Their parents let them come here. Terrified. I had just taken for granted. Theuncer you can watch entire ceremony with president clinton and the little rock nine sunday at 10 00 a. M. Eastern here on American History tv only on cspan3. Why am i here . I am here just for this reason. Think about the opportunity i involved in with President Trump to rewrite the tax code, something that hasnt been done in 31 years. The amount of impact we could have on the u. S. Economy and citizens in changing before an outlook of the United States, this is a onceinalifetime opportunity and i would never miss this. Announcer the Video Library is your free resource for politics, congress, and washington public affairs. Whether it happened 30 years ago or three mexico cannot find it or 30 minutes ago, find it at cspan. Org. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. With a series of north Korean Missile tests in the news recently, we decided to look back at the development of Nuclear Missiles and bombers in the United States. On real america, from 1959, the air force missile mission. His Beverly Hills home library, Academy Awardwinning actor and world war ii bomber pilot James Stewart uses models, animation, and archival film to describe how the u. S. Air force missile and jet arsenal is used as a deterrent in the cold war. Mr. Stewart, who reflects on his World War Ii Service in a four liberator, was promoted in 1959 to Brigadier General in the u. S. Air force reserve, and flew a 1966 vietnam bombing mission. This is about 24 minutes. James good evening. I hope you will excuse all of this, but i have been taking time off from my job to look into something that concerns all of us. What i mean is missiles, highperformance airplanes. Why do we have so many . Where are we going with all of this . A fellow asked me that question in london not so long ago. It is not a simple question, and i couldnt get him a simple answer. That is the reason for all this homework. It seems to me that weve got to understand just what we are building, how each of these missiles and airplanes as to our deterrence strengths, and why we have developed them and what they do. I would like to tell you what i wish i had been able to tell that fellow in london not very long ago. Some of you may remember i was a bomber pilot in world war ii. That was back when the air force inventory was a relatively simple one. There were longrange heavy bombers like this one. 24 one of these, a. B. A b 24. Handiwork asof my a model builder. They called us truck drivers, the Fighter Pilots did. These were the trucks that deliver the payload back in those days when the air force concept of Strategic Bombing was first being applied. And it worked pretty well. Of course, we needed fighter support in order to get through. These fighters were sort of like traffic cops who cleared the way for us to berlin, hamburg, cologne. Sometimes it took some clearing. But whether these fighters fought aggressive actions or defensively before they could strike at us, the role was clear , they were fighters, and they thought. They fought. There were other airplanes, too. Medium bombers like this be 25, carrying smaller loads. There were tactical aircraft used in support of ground operations, used as artillery by the infantry. But no matter how many aircraft types and models we had then, it was easy to understand what each was for, how all of them worked together to knock the enemy out of the air and pound them out of the war. But now it doesnt seem that simple anymore. Years have passed, times have changed quite a bit. Now we have missiles, and yet we still have airplanes. New aircraft, highperformance jets. You are tempted to think that one or the other might be able to do the job alone. Airplanes without missiles or missiles without airplanes. Hundreds and hundreds of words have been written about deterrence and air defense and Nuclear Weapons and the Ballistic Missile versus the bomber. Verynless you are a careful reader and have time to think things through, the only real clear idea you are liable to get is just that you are confused because there are just too many names. 100,or, quayle, f snark, atlas, titan, missiles,ir to air air to ground, ground to air, ground to ground. Why so much . What is it all for . How do these weapons all Work Together to defend the United States and deter an enemy attack . I will try to tell you. Lets begin with the heavy bomber because i am a little familiar with these. B52 is essentially what the longrange heavy bomber was in world war ii. It is faster, goes a lot farther, carries a heavier payload with more destructive power in one b52 then you could in 1944all that we had because times have changed. The speed and how to do have bit and altitude have been greatly increased. Theyve also increase the speed and range and outdo capability of the counter weapons that can knock the heavy bomber down, weapons comparable to our own f 104, or any ground to air rockets the other side might have. In fact, that is what war is all about. It is always the same old story of action and counteraction of a theweapon designed to catch new enemy offguard and a second weapon to counteract the first. Every aircraft and every missile we have today has been developed within this pattern to prepare or meet some new at expected weapon new unexpected weapon. Look at the b52 again. Fast as she is an high as she flies, she is conceivably vulnerable to interception or ground to air weapons defending a target area. Therefore, some bombers are armed with weapons that both extend their range and increase the capability of selfdefense by enabling them to avoid these heavily defended targets. From how to do to him of these missiles can carry a Nuclear Warhead many hundreds of miles, impacting with accuracy. That means hitting the target right on the nose from relative safely several hundred miles away. And you know what that means to the man on these bomber crews. That means a good percentage of them will stand a good chance of getting home. You want to remember how important these crew men are to us. Consider this, though. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles are built to do exactly what longrange bombers are built to do, to carry a heavy payload to a target hundreds or thousands of miles away. So why use the bomber . Why risk any of these men . Why not use the missile . A long range or intercontinental Ballistic Missile has one big advantage over manned aircraft, you can get it up in a matter of minutes and racing towards the target as long as you are sure you want it to go where it is going and do what it has to do, but you cant call it back, and you cant change its course. Can closelyander direct the flight of every single manned bomber in the air night and day around the clock. That headquarters nowhere every one of its bomber that headquarters knows where every one of its bombers is. Once launched, the whole attack can be diverted or called off. That is what the pilot adds to your defense, that priceless priceless flexibility and to get ability of seeking out targets that arent precisely known or can be pinpointed on a map. Bility toadded a observe and make a decision based on all the evidence he has, the pilot is your best guarantee there wont be any mistakes, but if the chips are down, he and his crew are there to deliver the load. And yet the missiles are there to back them up. Longrange strategic muscles already fire down the entire 5000 mile missile test range successfully, some of them already in the air force inventory, some of them soon to be, and others coming along incorporating everything weve learned from every missile weve designed and built. Heres one weve already got launched by rocket engines developing tons of thrust and millions of horsepower within speeds fasterting than 1000 miles an hour, it hits target over 5000 miles with accuracy. And yet, even though we have the icbm, we still have the b 47 jet bomber, probably our best known intermediate range carrier, and the finest plane ever built. It has been the allaround workhorse of the Strategic Air ommand, capable of the delivering Nuclear Weapons to almost any target we might have to strike. Icbm blends with the longrange manned bomber, there are intermediate range Ballistic Missiles supporting the b 47. Fire 1500 miles or more to pose an additional effective counter threat along the same parameter defended by the manned b 47 now. Right here it begins to get more complex because there are other missiles working with our aircraft. It is not just a question of having a longrange bomber and an intercontinental Ballistic Missile, or having a b 47 and an intermediate range missile. These weapons alone arent enough to guarantee survival. Lets look at that longrange bomber again and see what it takes to get it through to the target now. Because it is big enough to carry auxiliary agreement and crew, this bomber has a good chance of survival at any operating out of two. The crew can select the best out of tune and tactics for penetrating enemy defenses and put the load exactly where they wanted to go. Have diversionary missiles that we can drop or launch from the air to expose, decoy, or destroy ground weapons. This diversionary or countermeasure missile is a strategic weapon. They all Work Together to get the payload through and not the enemy out of the war. That is just part of the story. Icbms, they put the United States well within range of just about anybody who would like to take a crack at us. Its longrange capability has so far prevented that. When any identified flying object enters our radar, the system is at once alerted. If it is a hostile intruder, the pilot notifies the defense tax and a a ttacks. The old machine gun and the 275 rocket are obsolete now. Today these aircraft carry missiles like this one, either a beam writer or infrared holding this one. Or this one here, another infrared homing or target seeking guided missile. Or this one. Some consider it the best of all, these air launch missiles. This is actually a rocket with an atomic warhead, a highly effective defensive weapon. Our surface to air missiles then take over. This interceptor missile is a dependable and accurately guided missile with an effective range up to 200 miles. It will have a 400 mile range in the near future. Gooddition, it is a real weapon where those fighters cant operate too well. So you see, this missile and the interceptor our complement three to each other in defending us against air attack. That is the air Defense Command story today, but there is one air force of responsibility, tactical air. Tactical air is particularly tailored for local or small wars. During 1968, the composite airstrikes for the firemen deployed to the middle and far east. In the lebanese situation, f 100d aircraft flew nonstop from myrtle beach, South Carolina to turkey in a little more than 12 hours. The Tactical Fighter is a multipurpose weapon. Divebombing straight down into and by what the trade calls over the shoulder bothering shoulder bombing. The Tactical Fighter also has an air superiority mission using homing missiles to gain superiority. And it has a key Ground Support attain land battles to the superior forces of an enemy. There are tactical missiles too that blend with or support tactical aircraft. Instance,or electronically controlled from the ground, a can travel 500 or 600 miles to carry either a conventional or Nuclear Warhead deep into enemy territory. A number of tactical missile groups armed with this weapon are already deployed in europe, ive deliberately avoided calling and a these weapons by name because there are so many of them. Youve heard about icbms and i m sm 75, 99 and tm76, falcon, hound dog, matador, and it all just adds to the confusion. Why so many . Why are there sometimes two or three different kinds of a particular missile type. Tighten andd minuteman . Arent they all icbms . They are, but they are related. They are not identical. Each of these weapons represent. New generation some are good, some better, some not good at all because they have been made obsolete, but each one was the best weapon we could develop for a specific purpose of the time each of these was designed and assembled. Each of these weapons has been and many still are important bricks in the with which upll until now we have been to keep the peace. Where do we go from here . What Weapons Systems will we be using 5, 10 years from now . Over what ranges and that what speeds and altitude will would have to defend ourselves next . Atomiclying, slowmoving power demand airplane atomic powered manned airplane . It sounds like a bomber pilots dream. Maybe it would plug one more gap in the free worlds defensive wall. Maybe the trend five years from now will still be up. That is the way it has always been. I didnt build this one. It is too tough. But this is a model of the Wright Brothers airplane they flew back in kitty hawk in 1903. Ever since then the trend has been up to increasing speed and out to jude, flying higher and farther and faster than the other planes. But right about here in the early days of world war ii on flights above 10 thousand and 15,000 feet, we encountered something new. Because of the thinning of the air, pilots and crew men first began to take their own groundlevel atmosphere along with, but the race for speed and altitude when on. And for quite some time now, the almost byraft leaps and bounds, this aircraft has been evolving towards a true spacecraft. Or what ist is a, the difference between air and space . End, does air come to an and where does get . Maybe there where does space begin . Maybe there isnt any difference. Maybe as far as flight is concerned, air force crews have been making space flight ever since they first left their natural habitat in 1942. If that is true, todays highperformance jet aircraft is more than ever a spacecraft this spacecraft. Speeds at out dudes of over 60,000 feet, very much like the experience men will have in our first true spacecraft. Today of that the day of that white isnt that far away either. As we go racing into the future, the airplane and the Ballistic Missile am closer and closer together, each one dissolving ranges the ideal long weapons system, combining both. You give this experimental airplane the speed and altitude the missile has, or put this topic or control panel that hat in its block house now, put that back into the missile airframe and give thee a pilot give the pilot the agreement he needs to overcome heat and the weightlessness of gravity. Achieve these problems and you will have a man and a missile. You will have an air force pilot in a spacecraft. Men will be in space. That may happen been a whole lot sooner than we think it will. Us what the unknown land once was, the uncharted sea. A place out of which all of mans history and all he has ever been undone compels him to move. Like the explorers of the past, he may have to fight up there. That is why the air force has to do what it has always had to do, get up higher and go faster than the others because war, if it comes, it will not confine itself to air, but it will expand to the billions of miles surrounding. That is the only way it all makes sense. Missiles and airplanes of and manning today spacecraft tomorrow. I dont know whether i have answered all the questions we started off with. Are we doing . I think we are buying more than the aircraft in the missiles we have been talking about. I think we are buying peace. I think we are investing in the future by deterring war. We have to because, look here. The lights are on in my house tonight. My wife and children are asleep upstairs and weve got to keep it that way. Peace and security everywhere. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] announcer you are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend on cspan3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook. Sunday night on afterwards, investigative journalist art levine reports on the Mental Health history on his book Mental Health incorporated, how lacks oversight and reforms in danger our most vulnerable citizens. He is interviewed by the director of the New York State Psychiatric Institute and author of shrinks, the untold story of psychiatry. Supposedly even more people need to receive more treatment in no regard to the actual quality. The current middle Health Care System is such a fiasco that even having insurance does not ensure good, safe care. What you are saying is that funding needs to be sufficient to provide services to people, but it has to be good quality care, which most of it now is not. You as well as anyone would know there have been discussions over the decades in various panels and organizations. Quality . Have it is not really implemented. There is no culture of enforcement. That is why i have argued that what we are facing in this country is what amounts to an epidemic of Behavioral Health malpractice, even if it isnt acknowledged as such within the legal system. That is important because the reality of malpractice attorneys is they dont take a case unless someone has died. Announcer watch afterwards sunday night on tv on book tv. Announcer sunday evening, American History tv features an oral history interview with darryl heikes, who photographed a dozen president s. Here is a preview. Upi photo editor who worked weekends. This was a sunday. They are and said, coming down from the mountain and they are going to have a press conference in the east room. We can only have one photographer in the east room, so go. I grabbed my gear and headed there. Finally they took us into the east room. When we got there, here we are one person per organization. Time had two, newsweek had two. The israelis and each actions all have two or three. I was really the loan person for upi. When i was stand there looking at what was going to happen, i decided that i didnt want to spam straight in the middle. When they signed the accords and got together, there were going to be way too far apart, so i did what i usually did and of theay down to the end press riser so i can look back. When they signed it, they were kind of compressed a little bit. When the embrace c