[background sounds] so, tim alessi of lg, whats new in the world of the . Guest oled has been our number one priority for the past several years. No exception in 2018, a whole new lineup which builds on the Great Success theyve had especially in the premium segment of the market. Widely recognized as the Gold Standard in picture quality these days, but were trying to do our best to make it even better in a couple of ways. Number one, we have a new process or. Kind of under the hood top stuff, but the processer is really what makes the picture as beautiful as it is. So this processer is up to 50 more powerful than previous ones in terms of processing speed and memory. So that means it can do a lot better job on taking out unwanted artifacts in the picture like noise or banding or artifacts and things like that. So youre going to get a beautiful picture, more realistic color and just kind of take it up to the next level. Host and oled means . Guest organic limited diode. Different from lcds even though the led part sounds the same in that its a missive technology. It makes its own light. So it doesnt need a back light, and theres a few really important advantages to that. Number one is form factor. You can make it exceedingly slim. Our wallpaper tv, for example, is about four millimeters in depth to get all that beautiful picture. And the other is you can control every pixel individually. You get perfect black levels, perfect black levels, perfect contrast especially no light bleeding around objects if theres a bright object on a screen, its going to be nice and crisp and clear. So thats what oled is all about. Host 4k, 8k, what do those mean . Guest the k factor refers to the resolution. How many individual pixels are used to make up the overall picture. And since every tv is made up of pixels which are individual dots, the more you have, the more dense the pixel structure, the more natural the pixel hooks. With a lower resolution tv, they commonly call it the screen door effect. You can imagine looking at the screen door and the grilled, its not very pleasing especially for a High Definition picture. 4k means theres over 4 million pixels im sorry, 4k means the horizontal resolution is 4,000. When you multiply it, its over 8 million pixels which is four times what people know over High Definition. Host so, tim alessi, tvs are not just dumb screens anymore. They contain a lot. Guest thats right. Most major brands of tvs now or smart in one form or another. We have an operating system called web os, and its a very simple onscreen process to access streaming apps from all the most popular providers like netflix, amazon, youtube, hulu, and theres tons more. So it opens up the options for content to you are virtually in to virtually unlimited. But the trick there is to make it easy to find, so theres some really powerful search functionality, and its really simple to navigate with what we call our magic remote which is an on screen remote. Host when with you read about people cord cutting or using their computers to watch video, does that concern you at lg . Guest no. That actually excites us at lg because cord cutter, whats really enabling cord cutting is this smart functionality in tv, this over the top refer to over the top, its not coming by a traditional broadcast. So thats whats really opening up all these options that are making people feel comfortable to cut the cord. Host one of the things weve been talking with a lot of folks out here in vegas at the ces show is about 5g, and how does that how will that impact your product . Guest not directly in the tv, at least i say not directly, i guess 5g to the extent that it will offer more bandwidth or speed to whatever Internet Provider people are using to stream, it would have a benefit. As you get into these newer forms of content that are 4k or high dynamic range, its a lot more data. So having a stable Internet Connection is very important to that whole delivery chain. Host does it matter to your end product whether people use fios or comcast or just hd . Guest well, it matters. The source, content always matters. But if youre talking about all of the major cable or satellite companies, theyre all delivering a very good product in terms of the signal, you know . And a lot of it is dependent on the source content as well. But they all have, you know, very advanced settop boxes that are connected through hdmi, a digital interface to get all that quality onto the screen. Host are we going to be looking at flexible screens, screens that curve . Guest weved had screens that concern. Actually, last year we introduced a product called wallpaper ole where we took all of the electronics out of the panel, put it in a box that looks like a sound bar, sits right under the tv, and its just the panel itself. So theres a degree of flexibility to it. Its not made to be on a Curved Surface per se, but it really kind of hints at whats possible with oled. As i mentioned, without the need for a back light, now you have this very thin form factor, and you can it enables some curved things. Our Sister Company lg display, for example, the actual panel supplier, is showing a prototype of a rollup display based on oled, that it actually rolls up into a storage box, and you with press a button, and it rises out. When youre done watching, it goes back in. This is a little bit of a glimpse of the future of whats possible. Host tim alessi is director of new Product Development at lg. Thanks for your time. Host and this is the scene at the Consumer Electronics show in las vegas. More from our visit coming up. [inaudible conversations] take it above me. Just take it out. So is this a drone . The it is a, at its purest level, an upscale super or drone, yes. Fully electric. So who would pilot it . Itd be fully autonomous. So this was built as, essentially, an urban air taxi. Okay. So you would get in, it would take you to your so your air uber. Right now about 30 minutes flight time, 17 miles. Less than two hours. Host and now on the communicators we want to introduce you to sherif hanna who works at qualcomm. What do you do here . Guest im director of Product Marketing for 4g and 5g products. Host and what does that entail . Guest that entails promoting the most advanced cellular features as well as the Cellular Networks adopt the latest 4g and 5g technology. Host so can you identify what 5g is and what goes into making it . Guest sure. So 5g is going to be the next generation of cellular technology. Thus far weve gone from 1g all the way to 4g, so 5g is the next generation. And with 5g we think that it will improve on Cellular Communications in three important ways. The first way is its going to provide for much faster internet speed, for example, on your smartphone. Were talking between five to ten times faster than the most advanced 4g networks that are available today. Things like movie downloads and music and productivity and Everything Else. But thats to be expected from every generation, you know, faster [inaudible] [audio difficulty] big improvement and different than 4g is its ability to connect what are called the internet of things devices. Connectivity, a whole host of objects to make them connected and smart. For example, lightbulbs, thermostats, but also in the city. So the streetlights, parking meters, Everything Else, and connect a very large number of those dices all at once in those devices all at once [inaudible] right from the get go so that these devices can have very long battery life, have great coverage and also become [inaudible] so we can add connectivity to almost any object that we can imagine. And then the third kind of vector of improvement provided over 4g is what we call Mission Critical services. So the ability to correct, for example, Autonomous Cars, enable them to communicate with each other so they can coordinate when theyre on the road. Imagine there are two cars coming to an intersection, and they need to decide whos going to slow down, whos going pass. They need to communicate reliably and quickly because even a few milliseconds can make a difference between an accident happening. So 5g will actually be reliable must have to allow for these Autonomous Cars and drones and Everything Else to communicate with each other, and thats simply not possible with 4g. Host what is qualcomms role in developing 5g . What are you making . Guest so [inaudible] we help actually invent the 5g standards. So a lot of the technology at the core of how 5g works were actually invented by qualcomm in san diego and other locations. In addition to coming up with the standards, we work with partners around the world. So the Cellular Network companies, at t, verizon, as well as the companies that built the equipment, nokia finish. [inaudible] we work with all of them in addition to the companies that make the actual smartphones and mobile dices, i. T. Devices. We work on the technology itself, and then we make the chips that finally go into these products to enable them with 5g connectivity. Host so does this phone have any qualcomm products in it right now . Guest so even it does have a qualcomm product. Lets say even if theres a smartphone that does not have an actual qualcomm chip inside, it still uses qualcomm inventions because we helped actually invention 2g technology, 3g technology, 4g technology, so whether a device uses our actual chip or not, its still using our invention. And thats kind of the role we like to play in the industry, inventing the fundamental technologies that are used by the entire mobile ecosystem. Host are we going to [inaudible] to accommodate 5g . Guest yes. So you will have to buy a new smartphone or mobile device that has 5g connectivity built in order to take advantage of the new 5g networks that will emerge. And at this point were looking at the first 5g network in the first half of 2019. So were justover a year away from an entirely new generation of devices and networks with incredible music abilities [inaudible] host is the development of technology for 5g a competitive field right now . Guest extremely competitive. There are a lot of people that are jockeying for leadership positions. Whether its us versus other Semiconductor Makers and wireless System Companies or network companies, cellular companies, everybody is kind of jockeying, hike i said, more like i said, for position. Its incredibly complex. The make 5g work, its to orders of magnitude more complicated than 4g was. But that complexity is good for us. When we so problems, we bring a lot of value to the mobile ecosystem, and so theres a lot of work ahead of us in the next 12 months, and we hope we can maintain our Technology Leadership which we have right now. Host how did you get into this work . Guest i mean, ive been around the mobile industry for over a decade in kind of various roles within different Semiconductor Companies but finally a made the move to qualcomm, definitely attracted by the role that qualcomm plays in the mobile ecosystem in terms of fundamental research and development that really not a lot of companies do on these very, very difficult problems. Qualcomm has that role and embraces it, you know, the inventers, the thinkers. Moved to san diego and decided im going to work for qualcomm, im going to go to work on the cellular [inaudible] im an electrical engineer by training. Now i do market [inaudible] [inaudible conversations] [background sounds] host and now joining us on the communicators is peter ca think. Guest we are a Business Advisory development and Investment Firm thats based in southern california. Host what does all that mean . Guest we help Companies Find capital, look for strategic opportunities for themselves, strategic investment, m a activity. We advise them, we help them look at all the different possibilities in this brave new world where technology is radically transformed in the media landscape. So we have a Strong Network. We know people across both traditional media and in the new media side, and we do a lot of connecting. And also investing. Host so are you a Venture Capitalist . Guest yes. Part of the business for Creative Media is we have a Venture Capital fund with a couple different partners, one of which is two different actual partners in a law firm based in santa monica. And theyre very much techfocused, boutique firm. Highend, great, really astute people. One of their early investments was skype, as an example. Another one of my partners is brad jones, Founding Partner of red point, and red point is one of the [inaudible] of Venture Capital funds based out of silicon valley. Host so as a Venture Capitalist, whats your goal for a percentage of [inaudible] guest well, our goal is to have 100 of wins, of course. The typical thing they say is that if you have 2 out of 10, then youre doing okay. We think we can do much better than that because of how close we are to the business and because of the relationships we have. So our philosophy when were looking at early stage, median Tech Companies is that were looking for those who are really innovating but highly pedigreed, and we can bring the fact that ive been an operator, as an example. Ive run a number of Digital Media companies, sold them, and so we can help them there an operations standpoint, but we can also so we can be active. We have a really Strong Network and get to just about anybody in the median tech space with the group that we have. Host before we talk about your career guest yeah. Host and your book that you have coming out, walk us through a traditional or a typical investment that you would make. How would you start . Guest yeah. Well, is so we there are different ways to source new potential tons. We either opportunities. We either may know of an early stage Startup Company by Just Relationships we have or frequently they come to us, and theyre looking for capital. So thats one way. Were also very close to a number of other Venture Capitalists who are in and around the space of median tech, and because they know us and we know them, if they see a great opportunity, then theyll come to us and theyll say, hey, do you want to be part of this syndicate that invests in this fund. So one thing given all of that, we dont have a problem sourcing capital or sourcing deals. Then its a question of identifying which ones are the best with the brightest people who have the best chance where we can help them succeed, and thats how we look to play in the game. We focus on a pretty broad swath of Digital Media tech. So it can be video, it can be music, but it can also be virtual reality, augmented reality, esports, pure technology. Ill give you one example. On the Digital Media side, were invested in a Company Called 38 rising 88 rising. And 88 rising is a leading asianfocused millennialfocused mobile first media company. And based on new york city were investors with ohs who are really high others who are really highend investors in the space. But were early investors in the founders of skype, their new s. T. A. R. T. Up which is startup which is a robotics company. Very much a Hard Core Technology play. But were able to get in early because of the relationships that we have, and we like those kind of deals too. You have a, you know, the founders of skype with that kind of track record. So that alone gives them a better shot to be successful again. Host why would the founders of skype need your money . Guest well, the founders of skype can get they dont need anybodys money because theyll have money pouring in. Its more along the lines of we are, we have a reputation that is sufficiently high where were worthy to be part of that syndicate, but they also believe that we can help them with the relationships that we have and also we know them, they know us, they feel comfortable with us, and thats the kind of investors that you want. Host peter, just help us with the money aspect. Guest yep. Host are we talking 10,000 . Are we talking 10 million . Are we talking more, less, in between . Guest for our fund we can invest anywhere between 50,000 up to 500,000 in any given deal. So were early stage seed capital. But if we see a great series a deal, which those are the ones that are typically larger than that, then we can deploy more capital than that. Host so you talked about the fact that youre investing in different kinds of media and video. What are some of the trends that youre seeing . Guest well, certainly on the video side the over the top or internetdriven video. So the big players, of course, are the netflixs, the amazons, the hulus of the world, but theres also this subset where you take a particular vertical audience, lets say you like food, foodies who on the traditional side they would be watching the food channel or Something Like that on cable. Well, theres a, an internetdriven, so the Digital Media, new mediafocused Company Called taste made, and taste made is the leader in that category. So you have it delivered really with a mobile first audience in mind. So on the go. But then on demand anywhere, and thats when you look at different underserved audiences who, because theres so many people out there. We all have different interests. The if youre in a traditional world, yes, we have many channels available, but theres still you cant focus on every possible interest. Now, in the brave new world of Digital Media, the great power is that you can serve all of these different audiences. And when you aggregate even lets say like 88 rising, 88 rising, the one that we invested in. There you have a millennialfirst audience in mind with contents that is very awe innocent9ically asian authentically asian, but that whole milieu of pop culture interesting on a global basis including to the kids in the united states. You dont find that kind of channel anywhere on a traditional programming deck. But in this brave new world, you have 88 rising that can serve that audience which is millions and millions and millions of kids around the world. So heres what i would call a segment, a hyperfocused segment of asian content for a millennial audience where a company like 88 rising can capture that market opportunity. And you see this trend across all kinds of underserved audiences where if you play your cards right, you have the right people to build and you focus, hyperfocus, you can serve that audience and build a really strong, a really Strong Company that has the potential to be hundreds of millions of dollars of value if not more than that. Host so are those the type of things that people are going to learn from your book, media 20 2. 0 . Guest all that and more. [laughter] host is it written for the layman, the investor or the techie . Guest its really written for everybody. And that truly, its written in a more conversational style. Ive been blogging for a long, long time. I dont want it to be hypertechnical. So its a great guide to getting a lay of the land of where the Digital Media landscape is today. That means in video, streaming music, virtual reality, augmented reality, esports. And then you get into things like block chain where the median intertenement business entertainment business is not really focusing on, but thats going to be a huge story starting in 2018. And beyond that i give my traditional predictions of where the world is going, and then i also put in things ive seen being an operator investor of real news you can use, so its practical. After you read the book, you can take some real action to be a hero within your company and help this transformation of the median entertainment content space through technology. And then on the expert side, i think the best way to capture it is that ive had a lot of the experts who are insiders by the way, ive interviewed over 20 insiders including the former ceo of hulu, for example, mike hopkins. But the experts tell me that they get a lot out of it too because theres so much ground for all of us to try to understand. I try to bring it home to everybody so that it will ground you, give you an understanding of where things are, where theyre going, the lead players in the space, what the strengths and risks are. Thats what it aims to do. Host you used a term, block chain, and you said its going to be a big deal in 2018. Guest yes. Block chain is a new kind of technology that takes out the middleman like the service provider, like the net applications of the world or the googles of the world where a content creator can now directly reach an audience and monetize it themselves through a technology thats the best way to explain it, it just, it allows for a direct link between the creator and the audience and a monetization aspect to it, a monetization layer thats baked in that cant be broken. At least thats the theory of it, where it cannot be hacked. So its highly secure. Which also means so on the offensive side for a creator, its a wonderful thing. Because now instead of giving 30 of what you make as a creator to youtube, as an example because its a 70 30 share now you can actually get it all 100 for yourself as creator. On the defensive side, block chain has the promise of actually eradicating piracy. Thats the power of it. So now content can be traded across the internet, and its purportedly, again, this is the theory of it but block chains already, thats behind the cryptocurrencies. But in theory, it cannot be hacked. Host where can did the name block chain come from . Guest i have no idea. Host but, peter, isnt that just basically if i have a web site, i can broadcast on my web site . Whether or not people watch and thats 100 for me, isnt it . Guest yeah. You can anybody can get their content across. Its really a question of security. So if you want to monetize it, if you dont want it to be pirated, you dont want your content stolen because you have a different business model, then block chain technology. If you are a Hollywood Studio or somebody thats creating cspan, great content, creating great content and you dont want it to be hacked out there, you want control of your own destiny of how you find your audience, block chain is critical for cspan and others to know about. And so in the past year theres everybodys hearing about bitcoin. Bitcoin is built on top of block chain technology. But block chain is not just about cryptocurrency, its ab about all kinds of Different Things that i cant speak to, but certainly in the media and entertainment business the promise is direct distribution disintermediation which is a potentially very scary thing for the Service Providers who are out there and also the fact that its, it eradicates piracy. Thats the hope. Host and lets go to some of the Service Providers and traditional media. Do you consume and use traditional media . Guest oh, yeah, of course. Absolutely. And so im still a subscriber to satellite tv as an example. But the whole idea of what is traditional anymore is kind of being flip on its head. Now netflix is very much, i would say, traditional viewing. Hulu is traditional viewing. So amazon, a lot of people dont know that if theyre prime subscribers, 99 a year for your free deliveries, youre also getting your own netflixlike service, and thats all becoming traditional. And then you have the formerly traditional studios who now have their own internetdriven services directly. Ing like hbo. Hbo is very much a traditional channel. The premium leader. But hbo now is you can get it on apple tv, 15 a month, and you have all the great hbo content on demand. Or you can now buy directv now which is instead of paying what im paying, 200 a month for directv, with directv now, i can get essentially the same service for depending on the package you get, lets say 70, and you get hbo thrown in for free. So from a consumers perspective, the fact that the traditional and the former new Media Companies or Digital Companies have converged, its great for consumers because you have more choice than ever before in terms of Service Providers. If you dont like somebody, you dont have to worry about a cable guy coming in to switch your service, you can just stop paying that month and then go to the next guy. And then so you get all this wonderful content, and its content wars out there. You get all this wonderful content, and you get it for a fraction of what the cost was before. Host so where are the advertising dollars going . How do you monetize all this great content . Guest well, its interesting because thats the 64,000 question, of course. And when youre talking about the netflixs or amazons, the monetization comes through the subscription without advertising. And so advertisers have to find a new way to be able to reach and engage with an audience. There are some advertising video on demand services, but those are becoming fewer and far between because monetizing in the online world through advertising, that has become something that is much more challenging than ever before because google and facebook own the world when it comes to Online Advertising dollars. Host how does 5g fall into all of this . Have you been following that as well . Guest 5g . Host yeah. Guest well, just in terms of again, when you talk about 5g, its just faster and faster pipes, essentially. Now we are a mobile first world. Its not like, so its not just millennials who are mobile first anymore. I think all of us now we pick up our phones and were watching videos. And one thing on that, peter, just like six years ago nobody in the traditional media world believed that we would be watching the tv shows or movies on our mobile devices. Very but did. Here we are, 5g enables and then as we get faster and faster and faster Higher Quality video. But not just that, then you get into um mersive um mersive immersive services, and so you need more and more data being pumped through. Host were here at ces. What caught your eye here this week . That you didnt know about . Guest well, i think nothing. This may sound like a copout. There really wasnt negative that caught my anything that caught my eye. Ces is all about televisions, no matter what happens. And so higher end, higher end and how much higher can we all go. We always ask that question. Yet they keep turning them out, and we keep buying them. I think a big story is that voice is a very big story. So the, you know, this is artificial intelligencedriven siri, alexa, google voice, and now its becoming common place for people to buy those, but i dont think people realize how much this is going to be really infiltrating our lives including influencing our media and entertainment choices because well be turning to our Virtual Assistant to be able to help us make sense of all the noise out there. But at the same time, theyre listening to us. And so, yes, theyre giving us perhaps recommendations of what we like based on what weve already watched, but you can bet theyre going to also be, these Virtual Assistants will be serving up advertising. In a different package. Not with a hammer over your head like buy, buy, buy. But you can bet that this will all be soaking in and finding a better way to target us as consumers to spend our money. So voice is a very big theme of ces year. And in the media and entertainment business. Host how do you get from golden valley, minnesota, to becoming a Universal Studios executive to become a Venture Capitalist . Guest as a kid growing up, i would see the weatherman on the news showing us, meanwhile in southern california, you have this guy surfing. And i was i ed mooed to get i needed to get there. I was always interested in media and entertainment from the time i was a little kid. So i knew i was going to go west. I knew i was going to be in the business. I loved music, i loved motion picture, and i loved the weather. Truthfully, that had a big part of it. And my first job was, after law school, was to be an entertainment lawyer. And that was my entry point. I knew i wasnt going to be a lawyer in a firm for a long time, but that was my entry point. And then that morphed into this kid just being tenacious and without any real connections just kind of forcing my way into the media, into the belly of the beast in the Media Companies themselves as Universal Studios. Kind of once youre in, then its a lot easier. Host weve been talking here at ces in las vegas with peter csathy. His book is media 2. 0. Hes also the founder and compare of Creative Media. Guest great to be here. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible] she does. [background sounds] host the National Science foundation is at ces in las vegas. We want to introduce you to dr. Richard or schwerdwfeger. What to you do at the program . Guest i handle the internet of things devices portfolio among some others, and the purpose of the program is to give grant money to Small Businesses and Startup Companies to develop changing technologies. Host so what is your background . Guest i have a ph. D. In material signs, and i was a scientist for 20 some years and then became a entrepreneur. Ive had Startup Companies that i cofounded for about nine years, and then i had three or four others i was involved with at an executive level. One of the reasons they hire people like me as Program Directors is because we understand the Startup Ecosystem and the entrepreneurial ecosystemses and can help identify the right technology to be successful. Host what was your Startup Company . What kind of activity . Guest it was a hardware, making furnaces to grow crystals for the led lighting industry. Host all right. So youre here at ces. How much money does your division give out . Guest so we give about 190 million a year to roughly 400 companies annually. And the companies range in size from oneperson startups to dozens of people. They have to be a Small Business by sba standards to qualify, and that 190 million is use for basic Technology Development and then eventually we want them to really push to get to market. But the money is fundamentally an r d grant. Of. Host do you find ces valuable for your worksome. Guest we do. I personally do particularly because i handle the internet of things devices portfolio. But theres also a lot of applications here in medical, you know, biomedical, smart health and things like that. So our goal in being here is to try to make sure or that Startup Companies and entrepreneurs are exposed to our program, and theres a lot of companies that dont know anything about us. So we really want them to understand that we have money to help them if nobody else is willing to give them money because their technology seems too risky, they should come and talk to us. Host what have you seen this year or in previous years that maybe has been developed . Guest weve seen, we see a lot of Different Things. One of the types of projects that i do a lot of are in the smart home space and smart agriculture. Weve got some companies here that, one of my grantees has an agricultural sensor pod that mounts in the ground, and it can give you all kinds of information. And then they use Data Analytics from Historical Data and from predictive analysis so they can try to figure out what crops are going to be ready to harvest when. Smart Home Technologies to Lower Energy Bills and to make life more convenient for people, ways to have apartment managers know whats going on in every apartment thats vacant and turn lights on and off if theyre going to show them. Theres a lot of different technologies in this particular show that either some of them were funded by us initially or some of us should be funded by us in the future. Host thank you for your time. Guest my pleasure. Certainly the application to create these virtual environments, you have to gob strait the ability to oh, my goodness. Looks like we just had anally call blowout. With all the electricity going on our cameras still rolling. [inaudible] obviously a graphic component to to this. Host were just going to keep rolling for just a minute. If we can just spin around, the lights went out at ces. Somebody didnt pay the light bill, i guess. They do use a lot of reck terrorist here electricity. Did you get what you needed . Host that was great. [inaudible conversations] host now, youre controlling that with your hands, it looks like. Guest yeah. So when you move around, we divided the camera into two segments. If you move that hand, it moves that direction. Move both, just goes up. Host can i give it a try . Guest yeah, of course. Are you sure . Host hold the microphone. Guest if anything happens, hit q for quit. [laughter] thats it. There you go. Now stop moving. Its going to come down. Just keep doing that. Make sure youre within frame. Host its not going up in the air. Guest theres a Little Current going through here right now. So let go. Youre trying to get all the way up this. Its going to crash. [laughter] good job, you did it. [background sounds] wow. It gets better. Cant take credit for it. Where were you raised . I was raised in oregon. Born in hawaii, actually. [inaudible conversations] host we did. We talked to mark [inaudible] yesterday. We talked about v. R. , now were just getting some b roll of it. Host and this has been the communicators on cspan from las vegas and the Consumer Electronics show. Anything that youve seen today or any of our coverage from ces you can watch at cspan. Org. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. In 1979, cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies, and today we continue to bring you unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the Supreme Court and Public Policy events in washington, d. C. And around the country. Cspan is brought to you by your cable or satellite provider. Im standing on the campus of Liberty University where, up next, we speak with professor ron miller on his book, sellout. Ron miller, when you and i initially spoke on the phone to book this interview, you said to me that since moving to lynchburg, the perspective that you had in the book had changed. Could you explain that . Well, i think it was a matter of location. When i wrote the book, i was on the outskirts of washington, d. C. , and i find that because of the proximity to the center of power, that that has an influence on your perspective, your view of things. And i was politically active at the time. So all of those things sort of made the book not only a memoir, an explanation of how someone could grow up in a