We take you live now to a discussion on the coronavirus pandemic with doctor anthony fauci, director of the National Institute of allergy and Infectious Disease at the National Institute of health and a White House Coronavirus task force member, this is live coverage on cspan2. The pandemic of historical portions, i think we cant deny the fact that something when history looks back will be comparable to what we saw in mid 1918. The situation that is the current challenge that we are facing right now is a resurgence of infections in the south and southwestern part of the country with particularly in areas like california, florida, arizona and texas. You are seeing record numbers of cases, mostly interesting among young individuals strongly suggesting the link between attempting to open in many respects of pictures and photos and films of will get back to this in a moment of responsibility where individuals, mostly young people were seen at bars congregated and clouded places, many without masks which really adds fuel to the fire in our challenge today and tomorrow and next week is trying to contain the outbreaks and get us back on the track of being able to not only contain but to also open safely. So bottom line, if the global serious situation is a serious situation in the United States, the United States being a large country and very heterogeneous on demographically in other ways is a mixed bag, some areas of the country are doing well and others are being challenged as it states just mentioned. You said to come. I will do it briefly, right now if you look at the magnitude of the 1918 pandemic anywhere from 50 7500000000 people get died, that was the mother of all pandemics in truly historic. I hope we do not approach that with this. But it does have the makings of a possibility of approaching that in seriousness. I hope the kinds of interventions that are going to be in implementing will not allow that to happen. But it does have strong similarities with that and it was the emergence of a brandnew infection, that was influenza, this is coronavirus. That essentially crushed itself onto the human population and had two characteristics in assessing that makes it the perfect storm and that is a virus that jump species but almost immediately has an extraordinarily capable and efficient way of spreading from human to human, simultaneously with having a considerable degree of mortality. That is what were facing now, you asked me too compare with other outbreaks and i think if i give you examples of each of those, i will do it very quickly, one or the other of those characteristics but not both. Thats what i refer to when i say the perfect storm. Lets take the threat of the bird flu that you and i had a lot of experience in the department. That is the h5n1 in the age seven and nine, jumped from a chicken to a human that had prepended a potential but what it did not do it did not spread from human to human so if you were unlucky enough to get infected you had a 35, 37, 38 mortality but it did not get in mostly from human, did not go from human to human. But then you had the situation with 2009 h1n1 which was very efficiently transmitted from human to human but pathogenic we it was a week virus, the death that year was less than the seasonal flu. So you had the two ends of the spectrum, one transmitted well and did not kill and one killed but did not transmit well, but what we have now is a virus that is very capable of spreading from human to human and even though it has a wide range of impact from 20 40 of the people have most symptoms to individual who get moderately sick, very sick seriously enough to go to hospital and for intensive care, ventilation and even death, its a very unusual virus and at the range of severity of so great and wide which actually leads to confusion on the part of people as to whether this is really serious that some people say it is. It is not serious to some people but it is deadly serious to others. I will stop there and thats the overview. That is incredibly helpful in my followup, because i think the virus has a desperate impact as you describe, theres issues and they be really helpful if you could help clear up. There is a discussion of a wise and total u. S. Cases and testing alone as opposed to the disease progressing. Two, should we take comfort the death rates are declining which they are even as infection rates increase in the most recent discussion about the ability of the virus to spread to hear salons versus those issues have been coming up frequently and if you could help us understand what the science shows us. Okay, first i want to write down your question. So the first question, is this just an increase because of testing versant increase. There is no doubt that it is both. The more you test the more you will pickup, the increase in testing, there is no doubt there is more infections. We know that because the percentage of cases that are tested positive is increasing. Therefore unequivocally, your scene truly more new cases and in addition we are seeing now more hospitalization which lagged behind infections and we will see in very likely more death and there are more infections and should we take comfort that is separate. We have to be careful, the big spike in the death rate that we saw was a terrible situation that they went through in new york city metropolitan area in situations like chicago and new orleans in detroit, that death rate happily is going way way down the what will happen we will likely see more deaths as people get hospitalized but i doubt it will go up to the extent that we have seen before, mostly for a couple of reasons. One, if you look at the age range of the individuals who are getting infected now as opposed to early on a few months ago, its about a decade to a decade and a half younger, even if young people, which some do get sick enough to get hospitalized, it is highly unlikely that the death rate among them are going to be at the level of the death rate that we saw in the real core of the explosion in the northeastern part of the country. The last question in the debate and to the extent of the virus transmitted through aerosol. That is still debatable. In fact the minutes before i came in i read a summary analysis of it, it is almost certainly there is a degree of aerosol occurrence, the degree of transmission aerosol wise is unclear, most people think it is not the dominance transmission but the definitive proof i dont think its dominant, i think it actually occurs. For those listening to know the difference, the droplet transmission really goes beyond 6 feet. If you cough, sneeze or talk, drop which is the reason for the 6 feet limit about staying away, when young aerosol, its in the droplet less than 5 micrometers, the capability of floating around and you expect that it has the capability not only temporarily but getting the hind enter behind the masks were in the masks. Thats what they talk about with aerosol. That is very helpful. I will turn this over to mo for the next question. Taking dr. Fauci for joining us today. Lets turn to the respondent now. We really talked about the disease hitting the United States harder than any other nation around the world. You talked about is not entirely just because testing. With a certain big picture, how much of that some of the nations i have dealt with this make it more effectively had more of a coordinated National Response where we have opted for more of a statebased or local and Regional Response for the United States. Is that part of the disparity, can we even have a needed National Response . It is always easy to look back and say if we had done this, wouldve given different. That will happen when this is over and people are analyzing it every which way. Some of the things that i believe have an impact on the differences, i dont think we can fully explain it, and europe for example and in some of the asian countries, when they shut down essentially locked down, they lock down to about 90 plus percent. They really locked down. We have a very large and heterogeneous country with different risks in different places geographically and demographically and in reality even though we locked down considerably, we only locked on the estimate is somewhere around 50 55 or so. When we have the outbreak and in europe they went up, they peaked in came right back down to baseline, they really did go down from thousands of infections to handfuls or so of infections. In the United States if you look at our curve from better or worse, we went up, we peaked in we came down and we never really came all the way back down to baseline, we stayed around 20000 a day of new cases until the most recent surge where we went to 30, 40, 50 and then 60. So the issue is, we never got down to the baseline so when you started to open up, you have relatively few amount of infections to deal with where as when we opened up now, you are seeing the search. The reason for that is complicated, there are many, the issue of how one responds, we live in a country from its founding had a federalist bend that had independent right incapability of doing things their own way and in many respects that works to our advantage in a situation. Possibly that really was a little bit of a disadvantage. Very difficult to make a definitive comment about the contribution that that paid for the difference between what we see here and what we see in europe. We will talk to john, we have so many questions we will get to john and mine as quickly as possible before we go to the students. With students, you can still submit your questions using the q a tab at the bottom of the screen. Speaking of the schools in the students, many schools around the country are announcing their guidance and we have at georgetown. Just yesterday the l. A. County and San Diego CountyPublic Schools announced they would be online for the fall. The president and others have talked about reopening schools and reopening as quickly as possible, the cdc issued guidance describing steps that schools can open safely. I guess what i would love for you to do is step back and help us think about how should schools approach the upcoming academic and if you can clarify what we know about the risks that children, teenagers and young adults across their whole age cycle through k12 and higher. And what it presents among itself and with teachers and staff in their family. Whats the right way to think about this going forward. For clarity lets talk about elementary, middle, high school and not universities. There are major differences there. We can get into universities later. I think people are much more focused on schools. I started with a general principle and then work your way towards operational aspects and exceptions. As a general principle, we should try as best as possible to keep the children in schools for the reasons that the unintended downstream Ripple Effect consequences of keeping the kids out of school and the impact of working families and other aspects of society can be profound, not to mention the negative affect on the children. As a principal, we should try as a default to get the kids to stay in school. However, that will very from where you are in the country and with the dynamics of the outbreak are in your particular region. That is the reason why although the fundamental principle is there the one other guiding principle that is overriding is the safety and the welfare of the children in the safety and the welfare of the teachers. You have to keep that into consideration. If youre the part of a country where the dynamics of the outbreak are really minimal if at all and theres no problem at all in getting back in if youre in a situation where youre in outbreak mode, you leave it up to the local individuals as you said in certain california schools, certain florida schools, making a decision based on the judgment of making sure the safety of the children and safety of the teachers are paramount. So you guide the principal, but tried to get them open to the extent that we can but lets take a look at the dynamics of the infection of the area. Thank you tony. This maybe is a little bit more from the response of the government and the response from citizens. I am glad youre here in speaking out. And im glad youre giving students a chance to talk with you. A lot of people are confused right now about the state of the pandemic and what they should be doing. My wife and i every night sit down and what were allowed to do with the kids and comparing new stories and different pieces of guidance. I think a lot of the confusion can be contributed to three main issues. One, the evolving nature of the pandemic has resulted in more information and new information involving guidance. Too, a growing body of deliberate misinformation and disinformation being spread, much online. And three, the polarization and growing politicized nation of the discussion of the pandemic. Even this past week in the white house pointing to your previous comments order to question the guidance, and given all the ba back, misinformation, disinformation, involving guidance, increase politics in the conversation, how do people synthesize all the information in order to make the right decision. How do they know who to trust. Thats a good question, it is difficult to give you a definitive answer. For the most part, i believe, you can trust medical authorities. I believe i think you can trust me but i would stick with respected medical authorities who have a track record of telling the truth and who have a track record of giving information and policy and recommendation based on Scientific Evidence and good data. So if i were to give advice to you and your family and your friends and your family i would say thats the safest bet to do, to listen to the recommendations from that category of people but its entirely understandable how the public can get mixed messages and get a bit confused about what they should do. Let me ask one followup before tossing it back to john. You just mentioned data, there was a story that broke moments before we can be here today about bypassing the Data Collection of the cdc and going straight to hhs. Im wondering if you had any thoughts on the latebreaking news. One bad idea about commenting on latebreaking news that you did not read. Thats a way to shoot yourself in the foot. I think it will pass on that one. Fair enough. We will go to john and after that we will go to questions which will be better than john or my questions. Absolutely. I think my last question as we queue up, its really we asked a lot of questions and so far it gets to the complexity of this experience the country is going through. Most of the people on the webinar are students and their young adults and as we start to bring people on, i would love to ask you, given what we know now and everything that we have talked about, what is your message to young people, young adults, teenagers, as more states open up summer pausing and what are the risks and the responsibilities of young people as we approach the pin to make given what we know. Thank you for that question. I was hoping someone would ask it. I think it is key to what is going on right now with the resurgence that we are seeing in some of the southern states. I say this with trepidation because i dont want to seem preaching about it. But since right now if you look at whats going on in the country, the infections are among young people, very likely contributed at least in part to what youre seeing on tv of young people gathering at bars, crowded places, congregating, many without masks. There is an understandable situation where a young person could say you know statistical statistically, the chances of me getting into trouble of getting affected are much smaller than an elderly person with an underlying condition and since i as a young person and quite healthy, it does not matter to me, i would rather be there sipping my margarita at a bargain a crown, to me thats understandable, im not blaming the innocent. However, what they need to understand is that given the nature of this outbreak, even if you get infected and have no symptoms at all and never get sick, you are inadvertently propagating the pandemic, you are part of the problem and not the solution. By propagating the pandemic, it may not matter to you because you probably will not get any symptoms but the chances are you will infect someone who then will infect someone who then could get sick, could get hospitalized, could even die. Not only are you propagating the outbreak but you are actually putting other people in danger. I would hope you could appeal to the young people to not only take the individual personal responsibility but think about your societal responsibility. Thats what i mean when i say we are all in this together. Everybody has a place in the role in getting this outbreak under control and you are not caring whether you get infected or not is not a good way to get the outbreak under control. To get it under control means you dont let yourself get infected and you dont spread to anybody else. Again i say there was some trepidation. Im not blaming anyone and i think people do this innocently, they dont mean to be part of the problem. But inadvertently they are part of the problem. That is the message we have to get across. Thank you tony. Thank you very much. Maybe i will turn this back to mow so we can bring on student questions. We have a lot of questions so dr. Fauci we will try to get through them and as many of them as we can. Our staff will notify students when we are ready and getting close to being ready to call on you, when we do make sure your broadcast ready because you will be on screen asking doctor gott to your question directly. When we call you introduce yourself, tell us who you are, where youre zooming in from, your field of study so dr. Fauci will know. With our first question comes from marcia. Marcia introduced herself. Hi dr. Fauci, thank you for speaking with us today. My name is marsha and im a senior majoring in International Political economy. I am currently zooming in from texas. Im in a covert hotspot at the moment. I guess my question has to do with what young people can do to contribute to depoliticize in this pandemic. I feel like a lot of the pandemic has been controlled or impacted by politics. Im wondering what young people can do about making a more about science than politics. Obviously that appears to be a simple question but its a complicated situation that you are asking about. It is very tough for young people to have an impact on depoliticize asian except by not being talked about. It is a pandemic. Keep reminding yourself and your peers that this is something in which it does not matter who you are, what you are, your republican democrat, anything else, were all in this together. That way you can do that is by fortifying each other and what you can do to essentially be part of what i just said, protect yourself, the best thing you can do is to protect yourself and fortify your colleagues in their attempts, hopefully successfully to protect themselves from getting infected. The way to squash out and outbreak is to have not anybody get infected. So youre not getting infected is a big contribution to what we need to do. So hang in there, do your thing and dont get involved in the political nonsense. That is a waste of time and a distraction. Thank you for the question marcia. Next up we have johns fig, excuse me if i mispronounce the names. John entered introduce yourself. I am john and im coming from pennsylvania. I am a rising junior in the Foreign Service and im a business major and my question was, what kind of studies can we do right now in the middle of the pandemic about masks and transmission of the disease. Or are we just relying on antidotal as middens to do those kind of studies right now. Thats a good question. Right now if you look at the analyses and the good studies about the efficacy of masks, both for preventing you and someone else as someone else infecting you. They are pretty good. I would not want to do a randomized controlled study because that would be having people not wearing masks. Right now i am convinced enough in the summation and i would say the totality of the data that has been analyzed that i am convinced the benefit of wearing a mask clearly is there and better than not wearing a mask. I think to do the study would be difficult to do because you would have to tell people not to wear masks and im not about to tell them that. Thank you for the question. Next up we have caleb, go ahead and introduce yourself. Thank you dr. Fauci i am caleb i am a senior in the Foreign Service, zooming in from washington, d. C. And my question is on the World Health Organization prethe Trump Administration has criticized the w. H. O. And has also submitted plans to withdraw from the organization. How do you believe the w. H. O. Has done in terms of a Global Response to the pandemic and what are your thoughts for the plan for withdrawing . Obviously this is a complicated situation, i can tell you ive been dealing with the w. H. O. Heavily, for the last 40 years, very intensively for the last 36 years since i been director of the National Institute of allergy and and diseases. There in an imperfect organization, they have made mistakes, i would like to see the mistakes corrected and for them to be much more in line with the kinds of things that we need, there are very good people at the w. H. O. Including the director who i know very well and i have a lot of colleagues that i interacted with over the years. I hope this kind of tension between the United States and the w. H. O. Somehow or other get settled in a way because the world does need a w. H. O. For outbreaks like this. And even for the General Health of the globe to coordinate. I hope this thing gets resolved in a way that we find this favorable. Think for the question. Next up we got andrea. Go ahead and introduce yourself. My name is andrea from maryland and im a current graduate student at georgetown university. My question is, dr. Fauci what is the best way for policy solutions and of testing to schools reopen, a lot of schools would like to do testing to come back in and in enormous cost addition to the financial officer. I dont really have a good answer because when i stop talking about money and cost im out of my area if you want to talk about other things id be happy to do it. A lot of the testing can be free of cost. Depending upon where you are and what youre doing, theres many things that have to do with testing and treatment of coded thats without a cost. Since im not as familiar as i would like to be, i would refrain from making comments because as you know i get one into trouble and i occasionally like to avoid that. Thank you. Next up we have clear. Go ahead. Hi, thank you for taking my question. I am claire and im a junior studying psychology and economics. Im zooming in from the boston area. My question can you outline the reasons are mere perspective and expertise as to why the covid19 pandemic has disproportionately affected poor communities and communities of color and more portly explain what the federal government should do with these inequalities especially in the event of another local Health Crisis in the future. Rate question im glad you asked because i was hoping someone would ask. If you look at minority communities like africanamerican, latino and some native americans and alaskan americans. There are two areas in which they find themselves disadvantaged. The first no one likes to generalize but it general demographic group, minorities find themselves because of economic and employment situations in a situation where its less easy for them to protect themselves from getting infected, they have less of a chance of sitting in front of a computer teleworking as opposed to being outside with jobs that require exposure. So their chances of getting infected are greater then the general population. That is disadvantage number one. Disadvantage number two is when they do it infected, given the social determinants of medicine that has been around so long, they have a much later incidents and prevalence of comorbidity which lead to a poor outcome, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, those kinds of things which put them at higher risk category, its what you call a double negative way in me that they get. What can we do now and what can we do in the long run, what we can do now is concentrate resources in the areas where they are demographically overrepresented so they can have easy access to testing, then access to healthcare so if and when they get infected they can get the proper care early enough to mitigate the negative consequences. That we can do now, the longerrange, do we have a commitment, which i hope we do to eliminate Health Disparities which is a decadelong commitment, you will not do the overnight, there are so many things that you can do to modify the reasons why they have more hypertension, they have more diabetes, they have more obesity. We can do stuff now and make a commitment to do things in the long run. Thank you claire. Next up we have dominic. Introduce yourself. Hello my name is dominic and im a freshman and i will answer my question. I know from foreign thing in Foreign Policy to a Foreign Service but i have a question, how International Relations affect our ability to contain pandemics and have greater cooperation how it can help us prevent a second pandemic or future incident. That was my question and thank you for your Service Doctor anthony fauci. And how amazing this is. It is nice to speak to you, you really bring up a very important point and what pandemic means is all and is essentially global, talk about identifying, responding to and containing pandemics and you gotta think globally, you cannot think in a vacuum of your own country and trust between countries, transparency, agreements to have things like Global HealthSecurity Network and are critical to inadequate response in so many examples of when those things were not operable and our response an issue in a couple of students who are involved in studies of Foreign Service and International Cooperation as a pandemic by very definition of what a pandemic is. Dominic thank you for the question welcome to georgetown. Next up we have hunter. I am hunter i am at georgetown and i am currently in new haven connecticut. My question is, we dont know whether having the virus confirms immunity. When will we find out that for sure and will the answer to that question affect the vaccine and could it mean you get more sick if you get the virus a second time . Good question. We will not have the definitive answer to your question until were out many months a year or more to be able to definitively determine the durability. I think i can say with a degree of confidence, if you get infected and you recover, it was because you are immune system and your immune response suppressed and ultimately eliminated the virus. If you are infected, i think confidently that you have immunity. What i can tell you is how long the immunity would last. I would hope that it lost a substantial period of time but we dont know because weve only been involved for five and half to six months. Does that impact vaccination. It does. What we are going to do is hope that when we do vaccinate individuals that the vaccine would give protection that is at least small enough for one seasonal cycle. Hopefully much more but if it is not there is always an opportunity to give someone a booster. So that is the answer to your first two questions. The first question if you gettininfected before and get id again, cannot make it worse. And what they call enhancement and thats a phenomenon we are studying now, i dont think, i hope it wont be a big deal, there are some infections with preexisting and it leads to an enhancement of infection. We see that with respiratory virus vaccine and you pay a lot of attention to safety. Next up. I am a prima graduate student, thank you for being here and discussing these things. My question for you in a very contentious type of climate, how do you bridge the divide and on the one hand the necessity to disseminate critical seriousness of the disease. The most important thing to do is dealing in what i think youre referring to the atmosphere, stick to the science and the evidence and avoid at all cost in getting into any of the political ideological, if you want to get the message across, build up the confidence in others that you are speaking the truth in your speaking and advising on the basis of evidence in science because that is the thing that is clean and crystalclear, ideology is involved, there is not political persuasion involved, just stick with the data and use that to make whatever advice a recommendation you will do. You can get past all of the other stuff that is unfortunately background noise and often gets in the way of what youre trying to do. Thank you april. Next lets go to andrew. Go ahead and introduce herself. Good afternoon dr. Fauci, thank you for being here. I am andrew a rising junior in the college studying government. I am from long island new york and my question has to do with the work that i do with the georgetown disability and Mental Health, how do people around the world specifically students and parents with little children reconcile the Mental Health component of going out and leaving the quarantine and isolation with the risk that it might necessarily bring along with it. That is a great question and im glad you asked it. That is one of the reasons why its a complicated situation, we need to contain the outbreak and the kinds of confinement and physical distancing, shutting down if you will has played an important successful role in getting cases down. The reason why it is important to open the country again is to try to get back to some degree of normality, is not only because of the inconvenience or because of the economic impact, people losing their jobs but what youre talking about and youre interested it is also important the strain on the morale in the Mental Health of people being put in an abnormal situation like lockdown is one of the things that you need to consider imbalance. You dont want to open up and create a big surge that would cause you to take a step backwards and on the other hand you always have to try and a good prudent careful way to get back to some form of normality and one reason the point that you make, it does have a negative impact on everything from the health of kids getting checkups to Mental Health in general. That is one thing that we do consider. Thank you for the question. Thank you andrew. Next up we have quinton. Go ahead and introduce herself. Hi dr. Fauci im a rising senior in Georgetown College and im working as a Contact Trace through the summer and i was wondering what should policymakers consider to ensure which country in which groups within the country get a deployable and effective vaccine and that this is not magnifying existing social and geopolitical inequality. Thank you. Thank you for being a Contact Tracer. I applaud you for that. We need you. The idea about equities, not only in the distribution of vaccines and scarce therapies but in the Clinical Trials that determine if they work or not, you want equitable distribution because you want to make sure when you test something, it is safe and effective in a minority as well and the majority of people, we have mechanisms of doing that, we have outreach in the community, we have community engagement, we have a number of mechanisms of getting people together, Clinical Trials, Community Reps in ephesus to make sure, first of all i hope and i think we will have enough for everyone who needs it but as its being rolled out you often have to make a choice of who gets it first. The general principle, though i will still leave it up to the discussions of others to give it to those who are most vulnerable and most benefit from it such as first responders, healthcare providers, essential members of society, people with underlying conditions, hopefully you could quickly get everybody vaccinated or get the therapy to everybody who needs it. Sometimes you have to make difficult decisions, that is the reason you want to go by the strongest medical and Ethical Principles to guide you. Tony, a quick followup, can you give us a couple of sentences on the state of vaccine development, your projection given where we are right now then were likely to have vaccines, your sense of the likely. Were on a good track, the good news coming out today or tomorrow the publication of the phase one trial in for one of the candidates that show really good neutralizing antibodies, save and no adverse events with good levels of neutralizing antibodies. In the vaccine that will go into phase three at the end of this month, july and the other candidates that will soon be following at the end of the summer, early fall, mid fall, i think were in a pretty good place when it comes to vaccines, obviously you want to prove that its safe and effective but if things work out the way that we hope they do, i think by the end of this year end the beginning of 2021, we will have enough information to know whether the candidates that we are dealing with are safe and effective in hopefully with clintons question will be able to distribute an equitable manner to a large number of people. I am optimistic about that. Thank you tom. Thank you to quinton for the question. Next up and. Go ahead. I am dan i am an incoming firstyear and ill be studying logistics. My question was answered a little bit but i wanted to get to vaccines, when will it be released across the country and the globe and when should we expect to have a complete immunity and get over covid19. Okay, a good group of questions. When you talk about when we will be able to give it to everybody, that is assuming my timetable is correct, if it is i think as we get into the year of 2021, the companies who are involved in making the vaccines promise will have many doses to the tune of a couple of hundred million. If that is one company the couple hundred million another company feels within the year they could have a few hundred million up to a billion. Right away i feel much better about getting vaccines that are distributed not only within our own country but they will be able to have doses for people rock their world who cannot afford nor are they in a situation where its very easy for them to get vaccinated. You should know that no vaccine is going to be 100 protected. What we hope is with a combination of people having already been exposed in a vaccine that is anywhere from 7l be enough heard immunity and there will be a time when you and i do not have to worry about getting infected with this awful virus that were having to deal with. I hope that that time will be reasonably soon and when i say soon i see the next year to year end a half. Thank you dan. We are getting close to the end of our time and i would like to squeeze in a couple more student questions are possible. Next up we have lauren, lauren go ahead and introduce yourself. My name is lauren im a secondyear student at georgetown law school. My question is, do you believe a comprehensive Contact Tracing program can be implemented on a National Scale in the way that would evade rights but activation about privacy violation. Yes, i do, i believe its done properly and correctly with people who are the Contact Tracers that are trustworthy and competent. I think this can be done in Contact Tracing it is not the only part of the Second Interim academic and pandemic control. But its a really important part, becomes much more important when youre in a containment mode as opposed to a mitigation mode because new york is a wide outbreak at the Community Level and you dont really know because you have so many asymptomatic carriers, Contact Tracing can be problematic. But in the conditions where you have a low enough rate of infection, i think it can be done in the conditions where you will not worry about privacy issues. Thank you so much oren. We are running out of time. I want to ask one last question, that is actually about our frontline workers. They are out there on the front line, not only in Healthcare Settings but in Grocery Stores and in transit and other essential industries. Are we doing enough to protect them, what steps should we take to protect them and their families especially as the pin number continues to unfold. I think one of the things was a question that one of the students asked of essential workers, the vaccines with therapies. I think what you would do to protect them, what you would do to protect everybody. A broad feeling of messaging in a way of what they do is necessary to protect themselves and give them the resources to do it. What to take care of rs