to ensure the safety and security of the people of the United States of america and in particular the border. I come from a border state as does the chairman and in our visits we have heard a number of reactions chilly border wall which this particular legislation seems to do put in concrete. This is a wall that will be enormously difficult i have been discussing Border Security with texans in south texas for very long time and interacted with universities that have contested the federal government taking their land. But two of the land or of no consequences this is for the need to be secure. As an act of pure evil in vegas to a the commentators you are misdirected to not note this is an active domestic terrorism plain and simple. To use military weapons of military force in this intended to massacre as many beds he could this is the issue the Ranking Member has been discussing foreign very long time. With a full blown response whether there was charlottesville with intimidation lower elsewhere this was also an active domestic terrorism of per car rather concentrate to focus of the American People and right to as opposed to the the nose Civil Liberties protection like right to privacy with some of these issues and will determine. And finally, we have to are fearful for their lives to have not reauthorize is protect their military or in college are supporting their families but they are people because they pledge allegiance to this the idea of love this nation. And i believe so were doing today is a mess direction of failure not a concentration of what we need to do pro into a serious leak out we protect the board your ears perk also take note it is the one democratic cosponsor a help securing the nation in his. Any further on the. I also want to address my deep condolences to the victims of las vegas one at least was my constituency and one youngest was four months old. And mr. Chair thanks for your work with those homelands security so lets make sure we knowledge the facts. According to the department of homelands security we had be set overstay 740,000 undocumented individuals. The of the set overstayed may be primary in this country the of border wall will not do anything to stop the visa overstay. The wall or the construction of the wall started in 1992 by president clinton and today in some areas of the border three walls exist with buffers so that we patrol sold this proposed is actually the fourth wall. And in this committee itself that they lack the resources and the assets to adequately stop those known drug shipments into the country and we need to focus in those areas. Then secretary kelly knowledge our country needs a multilayer defensive and stop the negative elements from reaching our country we before they reach our borders and of course, for me to cooperate with lawenforcement north and south of the border and we need their cooperation to make sure nothing gets close to the nation that would harm our constituents. Both canada and mexico are our large trading partners lets make sure they are reaching our nation and of course, lets acknowledge that americas insatiable appetite for Illegal Drugs are essentially the field that keeps the drug business and violence going throughout the world. And lets acknowledge the fact we need immigration reform. Between 70 and 80 of the aicher patrol workers are of undocumented in and in the red states and with that high yield. The commission has never been fulfilled. He has in those billions of job but authors to redress that any further discussion on the amendment . Been no further discussion the will movies as a substitute. Next it will be offered by the gentleman from mississippi would you like to offer your amendment . Yes i have an amendment listed on the of roster sematech clerk shall report. In the nature of the subsidy h. R. 38 softer by mr. Thompson. It freaks the of all the sa bands acquisition of privately and would need to occur. That is because twothirds of the targeted plant land is privately owned part of the federal government favored approach acquiring privately and four border infrastructures to invoke the fifth amendment so given the of pressure theyre under to deliver the of Davis Campaign promise appropriately named with though and then taking the lead and to be within trumps walls. So that buildup resulted in the construction of an porter fence row benghazi vision says this poll and now were coming for your land. And within that 2018 budget request submitted to congress. The amount requested supports the addition of 20 attorneys to for some grand cant diverge but this is to assure that expeditious with that acting vhs secretary sole discretion any law that stands in the way of expeditious and then stop at nothing to get the wall built. So if they lose her freon is the but to bury a dead cross those border landowners and ranchers but then to be appointed by a george cheerier bush and is open the you have to realize these are everyday people went it went on to say all of a sudden you based the maya did the department and all of natalie is this the necessary or unjustified battle so with devastated polis to set in motion the federal takings of massive amounts of land from ordinary americans that the underlying bill does not deal fully. What is flexed. Make some significant increases with 15 billion. And worth noting that this bill authorizes 15 billion in appropriations without a defy a but then to maintain their low piece of the American Dream in those that will look across the of the wall and for the three in reasons as a you back to now occurring to the amendment to the amendment mr. Thompson and to go back to a previous announcement but for the restaurant zero 06 offered by the gentleman from texas would you like to offer your amendment . Yes, sir, been given the nature could to made of every bar and steel to be cheap and inexpensive and the border maydays reinforced concrete and aesthetically pleasing and consistent. Is this offered by the Mexican Government . To read died think this will make the lunar your sugar with. And i will vote no and i will yield back. Is there any further discussion on the amendment per the universe in technology but for the campaign to vilify documents were elected we can come together to replace the one henderson standard that this Committee Approved a bipartisan basis 2013. We can send a message were holding them accountable live by a expectations with Border Security in their urge members to join me to help join the common sense amendment or secure the accountability and with that i yield back. Any further discussion . Please signify. All opposed . The amendment is not agreed to. Best next on the roster is 02 four offered by the gentleman from mississippi. In the nature of a substitute offered by mr. Thompson. Without jet objections the reading is dispensed with. Each sector gets the of the structure and technology they need to keep the border secure. Section 113 dictates that Border Patrol with specific technologies they have used the requirement in their riskbased manner in this process which was established and based on the deal just joint requirements project that this committee has authorized on numerous occasions the vhs authorization act under the capability to analyze to analyze that capability gap with that on the ground analysis to identify options to close those gaps technical infrastructure this informs the of Border Patrol strategy and planning with that of a structure and other requirements such as Surveillance Technology or Border Security operations. Is responsive and how to make decisions about purchasing equipment and technology. 1. Five imports to me through this process the Border Security and ill Say Committee with a longstanding interest to reform that acquisition process and not short circuit the process makes no sense to vote using a riskbased support where they are needed most i yield back the balance of my time. Guinea further discussion . Thank you so much i speak in support of this amendment combining section 111113 of the inappropriate congressional overreach also prematurely deploys specific technology to be deployed in each Border Patrol section could almost be mistaken for an earmarked for pro with the southern and northern border nattily in terms of terrain that threats the statutory deadline for equipment to each sector could have shifted unresponsive to operators needs. We have heard been testimony in subCommittee Hearings others looking to exploit our adaptive so why are we backing ourselves into a corner by determining what agents in the field can use . This reaffirms the need to properly assess threats along the border to determine how we can best address them. Congress has required Border Patrol identity to identify the mission to secure the border in a systematic manner that would be an extensive mistake i urge them to vote in favor and i have to say as former Law Enforcement officer 27 years on the job and a member of the committee the priority still is the safety and security of the nation. With few days after people in las vegas lost their love lives we said we would make a priority of this committee to keep a ridiculous Campaign Promise and i yield back. Mr. Chairman using as a delay tactic i was here about a week from being in congress was a detailed discussion of a Border Security bill the way it sector by sector with specific instructions for each sector of the border are remember specifically because there is nothing about the northern border because we got and what of the agencys sector by sector we received the input from them that not only in shrines that in what the kids agencies involved to adapt to the change of landscape of 02 delay further the implementation of Border Security to venture that only is it safe from illegal aliens but is killing kids in my community we have been in this hearing one hour and in that time five more people of died of a heroin overdose. That is a fact. Digest that by waiting this will not help the situation and. We have received their input and i urge this amendment while on its face is logical last that the amendment be vacated. This one to support that amendment and my colleague from the state of your to have a crisis in this country we have children overdosing that is a crisis of major proportions these drugs, from afghanistan and all parts of the world. And to repeat the testimony of folks in uh coaster that said the Northern Borders are major areas of the of Drug Trafficking but again 70 percenter undocumented a major part portion of the of workforce i support the amendment will get major sums of taxpayers dollars based on the facts they present themselves or promises made during the campaign. Will the gentleman yield . Guess to make sure we have access we are not aware of anything provided on what they need. To get access to that information could help us. That is how this was built. Along the of Law Enforcement agencies in to have updated information i was day federal organized crime prosecutor 20 years on the southwest border i know that border inside and out in i can tell you a vast majority of heroin killing our kids is coming from the southwest border. Five day yield back . I am not this boy disputing your credentials but also presents an issue to all of us with the northern border we have to legislate based on the facts as they present results to their country. So there has been no documents transmitted to us so the reference not to read from a of a stem point and that is Something Different i yield back. Mr. Chairman i a echoed those comments to legislate using data but i just want to respond to my colleagues with a ovulates and with their coming from and the effect on this country with the Mental Health crisis but i would remind my colleagues where was this approach with the crack cocaine epidemic now we are up in arms about 0p wades but not going back what ravaged the Africanamerican Community where was the emphasis where the cocaine was coming from at that time . The to put too much emotion when we is the data and analytics that could otherwise have a limited amount of funds and to if we talk about the socalled the fact of open border or Border Control do that with surgical precision but not with the best data or advice but this very vestries it frustrating as an africanamerican male the attorney general does said he was to go back to the war on drugs approach. So why the difference . What is the difference between opioid addiction and crack cocaine . We know the difference if we look at of victims that i am concerned that we are moving away from data as we spend billions of dollars in debt may not be the most effective way and not done in a bipartisan manner and i yield back. So i want to address concerns about the money so during a the height of cocaine in war on drugs spending to eradicate cocaine to stop to stop the drug cartel. With the strongest allies in the region but the facts are cocaine production is up over the last 1218 months and to take the mound for other reasons but cocaine production is up headed north. But not just cocaine. We have pearland and opioid did general and coming in to those communities one way to stop that is a physical barriers and Border Control cocaine and heroin and other addictive drugs coming across the border we have no idea who was crossing the border not just those illegal aliens but al qaeda because otherwise you dont know who comes in the country. So talk about the cost. This is a commonsense approach so it comes down to National Security and staffing that cocaine in a way to stop and control those elements. End to briefly respond with that crack cocaine epidemic i spent 20 years of my career primarily focused going after crack cocaine organizations and it shocks me all these years later you have not done anything about it. I can tell you i spent the vast majority of my time to clean up the drug epidemic taking crack cocaine off the streets it is a danger to those agents that would work with me and to my family we spend an extraordinary amount of time but a less we do everything from decrease in demand to better securing the borders we will never get a handle on it. Make no mistake there is a lot of good people in this country to get that epidemic under control. So i dare say we did not ignore that issue and did not get shortchanged the of rage has been there and always will be. With that i yield back. Further discussion. This has been an issue going on for quite some time and is of a difference in the but the we should have for our children suffering from an addiction is a natural crisis they are our future but the question is that the now was not there for the victims of crack cocaine we have been screaming and yelling about this over three decades i am glad it is finally a National Crisis that is the point were trying to make and i yield the remainder of my time to the gentleman from louisiana. We responded in a way that was not driven by science that now were treating it as a Health Crisis this is the absolute right way to go but this would have been the right way with 30 years ago of crack cocaine as opposed to lock them up and throw away the key now were treating them as Substance Abuse so let me offer an example if you take a crack cocaine it takes 100 times longer but you cannot tell me the science and the data and that criminal make up you can tell me it is a 100 one disparity with a 14 one disparity i agree that approach is wrong but it would have then the right response to the crack epidemic we should go back to criminal Justice Reform because at the end of the day were a drug great comfort i believe my a other colleagues on either side one the same thing to keep drugs out of all communities and to be as successful as they can without the threat of drugs. So that we agree on the ultimate goal i just wish we would have some very meaningful conversations and recognize the unintended consequences from the 80s that was a different approach and why i highlight to be a opioids that there were many First Responders going into the country to protect neighborhoods we will need that again with a very limited resources i am just not sure spending that amount like on this bill is the of best way from the risk that they face a one to have a very honest conversation but with the data and proven success. Any further discussion and . All those in favor . The agreement the amendment is not agreed to would the gentleman like to offer his amendment . Amendment to the amendment. Day reading is dispensed with. Section n111 in its entirety with a great cost on american taxpayers with at least one native american tribe includes the necessary language the court and president ready has the authority and moreover the Trump Administration has waived all legal requirements and in fact, to utilize its multiple times to avoid compliance as impediments why build that wall now in a report published last month found crossing in the southwest border is as difficult as it has ever been. Into a with Border Security than it is troubling to see the of language after years of commitment on a bipartisan basis that they are informed by strategy and that said there are provisions but unfortunately the majority has chosen to package that with the wall which is a nonstarter. And in 2014 congress directed the offices and those Border Patrol agents to said they have struggled as a drastic understatement of the intention that calls for under this bill to maintain adequate staff. The with respect to infrastructure officials from previous administrations have testified before this committee there is over 5 million of unmet needs. Action should be taken with these Operational Imperatives i would be remiss if i did not knowledge calling for the language to have no offset how they could even entertain this bill i am disappointed this is not driven by facts. To get that mandate and though is that we consider this bill without any data . Is an exercise of Border Security that they will suffer because of it and my colleagues on the other side in the southwest border communities sticking them with a significant bill in the partisan section and with that i yield back. For every Border Patrol agent over the last decade apprehension rates by a agree with my colleagues on the other side that perhaps with more boots on the ground i also ask my colleague to consider the flow of individuals attempting to cross the border illegally have been falling the Cato Institute found the data the southwest border the average Border Patrol agents to people per month in 2016. Of course to experience higher rates than others but i do nazi the rationale to add another 5,000 agents to the of field this is supported by the departments own Inspector General that found it lacks the data in additional 5,000 Border Patrol agents and does not have planned for strategies in place but as for her tactical investment of Border Security since the of Bush Administration they have been hard to use investments and to receive confirmation with d. A. Just reported to congress the of likelihood someone could successfully enter the u. S. Undetected through the southwest border at the lowest level vhs has seen so no one the facts i am hardpressed to understand to consider legislation and without border wall i yield back. I have to agree with the Ranking Member this is of a partisan effort so the of 15 billion dumped into a bill that has been very bipartisan adding to the hate of what is happening in this country on the immigration issue i sit in this Committee Hearing from experts talking about the of border wall wasting 15 billion at a time with hurricanes and disasters happening and that is pretty disgusting and i yield back. I would just like 2. 0 Border Security has more to do than simply stopping illegal immigration but also drugtrafficking and Human TraffickingLaw Enforcement in the 80s when it was mentioned earlier and i was in florida. Butted responds we saw the coast guard help us to secure the seibald and because of very effective to stop the of cocaine coming into south florida. Everybody remembers those crack cocaine wars to jumpstart the operation we have today as the precursor the National Introduction command and control the we have today. This argument by the does not recognize the fact we have tremendous success in south florida the edge drugs would flow north then the money flows south and now the money flows north because they come to the southern and border and that needs to stop and i yield back. Any further discussion . Now offered by a mr. Thompson signify by a say no. The agreement is not agreed to. A recorded vote as ben requested. The of roster agreement zero 07 with the gentlemen like to offer his amendment . The amendment to the amendment did it is dispensed with and recognize for five minute. Today without a border fence is not federally owned and as such they need to be significant takings of private land for the big beautiful wall to be erected the fiscal year budget included funding to hire additional Eminent Domain attorneys it is clear the president is gearing up for a fight against private Property Owners to meet those under the secure fence act requires d. A. Just to mood establish a Legal Defense fund what they want to take to build the wall they pay for those that are not aware of their right to do not have representation and there is a Court Challenge citizens have been awarded up to 1 million in fact reuters reported will in one case the government paid 4. 7 million for a parcel of land the original offer was 233,000 this is a drop in the bucket to help protect their Property Rights of those land owners on the of order. Putting that begins the resources of the department of justice a man not be enough to protect americans against an overzealous federal government but it will help in their urge my colleagues to support my amendment and i yield back. Is there a discussion . When the department of justice serves the land owner they have a record eight three again request just compensation rarely is there a challenge from National Security purposes and it almost always comes down of the land owner gets fair payment often they received a false check for one vendor dollars in node day in court. From the Southern District of texas has many of these land taking cases these are everyday people and how the government talks on the door to say we want your backyard. Mal all of a sudden they are a defendant in the lawsuit through no fault of their own. But the president has other plans asking for additional funds to obtain the land and those holdings necessary. During that president ial campaign using that as necessary and it is clear he will stop at nothing to fulfil the promise and will not let a small rancher get in his way. And has continued to do that as president by pray that my colleagues will support the amendment and with that i yield back. Cry a. M. In support of the amendment and i have had an opportunity to travel to many parts of the of border of how proud day are. But they also feel with the federal government on them somehow they are put upon some people admitted and now say if i knew it would have come to all of this would reconsider the vote. I did not address that but clearly the more important part is generatiogeneratio ns of Land Ownership to be interrupted that overall procedure is questionable in day talked about the disparity that this takes to and to put some resources there because if you have to fight the government it is right you have been the big. In the bank. Any further discussion . With no further discussion know the amendment all those in favor . Oppose . The amendment is not agreed to. This approach will be postponed next offer of baez gentleman from texas. Have an amendment at the desk to limit the clerk shall report the amendment. And according to the gao the federal government owns 33 of the land along the u. S. Mexican border and is owned by the states guest to intensify the Eminent Domain actions of the president knows this to higher 20 additional domain attorneys and i will tell you what happens with the government comes calling into the process first landowners are served from the Justice Department then they are provided and oftentimes, and aware of their rights and to fall into this and then get paid 100. But to make matters worse the only offer compensation for the acreage that it takes even not those that our inaccessible to though landowner. This puts the private Property Owner ahead of anybody else. So the Cato Institution has been vocal in its opposition as such the federal government cannot take a private Citizens Land until the check i urge my colleagues to put the private property ahead of the federal government to support the amendment. Any further discussion . I support this amendment is clear 2018 budget request 20 additional Eminent Domain attorneys at the department of justice it is clear that the president is signaling private Property Owners be where. Provost