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So without further ado, he earned a bachelor of science degree in mathematics in the United States air force academy in 1989 and a masters of science degree in aeronautics from Aeronautical University and nasa in 2000 he was a pilot at the sts 130 mission of the sports shuttle endeavor in march 2015 he assumed command of the International Space station and spent over 200 days, he is one of the stars and photographers of the imax film the beautiful planet released in 2016 he is also the author of view from above and lives near houston, kaine is the publisher of the universe today and the cohost of the podcast, he is also the creator of the series, the videos on youtube and the space journalist for over 20 years reporting on new discoveries in the universe and space exploration, please join me in using your zoom clap or hard reaction function to welcome terry and freezer into your living rooms. All right, can you hear me . I got too loud and clear, good to see you again. And to see you as well, its been so long. I think before we get started with this weekend conversation i am going to ask you every single question ive ever been curious about spaceflight, youve got some Cool Pictures to share about your experience. I do, let me jump into that, ill do a screen share, the book that were talking about, let me find the screen share, i think is good have to give me permission for that but it is on the way. There we go, how to astronaut is a book that i really wanted to write as something that is fun to read, i wanted to have a book that is something that is not technical, you know how to be a spacer to get into it, my goal was for readers to laugh and say well, those are the two reactions i was looking for and its not a memoir there is a million and this is not one of those, this is something you can read by the pool or the beach that is 51 short essays the chapters are short you can read them in order that you want so is designed to be a fun, learn something, a lot of the chapters are things you would expect and a lot of things you may not have expected to see and that youve seen in other astronaut books, these are a few of the chapters that i wrote and of course every good book starts with launch, and i talk about a lot of the different aspects of launch, first of all just getting in your suit and how complicated that is in the process of getting strapped into a Space Shuttle is not exactly getting into your car and putting on a seatbelt and then the experience itself with all the noise and the views that i had in the sound and things happening and what it felt like, just experience, i had done a lot to the Fighter Pilot and test pilot, i thought i knew what i was getting into and actually launching an endeavor was unlike anything ive ever done to say the least. So the launch chapter is pretty cool, i like that part of the story and another part of license base that you expect would be spacewalking, again, getting in that suit that you see me in, that thing is three or 400pound behemoth, it takes hours to get into, astronauts as they decrease the pressure they have to worry about the same problem that scuba divers have which is changing the pressure if you do it to quickly, in hollywood you throw on your suit and you go outside and start fighting the aliens, and real space this whole process takes hours, it is a long ordeal, i talked through that and what its like to be outside, youre in a big bulky suit, you have a thin plastic visor in front of you and on the other side of that is instant death, so the thread level of getting outside is a little bit higher than other things, the view i felt at times it was creation and had to get back to work and plug you more cables, there is extremes that 99 has worked in 1 is seeing things you cannot imagi imagine, there is a few chapters on different aspects that are pretty fun, my computer just locked up, can you guys hear me . I hear you. Interesting. Let me try and do this, so another aspect of life in space was a got a chance to film a movie, i hadnt planned on it but my whole life ive been seeing imax movies and i love them, thats what motivated me to be an astronaut and when i found out i was going to be a beautiful planet which is tony myers final film hes been a director and he went back to the 80s, shes amazing and a mentor and now that i actually made a movie last year and hopefully unmoving into tv and film, she was my mentor and getting the film beautiful planet was amazing, and of taking a lot of pictures and theres some poor guy in houston whose job it was to count the photos and it turns out i took more pictures than anybody and did not plan on that but i took a lot of photos, the experience of doing that was pretty amazi amazing. Are you able to share your screen. Youre off the screen share. Oi not screen sharing, im sitting here staring at it on my own computer. Theres a lot going on in your back on, i think it keeps us busy but were not screen sharing again. How is that. Hopefully my laptop wont lock up again, this is a picture of me taken the photo from a beautiful planet which it was installed on the Space Shuttle flight. You install that, i did not know that. I installed the last two modules, it was amazing, its everybodys favorite place. Yes. Its incredible you cannot describe it back one of the parts of how to astronaut is learning how to be a doctor i was a medical officer from just a Fighter Pilot but i was a medical officer we got to spend a week in houston at the hospital so we know people that got bit by their pitbull on Car Accidents and chemical plants and fires in all kinds of disasters and i was in the er working and learning how did you with these things, i would put on the white coat and we go through training and put the stethoscope around my neck and these engineers at houston with volunteer to give blood or be guinea pigs that we could poke because we need to practice on people and i walk in and the sky was super nervous because i was going to draw blood and he sees me in my white jacket, how long have you been a doctor and i look at him, im not a doctor im a Fighter Pilot and he turned as white as my coat, the medical training i fell in love without. Survival training is something you may not think of but i had to do in the air force as a Fighter Pilot in case he got shot down or have to survive or have to go into prisoner working and i thought i was done with after doing it with the air force and the French Air Force they didnt exchanger the French Air Force, when i was in nasa had to do it with usaid under navy and with the russians we did winter survival in russia and water survival in russia and had to do it again at nasa twice in alaska for kayaking trip i spent a lot of my career living in the woods, freezing and being hungry, there is a chapter about all the different experiences there. Flying jets is something you would expect, the most important training we do, you can practice the Technical Skills on how to install this piece of equipment and do this experiment but the things it gives you is the ability to have your brain stay ahead of the jet you have to think five steps ahead and what would happen in the future if i go to this direction whats over there and youre doing that why your butt is on the line, if you crash and die just on a simulator where you hit the button and go get lunch flying airplanes is good for your mental ability to stay ahead that Situational Awareness and also stay calm under pressure, all thats in the simulator the t38 jets are the only realworld things that we do. Flying jets is super important from astronaut training. One of the things i never expected was to get snow or bicolor and it really helped without. I tell the story how one day the station turned red and i did not know what was happening and i looked out there was outback of australia, the picture of australia on the bottom left but i got to know the planet by colors that was unexpected, canada and russia are white, the caribbean is a beautiful blue turquoise green aqua color, you see the bahamas, Central Africa and south america also but really africa the congo is dark its almost black it is so dark, australian saudi in the sahara in the desert are all pink, red, orange their really bright colors, i got to know ruth bicolor which is something i had not expected you can see a satellite flying bite on their, this is the southern might and thats an amazing alien thing something i never experience before see the northern and southern lights. I need to see them in person i never have. Their sight to behold i cannot imagine looking down on them. The problem would be national your bucket list gets too long. That is definitely on my bucket list, talk about unexpected having samanthas italian and there is russian, threeperson job he held the vacuum why did the cutting this is a stressful thing youll find that chapter funny but cutting her hair was something i never expected i would do but it was important shes the most popular italian on the planet the most wellknown so i had to make sure he did not screw that up. Thats a sample of some of the chapters and i apologize for the computer go to earlier but there is a stop share button. You were able to recover from your disaster. You gotta think on your feet. I read the book a couple times at this point and as a journalist ive been reporting on this for 20 years and there was a lot in there i did not know and i think some of it is true. In the airport has to be 10 true so this is at least 10 true. One of the conversations with astronauts is the experience of launching onboard machine like the Space Shuttle, he showed us a picture was Space Shuttle flying away but can you put us in the steep and help us understand what it feels like . What flying the Space Shuttle is like. What is that experience from sitting up, getting in and feeling it. The suiting up part takes hours in the really cool thing, we sat in the same chairs we were in the same room we played in the same oxygen takes. The government doesnt want to pay any money to upgrade the furniture, i think they upgraded it now. Now its a stork. There was no one flying, they went to ikea and got some furniture. You go through the process, the launch itself is amazing what is the pilot line the shuttle is breaking out into three phases, there is launch which normally the computer flies, we are trained to fly it and you have to be really smooth, if you touch of the stick a little bit too much the big giant engines that are putting out millions of pounds, they will move quickly and that will waste a lot of energy so if youre not super smooth you waste so much energy you cannot make it into orbit that you want to be in so you end up in a lower orbit and you end up having to abort and you cannot do your mission, flying on launch you have to be very smooth, when she can orbit the flying is completely in counterintuitive because in an airplane if you want to go faster and catch up you pushed the throttle and you go faster and i catches up to the guy youre trying to shoot down, in a spaceship if youre trying to rendezvous on somebody you actually slow down which causes you to sink and it causes you to speed up and thats how you catch up and then you have to speed up which causes you to climb which causes you to slow down and that is how you fly in space. It is complete and nonintuitive, you make one input and then you wait and you have to wait a minute or two and see whats happening and then you make another input, its kind of like watching paint dry. When you come back to earth i got a chance to hand fly the shuttle in the atmosphere, its an airplane when you pull back you want to climb, when you pull back the first thing the Space Shuttle or mirage or an old f1 offset in yara shahidi itll sink in when it sinks the nos comes up and you get more angle of attack and that causes it to climb, what you do not want to do is be really aggressive on the stick just like on launch because when youre coming in, youre like im coming down too hard i need to climb in the first thing the shuttle would do is think, you have to stay a couple steps ahead, the speech shuttle is not airplane you want to fly with doctors and dentist to file the weekend and youre going downhill at 20 degrees dive at 300 watts which is a divebomb approaching the f16, it was normal to me its like im on another divebomb approa approach. Its a divebombing glider in your only got one shot. You dive, pull up and youll touchdown and thats it theres no more shots after that. So flying the shuttle is awesome, i loved it, the new vehicles are great but the pilots dont have anything to do, they are just passengers, theyre not pilots, there along for the ride and i was very lucky and fortunate to fly the shuttle where you could fly the vehicle. Yet up chance to fly on a couple of vehicles and launch the Space Shuttle and launch, how are those two vehicles different, how does it feel . The shuttle is a big american muscle car, it is big, majestic in the same wave, it is huge. It was huge, we havent flown every ten years now, is more like a ferreri in a sports car, it was a soviet icbm, is designed to get out and get moving as fast as it could towards america, its not designed to sit there and go slow and be majestic, its like boom, you were gone. That was different, it is a small, kind of like being in the front seat of your minivan with two other people in the spacesuits. It is how you custom seats and your students. It is a little too small. Specific, the seats that they make a couple inches above your head, it is a couch so youre laying down and they put you in the long underwear and they put you on a crane with some straps and they dip you down into plaster and you like a pig on a stick, they have these pig festivals every august and september and they dip you down, they let the plaster harden and then they pull you out, youve your own custom fit couch for your spying because it hits the ground going so hard is like driving through your neighborhood and swerving over and running into a telephone pole, its pretty much a crash, then the soft landing rockets but i suggested that they rename them the less of the crash landing rockets, it works. You survived. I had a couple bruises, i was fine, i crawled out on my own power. , its not a nice fancy air force landing on a runway, if the navy crash landing on a ground but it works so theres something to be said for simple and working. Once you make it whether on the Space Shuttle or on the International Space station, how different is trying to get around and do things in space compared to what youre used to down on earth. We had a saying, everything is more difficult in space, that is almost true, pullups are easier in space but Everything Else is harder, Everything Else is harder, everything is floating away, it is hard to move around when youre a new guy the first day or two in space or the first week is hard to move when you translate you moving you rotate. It is not as simple as walking over to the door, you have to float yourself and not spin yourself around i tell funny stories and then all the stuff that youre trying to deal with is floating away, thats what gives us cool like policeman on a bike shorts, softball guy shorts that they have ten pockets and lots of velcro, your velcro in your tools in your pencil and everything has to be in a pocket or ziploc or velcro otherwise it goes away immediately. Theres a few chapters talk about that learning curve its a pretty steep learning curve and takes a few weeks before your really good. You talked about how stuff goes missing which is amazing on a fairly small enclosed space, stuff floats away. If you give it more than a few seconds its going to float away, there is a funny story on my first flight i had a little flashlight and i opened up the panel and i stung myself in there, my feet are sticking out and after a few minutes i got the thing fixed and i push myself out and i was looking for the maglite, where is the maglite and i was dizzy, my head hurt i cannot move my head so i had to slowly look around and i cannot find it anywhere and then about five minutes later my back was itching and i was like whats going on and in between my shoulder blades was a pencil flashlight, i literally put it down my shirt and it floated around to the back of my shirt and hanging out back there. You give yourself a minute to look for something and just stop, you could go down a rabbit hole and waste your entire day looking for your pencil and usually it shows up. You had mentioned a flash card that you use on your camera that perfectly, i just imagine like 2001 rotating perfectly and just disappearing into a crack on the station. Im impressed that you remember that story, yes early in the mission i took the most amazing pictures, i was so excited, and a compactflash card, it was perfectly rotating like this and it was like slow motion, no in the station has the racks, the refrigerators of equipment or storage or whatever, it is rack after rack after rack, et al. The equipment is in there is a little half inch gap indirectly down it, i waited if something goes and itll bounce and come right back out but it would probably bounce and then went sideways, anyway. That is funny. How long does it take to get your space legs so when you arrive to when you are no longer to your fellow astronauts . You are probably good after a couple of days but youre not great for weeks its a pretty steep learning curve, the morning of flight day three my headache went away and i was still awkward and not efficient in getting tools, the whole two weeks and when i went back for five years later, it took a month, it takes weeks, then i was really good i was a spaceman, i could move around it was second nature, i was adapted to space and it took less than two months, maybe a month, a few weeks. I wonder about that, you say when you push off from a wall, you not only cant help but give yourself a rotation at the same time in multiple axes, i can imagine at the same time you are doing a threedimensional planning like i want to be over there and i wanted twist at least twice and be upside down and formal that into the maneuver to get yourself in that location. There used to be a competition to pushoff and see how far you can go without bumping into the wall. The station is the modules, is probably 20 or 30 feet, there is a lab is probably 40 feet, 5e is another 20 feet and then it bends, you cannot go from the one into the next because pma one with literally billions, you had to have occurred, we were pushed off in getting through one module is not hard, getting to the second is most impossible is almost onto something, you have to move with your hands and carry things with your feet, you would push, you would have to calculate how you rotate, i remember my first flight i was a pilot and i was in the pilot seat just commanding endeavor to fly it and there is an old 1970s computer with 0 9 with a f, the keyboard just like in apollo, it was the same font and everything. I remember, i would not strap incompletely but i would stick my leg through the seatbelt and i had something so i did not float away and i was in leslie pushing the keyboard and my whole body would bounce and i would push the keyboard and my whole body would bounce. Sitting here typing, my keyboard is right there, you would go flying in the other direction so in your quarters where everybody had a laptop and thats i got an email and will communicate, you had to strap yourself, stick your foot under handrail to hold your feet together, i had a bungee cord so i would get in my quarters and wrap this bungee around my waist and click it and that would hold my body so as i was typing my body would be bobbing up and down against a skinny bungee cord that was holding me tight. People want to know how the food is, how is the food in space . It is not bad its basically military style, they come in the green bags like annemaries is what the military calls them, the nasa office is a food lab and they eat hydrate food, its a hard crunchy meat or vegetable or dessert or whatever and a little plastic bag, used to get into a machine, push a button and it fills up with water, you mastered around, spinning around and then ten minutes later it turns into chicken touches any or asparagus or whatever it is youre eating. The food is actually not bad, there is variety, there is all processed food, its not fresh, one of the interesting things about food is American Food anyway does not have expiration dates, the russian food does but when i was there, or if you do not have expiration dates but the beef did, there would be containers of beef that had a year on it like 2011 was okay, 2012 is your only goodyear, it was like going through your wine cabinet try to pick a bottle of wine, i dont know if that was a good thing or bad thing is probably good to leave the dates off, he went to want, dont ask, dont tell, each are food and everybodys happy. There would be food left over from previous astronauts, would you be horse trading for various treats from different nations or reading through stuff the people had left behind . One thing i did i started bags of uneaten food on the american segment so there were certain things that nobody liked, the great, the cree vegetables, there was a handful of things that for some reason nobody liked, we had a million tea and coffee, they gave us millions of those things so we would throw those in the bag and about once a month the russians would come down in radar bag and they took everything, they loved it because it was Something Different from what they had and we would go to their place and they would give us left over food and a lot of their food is in ten cans like a tuna can and they had a lot of fish and we had none, the only fish that we had was the tuna bags from the grocery store, starfish bag of tuna, so i would eat other fish, we loved it. They had bread and it was really dark black bread that lasted for months, a normal loaf only lasted a week and then its old, so the russian bread was only bread that we had in space, so anyway they like herself and we like their stuff and it was good to have a variety in my whole 200 a mission nobody ever through food away, we ate each others food, it was good. What is amazing right now to me, the astronauts, there has been astronauts continuously inhabiting the space station since its launch more than 20 years ago and now the next step that the United States is looking at is going back to the moon and hopefully eventually on to mars, we can kind of imagine a time where not only are there astronauts permanently living in the space station but astronauts living on the moon, you always look at the moon and no there will be astronauts, do you have any advice for the next generation of astronauts that they pushed further and further away from the earth. Thats a great question, that would be cool, thats what weve been dreaming about and expecting ever since neil and buzz went to the moon. I think for astronauts that are going to be doing exploring, one piece of advice i would give, share that experience with people on earth because very few people ever get to do that, i remember one night we were having dinner on a russian segment which i try to do as often as i could and there were six of us on the space station and the russians are really great, there was a big window and i said look out the window, there was earth, there is six of us here, there is over 6 billion people down there, were literally one in a billion, one in a billion so we are lucky, we are very fortunate, everybody worked hard and people did well but were pretty lucky and fortunate, you really want to share that experience why took 70 pictures and try to focus on doing a beautiful planet so i wrote this book to share the experience of space with everybody not just for the few to do it, that was probably my advice. We are learning more we see people like. Jason , elon musk looking to fan fiddlers to mars, more and more people are starting to imagine that theyre going to make this flight to other worl worlds, it is a lot harder on the body in the mind then a lot of people are expecting, they have romantic notions of what it would be like to live on another world when not necessarily pushing themselves to the limits here on earth. So between the Survival Training that you did as well as the actual time that you spent in space, do you think that humankind is ready, do think radically in our imaginations understand what is going to be expected of us if people do try to make this journey. I think so people are Pretty Amazing and resilient and weve been wondering what is over the horizon and exploring for thousands of years, thats what people do in mars is going to be tough there be psychological challenges, the psychological aspect is more important than the physical technical challenges, there are some physical things that you have to have electric power and engines to get to there and back in equipment that works, there is something that you have to have but the emotional status is maybe the hardest problem to get right and one of the most important ones to do, they say mars is going to be dangerous and going to be this and that, and going to the south pole 100 years ago, you want to talk about dangerous, flying across the ocean in the 1920s, that was dangerous, people do danger, one of the things i looked for when i look to applicants, we would go through thousands of these for each class and what i did not want was thrill seekers, i do not want to guy with me with a death wish, i want to guy that wants to get back when kennedy gave his moon speech, my favorite part of his speech was not that, it was returning him safely to the earth, you need to have the emotional ability to get to mars but i think the thrill seekers, the survivalist guys whos going to survive is what you want. One of the things a lot of the astronauts talk about is an idea of the overview of fact, the experience of being in space and seeing the planet and there being no borders beyond some of the natural borders that are there on earth, can you talk about what that feeling is like. I made a short film in july called cosmic perspective, it talks about how space target vs changers protective, astronaut photography of politicking the picture of the earth, no earthrise in space station photographers like me taking pictures of the earth but also hubble looking out into the galaxy, voyager going to jupiter and saturn, we spen sent so many people and robots on his face its really changed how we look at ourselves and the universe, some people get overwhelmed like were meaningless and insignificant, i dont see that all, first of all when youre near earth where i was in low earth orbit, earth is a giant magnetic you cant take your eyes off the thing, it is so beautiful, you cannot describe it i tried and i tried to help make and imax movie and written this book, until you see with your own eyes you dont have the emotional, the planet is over there and i am here, there is something profound about that. But i did not see yourselves as insignificant, i saw ourselves as we had this planet, theres no plan b, if you look at plan b it is a sea of black that are light years away that we will never be able to get to anytime soon to say the least. So there is plan a and no plan b anywhere else so we have to take care plan and that was a perspective that i came away with. It feels like if we could get more people to have that experience it would wipe away a lot of the problems that we have here on earth to see the planet as one plan a and what we have to live on together. Samantha put it really well, she said were all in Spaceship Earth and we should ask a crewmates and not just passengers, i think thats a great perspective to have, i think the Space Tourism indust industry, jeff bezos is going to launch a lot of people in the next year or so, a lot more people will get to do it, it wont be most people but it will be thousands of people instead of tens and maybe hundreds of people. I think the more people that see the earth, the better we will all be, some people are beyond hope, does not matter if you put World Leaders in space, theyre not going to change but i think if you put enough in space than enough will change, that could be a positive thing. Ill take one of the blue origin fights im not sure i want to spend more than we can space, 220 days, that is a long time. We are definitely not complaining. I think we are at the point where we want to open things up and get some questions. Yeah absolutely. We may have time for more and it will get to the questions about some of our topics. The first one is the two parties here couple people about training. How long is the training and what was the most difficult part of training . When you get to a year and a half they want to make you feel good about yourself and your selfesteem. Your training is a year or year and a half and thats basic stuff. You need to know the different vehicles but really then you go to some other jobs and to spend years doing that in the get assigned to your mission and thats two to three years. Specifically to train for your mission so its a few years but they wereality is its a lifetime. My training began when i was a kid. I had a camera and i had a telescope and i taught myself how to use that but i got a computer and i taught myself how to write so its really a lifetime of learning and you are training your entire life. You dont sit around a way to let nasa teacher we didnt know. You need to be curious about everything because when youre an astronaut you have to not do everything but you have to be willing to do just about anything. Its a lifetime of training. A question wondering if you can see pollution from the isf . The name of our movie was beautiful planet and it really is a beautiful planet. 99 of the earth is beautiful but you can see pollution very prominently in china. Its just as brown smoggy place especially northeastern china between shanghai and beijing and korea and it was brown. India is also jungle tropical type of country but it was pretty easy. I think it was a combination of pollution and and the other environmental problem that i could see was d4 station especially in madagascar. Its a big giant rainforest off the southeast coast of africa that is just a brown rot or thats literally a brown and orange rocker theres a green strip and these were the lemurs live in the and the diplomat at steve forest did back in the 50s of the 1950s and 60s they cut down all the trees and sold them and the guys who did it got money after they did it for couple of years in 50 or 60 years later the whole nation is devoid of trees. And in the amazon you could see these big giant squares of light green, the used to be dark green rainforest and now they are light green and thats accelerated with the regime change there. Those are heartbreaking to see but other than that most of the earth really does look youthful. You can see pollution in america and you cant see it on the earth. Most of the planet was really spectacular. At night you get the night pollution as well. Wanted the analogies i use if you were an alien in the daylight you might not even notice people or you can see airline contrail and if you have a zoom lens you can see the wave patterns. If you know you are looking at london or born a sorry sir some cities you can see these concrete light patches but during the daylight you cant see people. In the nighttime its a very different story because you can see the light and i can talk about what you are really saying is well not just population. You can tell where you are by the color of the light because Different Countries use Mercury Vapor halogens or different types of light so saw mark white, summer blue yellow and orange so its really cool to see it at night. Theres a question here regarding muscle mass loss. Rick lenihan mentioned he the muscle mass in this quad during his twoweek mission. You experience no bone loss but mass loss. From start to finish to and degrees 200 days i lost 20 my bone density. My muscles were probably 90 . Your legs you lose the most because you are using them constantly to walk around and the only time you for use them as if you are exercising. My upper body probably got stronger because i was lifting weights. It was like going to a health club for six months. I got in pretty good shape. The week i got back they put you through these tests and i was roughly 90 on all the different weightlifting i was doing. I did 20 pullups so i came back in good shape physically bone and muscle i was in good shape. Between exercising on the workout machine the treadmill and taking vitamin d, took a vitamin d pill every day i came back in good shape. I was going to say there are 11 things they have been able to figure out that happen your body at this point and with exercise you are able to account are all but three if this point. So you have essentially those fluid wrist is redistribution that they are not able to have a solution for the comes with eyesight as well and i cant remember what the other one is. Radiation. Yeah thats Something Different entirely by the this point that workout regime you are doing, thats what the International Space station has really been teaching about spaceflight at this point is how to overcome most of the downside of being in this microgravity. There is muscle loss and you can deal with the bone loss and a lot of these issues. Its the fluid redistribution and eyesight problems. You just need gravity and you dont know what the longterm consequences are. The good news about is the vast majority of astronauts are fine. Nobody has gone blind. Some guys come back and they need glasses and then again they are in their 40s or 50s or 60s so people my age need glasses but im fortunate i think that i dont need glasses. Most people do. There was a handful that had alarming potentially bad things but they are eyesight recovered so the eyesight problem is something they want to look at and we spent a huge amount of time studying it doing all types of experiments on my own body to study that but the reality is its not like theres a bunch of astronauts that need guide dogs for the blind. The problem that scares me a lot more than eyesight is radiation. Thats really something you cant do. His energetic enough to deal with your dna in back can cause cancers thats a problem for the moon and mars and deepspace exploration. Theres a question on the isf there is a sunrise and the sunset morning noon and evening. How you recognize the time to go to sleep, the difficulty not feeling a normal day like you do on earth so how do you adjust your rhythms to around the earth. Thats a great question. You set your watch. We have an omega x. 33 spindle master so we set that to london time and that was you wake up these talmet. All your schedule, you are going to exercise at 0900 thats gmt and you set yourself to go 24 hours a day. My watch had an alarm on it so i woke up every morning and he kept everybody going. The russians the americans the japanese everybody works up with the gmc. The poor japanese were the worst off because the europeans were fine. Its only one hour off. Russia is only three hours off. Americans five or six hours of that was kind of a pain but the japanese were waking up in the middle of the night and the people who worked on the ground in mission control. Otherwise if you did local time you would have a day every 90 minutes so the human body couldnt cope with that. I think a lot of people know or are familiar with sleeping in space and getting yourselves prepped to sleep in space but my question is whats it like the first night you were sleeping back on earth with gravity . The very first night im in space might land the Space Shuttle walk around and talk to my family and to my medical test and i go back to the crew quarters and i go to sleep and i lay down on the bed and i pulled his blanket over me. I was like this is the lead blanket like im getting an xray and i felt like it was a superhero and there were some evil guy with a magnetic rays me down into the bed that i couldnt move and i felt so heavy. These dogs want me to be done with my talk. They are like its time to throw the ball. Ive got two dogs me on both sides. We does have a few more questions so it wont be long could you mentioned the isf the question the experiment that adjust medical issues. Oh yeah great many of them run myself would i did a lot of ultrasounds with my eyeball my brain and my heart. I did a lot of laser scans an infrared gams of my eye. Did some medicine experiments for big pharmaceutical giant companies to look at salmonella and e. Coli vaccines. I did another one a Research Experiment for bone and muscle wasting disease like osteoporosis and muscular dystrophy for another big pharmaceutical experiment. Theres one of one of the coolest experiments ever is called ams the big giant particle detector on the outside the size of a small room and its looking for antimatter basically antihelium particles and thats an indicator of dark matter. They say the universe is made up 90 stuff that we dont even know what it is much less anything in detail. We are trying to find that out. There were lots of other different science experiments. Materials science combustion science different engineering, psychology experiments. It did this thing called journals where i would keep a journal and send it back to the doctor and hes been analyzing astronauts journals for about 20 years. I was very honest with him but you put on your happy face and everything is good, all right. The crew is great we are all happy lets get this done and then you may be happier you may not be good with him everybody is honest and hes really able to track astronaut moves and how they are doing psychologically which is super important so yes i did a lot of experiments. We have time for one more question from a 12yearold viewer. What is on an astronaut application to bring attention to increase your chances of getting selected . You just hit the nail on the head. You need something to bring attention to it. There were 18,000 that patient and i was helping them go through thousands of these things all the basic stuff everybody has had the basic stuff. I remember this one lady who have been a nascar mechanic and she was working on nascar cars and that was really cool. I spoke to her about serious mountain climbing actual serious technical him on climbing and scuba diving that kind of thing. Plus a fighter tester in pilot is the best thing you can have on your resume. Things that are operational though we dont necessarily want book nerds are professors that write on black words all day long. Thats great but thats not you do as an astronaut could we do as an astronaut is you do, its not a thinking job as a doing job working in these operational apartments especially flying and when youre is on the line in a dangerous thing you can still get the job done so thats probably the most important thing but something thats a little bit different and then the status quo because theres a sea of status quo applications. All of them are great and they. Theres an interesting aspect that nasas going into these days come things like material science 3d manufacturing, basic construction as they space power. Theres a lot of Newer Technology being adapted to this new space environment. I can imagine it specialized in things like 3d printing materials and things like that but as you say handson and that would probably be the kind of thing that nasa would love to have someone specialized in helping on a 3d to build girders and future. We did the firstever 3d printing when i was there. Actually made that wrench. That was during my mission but the thing is if thats her specialty thats great. During your sixmonth mission thats going to take up 1. 5 hours and the other 5. 99 months youll be doing Different Things every day. Having a specialty is great. Most especially you can see what youre doing but more than most important is your bill at the two be adaptable because youre also going up to be the crew conductor and you have to be an accountant and you will also have to do interviews like this. The real skill is being operational and being flexible and being able to do more than one thing. You have to walk and chew gum at the same time. On your resume what would you put in bold . If im looking at applications which im not anymore so dont look at what i said but the ability to be adaptable was really important to me. How to someone demonstrate their adaptable . Thats not a job. If youre an astronomer by day but you do the tech mechanic work at night you can do two things at once. You can be a test pilot during the day but you know how to speak russian and youve done for exchanges before and it shows you can work with International Crews which is certain super important certainly. If you are a Systems Engineer and you work on this interesting project and then you design this thing and your carpenter and you have html and if you have the worlds ultimate engineering resume but youve never done anything else thats not what nasa wants. Maybe speak a language or two or have your pilots license or be a military test pilot. You do need to be a loser do more than one thing and in todays nasa. Thank you so much for joining us this evening and thank you for your time and thank you for telling us a bit more about earth from up in the isf. We appreciate it and we hope you stay safe here on the ground and hopefully come through. If you were at the store in ann arbor someday but until then to your viewers thank you for your questions and thank you for tuning in. You can go to how to astronaut atler broady. Com lebron a bookstore. Com. Thank you for having us