Only on cspan3. Next, lori lyn price of tufts school of medicine talks about graded ande remedies used by 17thcentury new england house was. The partnership of his stored old New England Church cohosted. Introducelighted to the immediate and by immediate i think a week, past president of Boston Society who is an old friend who will be introducing our speaker for tonight. [applause] good evening. Welcome to this wonderful program. , all of you, no, each year the partnership has a after series of events september 7. September 7 is the day on which boston, georgetown, and watertown were named and we always commemorate date. We have a series of events each year. This years theme is that medicine and mortality. Im here to tell you it is the most successful charter day we have ever had. Tell me if you have been to other events this year . Would you raise your hand . That is what i thought. This is a wonderful. Excellent. In addition to our fall activities, we have lectures, Reading Group discussions, and toys from april through november. We are an allvolunteer group that cares passionately about telling the forgotten history of boston from 1630 until the revolution. We do have three more programs coming up. Rescheduling the anticipated talk at the old statehouse by dr. David jones. It will be a wonderful closing to this whole theme and we will also have two more tours. About thelot renaissance man. We usually really do mean a man. But tonight, you are going to meet a renaissance woman. Of whath and breadth lori lyn price does for science and history is amazing. First, her day job. She is a master degree in statistics from the ohio state university. She is a faculty appointment at the Tufts University school of medicine. And she is a biostatistician at does Medical Center in named as coauthor and 130 published medical research papers. Her we have the rest of life, which includes work with the partnership of historic boston a hand she just a earned a master of liberal arts and history from the harvard extension school. Work focused on domestic medicine in 17thcentury england. She really is the expert on this area. She is also a professional historian and genealogical speaker and she owns reachingthepast. Co a wonderful sitem that, helps people connect with their ancestors. She is going to help us reach a 17thcentury bostonians and how they cope with illness tonight. Please welcome dr. Lori lyn price. Dr. Prof. Price thank you for having me here. I am delighted to be her. I am a little but horse with a cup at im excited to be here. Bit hoarseittle with a cough, but i am delighted to be here. Have not visited the 18thcentury garden, i invite you to visit. We wanted to have this at the church because when we are talking about herbal remedies of medicine, we are relying heavily on gardens. Herbal,e not entirely based. They had other things they used as well. We were going to go on a tour in the homes. Ed not necessarily by the housewife, although we will be talking a lot about her, but what was used in the home england. T 17thcentury i will rely heavily on recipe books or as they called them back then receipt books. Were all they rage. It was cool to collect them from all your friends, doctors, many that may have had the name like. E king maybe it did not come from the king bed they thought it would work better than what you got from your friend or neighbor. Is mostly in england, but it wouldve been very similar herein new england. So much of what i say will apply to both places. I am going to talk about to recipe books and particular. I will introduce you to them. The first is the Charles Brigham account book. Even though it has a mans name, he may be wrote two pages of accounts. The rest of the 200 or so pages are written by a woman, which is probably typical. It has a mans name that what is written by a woman. The ones i use for my thesis were created by a woman in england in 1650. She died in 1688, she was collecting recipes almost until she died because there was a recipe and there from a book for shed in 1687, 1 b died. One year before she died. Actually 450 recipes but the book was in pretty poor shape when it was donated in the 1970s. So, she also collected culinary recipes which i did not focus on because any recipe book would have both the medical and culinary recipes. Many times they would be interspersed together. She had them separated. And then, after she died, somehow the book made its way over here and came into the brigham family. Three generations of women then added more recipes. I will get to those eventually but not today. Is where the recipe books come from. Recipes, many of the other recipes come from the marshall washington cookbook. Have any of you heard from this cookbook . This cookbook was not Martha Washingtons. She owned it at one time but by the time she owned it it was likely a family heirloom. It was written generations earlier and like many recipe books, passed down through the generations. I should add that both of these books are manuscript books. The Charles Brigham book i am in the process of transcribing but it is not published anywhere and karen has published an annotated addition of the marshall marcia marsha washington cookbook. I will cover the slides and detail and they will be available and they will be available in cspan later. This is a recipe from the brigham account book. It is for coffee or consumption. Respiratoryn any illness. Some of the ingredients are aquanity,le ale, suger. Pane roots, loafe cynamon. , and if you find your stuff still feeling sick, you can have another before dinner. The hells come the husband come the train doctor, the midwife, all of them understood at the same way and this with the foundation made believe. They believed there were four elements in the body and and terms of what im going to focus on, they had hot, cold, wet, and dry. Soyoull europe lot about you will hear a lot about hot, cold, wet, dry. We had ideal balance. It might be different between us but for my body, if i was in the ideal balance i would be healthy. If any of the humors were out of balance, i would be sick. I would have symptoms, headache, fever, all kinds of things that would indicate mike humors were out of balance. They did not believe in this time and distinct illnesses. It is not like i had a specific fever or migraine. I just had a symptom of humors balance. Of we might have the same symptoms that our humors might be out of balance and different ways. There was not a given, said disease. This is called the human arc the theory. Codified in the second century in the common era. Medicineled galenic after him. It could cause humors . It could be a simple chill, emotional upset, i digested milk, unbalanced diet, a change san, ority level, contact with somebody who was sick. You could become much more active or less active which could create an imbalance in the humors. They did understand diseases were contagious and so they did not understand that bugs or germs were being passed. That you were in contact with someone who is sick, that would theirt enough to contain own humors and you could get sick with perhaps the same symptoms. Areerms of diet, today we myplate. Gov which has the ideal balance of meat hotdairy, back then it was and cold and wet and dry. It might not be equal portions, 25 of each, but you would certainly want to have elements of each of these if you are already healthy and wanted to maintain your health. If you are already healthy, you wanted good that had a mix of hot and cold and wet and dry properties. If you are not imbalanced, you would try to eat in balance, he would try to eat some cold. How did they know the child which properties . It was something you would learn growing up. Your mother would teach you if you were a woman and the men would probably pick it up along the way as well. Wereu did not know, there all kinds of resources you could go to, which we will tell you about in a moment. In new england, one might be fish. Cold and wet. If you were to have fish, you had your balanced meal of cold and wet fish. Garlic was also hot and dry. Lemon cucumbers were cold and wet. Beef, lay gums, bread, and ive were called and dry. There were books telling you about the varying degrees of heat or cold. It can be firstdegree or third degree. You could really get into this if you wanted to. Many of you saw the garden out back. The 18thcentury garden. Here are the 17th century gardens. Ipswich which is wonderful. This is part of the garden. This is really part of it. You go there, you will notice it is marked, heres the mint, here is the thyme. They would not have had it marked bad it is just to help assess tourists. Culinary items were often one in the same but somewhere purely culinary or purely medicinal. They also threw things that would help with grew things that would help with dyeing materials. They have many different gardens from different times here. This is half of the garden. The other half is, i could not take the other half of the picture. Now, if i was a woman starting out in my own household, now in charge of taking care of my husbands and kids to come, hopefully my mother would have trained me well but i also would have had a lot of other resources. One of which is recipe books. Wellcomeis from the library in london. They have a wonderful collection manuscript books. Many you can look at it for free, some you have to purchase. Inre are similar collections the United States, not many is good. Goal, to start collecting some of the books that might have some u. S. Specific recipes to expand the database i have. If you are lucky you had a recipe book. With the Charles Brigham book, whoever donated it in the 1970s, they put this wonderful note which is not true but still hannah wasght, that getting married and going to marlborough in 1710, out into the wilderness in the middle of nowhere and so her mother was worried about her and made this recipe book. Not true. Because the recipe book began, most of it was compiled already but somehow she ended up comic could be her mother gave for the recipe book that had already been compiled in then it was passed down through several generations of the family and added to every time. You could, and also, not only a few did not have your recipe book as i mentioned, making recipe books was all the rage so you could start asking your friends, family, doctors, midwives, whoever might have good recipes, you could ask them to start your own collection. A lot of people did that. There were also published books. This is gerards herbal. How many of you are familiar with this . You should become familiar with it. It is a wonderful book published in the late 1800 1500s and captain to the 1600s. You can see on the front there are some wonderful drawings. The version i have is black and white. He has some really nice drawings and along with them he has descriptions of where you can find them, what they look like, what you can use them for. We are going to look at this. A beautiful this is actually in the garden. One of the gardeners here took the picture and shared it with me. I am going to read you what ger ard has to say. He says, foxglove as a purple flowers at most common. The leaves are long. It goes on for another couple of paragraphs. It talks about where you can find it. Grows andxglove Barren Grounds and under hedges almost everywhere. Remember, this is in england. This is where you can find it in england. They flourish in june and july. He gives the name and french. Then the temperature. The hot and dry properties. He says the foxglove in that they are bitter are hot and dry. Yet, are they of no use . Any place in medicine according to the ancients . Keep in mind this was First Published in the 1500s. Not until the 1700s did people realize foxglove was useful for treating cardiac issues. Anotherlpepper was famous person in the time. This was published around. These are two of his books together. He was one of the growing number of people who thought that knowledge should not be held in the hands of the few trained physicians but given to everyone which is really good that we have all of this in terms of, you know, i will read you a short example but most of them are quite detailed. So somebody who wanted to know more could dig into this but much of the knowledge would not have been. People already knew what these medications were used for. They might have known for the most part, if they were hot or dry. More detail at that it was important to get out to the laypeople. A huge1850s there was explosion of publications that were published in england on medicine. So there really was this idea that knowledge should not remain in the hands of the physicians, that it should be spread out. On the other hand, most people already knew what this was, so there is kind of a little tradeoff there. We are going to read about the bouncing bets. He is very detail. His book is about ethics. Really small, double column. He wants to get as much information to you as he can. The roots creep underground. Therein. Joints ronald the outside, yellow with them. Then it goes on and says, and a place that grows wild in many low and went lands, by brooks and the side of running water. The flowers usually under lien septemberand part of before they are spent. In terms of the government and virtues, government is it is governed by astrology. He was a strong believer in astrology. So he talked about with sign it was under in the virtues are what it treats. He says it been us owns it, the country people in diverse places use it to brew and put it on their fingers, hands, and legs when theyre cut to heal them up again. It is diuretic all to provoke yearend and therefore to expel itvol in the kidneys and do singularly good to avoid tropical waters. They extol it to perform an absolute cure of syphilis. More than source for like 10 do. Sarsaparilla can do. Use it for their cut, other people say it is good for provoking urine and we will talk about why you might want to someat later, and then people say it is good for the french pox. Muchof what he has as longer. Books such asre this. This is the english housewife published in 1615. Ofwas on trend through most the 1600s, written by a man, egg and, telling the housewife all of the virtues are characteristics she should have. One is an medicine. That sheit is needed have a physical or medicinal kind of knowledge, how to administer wholesome receipts for the good of health to prevent the first occasion of sickness and to take way the effects and evil of the same when it has made seizure on the body. She is supposed to know a lot about medicine. Enough to prevent illness and her family and when illness enters her family, to take care of it. But he goes on to say, she should not know too much because too much is what the physician should know. So there is a fine line between how much she could know and how much she should not know. Then there is the explosion of literature, medicine in the 16 50s. Leases one of hannah will books. There is one of hannah s book woolley. You might ask, how did they make medicine . There were 13 or 14 apothecaries and boston. Im not sure when they first started. In 1630, when John Winthrop came over, there was someone on board who called himself an apothecary. Not,er he was for real or we do not know. Around the 1700s, there were started to be apothecaries and so apothecaries were nice in that you could go and buy premade medicines. It takes a long time to make medicines. They would also have things you might not be able to grow. Or that you would not have the ingredients to make. Well talk about some of those. I had the experience to learn what it was like to make medicine in the 1600s at a plantation a couple years ago. I went for a workshop and there were just two of us there and we were given a sheet about 10 pages with about 2030 on it and heres the picture, heres what theyre called, heres what they do. In order to make a medicine like that the due in the 1600s, we had to decide what we wanted to treat. We decided we wanted our medicine to treat muscle and joint pain and inflammation. So once we decided on that, we then pick from the list about eight plants, that is how many they said you need. We picked, free, st. Johns wort, marshmallow, rosemary and others. Then we went out into the gardens. This is a picture of me picking from the gardens. We went to the plymouth plantation gardens. None of them grew in all one garden, we had to go to several gardens. We read the whole plant here, we were not going to take the whole plant. We did not use the roots, sometimes you need to but we took the stem, the leaves come the flowers, the seeds, anything else that might be on the stem we would take. And we had to get a lot of it. We filled to big baskets full. We took them back to the workshop and cut them into pieces probably about the size of a quarter of your palm because we wanted them small enough that we could draw out all of the essences. When youre making medicine with goebbels, any botanicals, you want to dry out the medicinal purposes. Many times you are going to make an ointment or sell. The cut them up small enough so we can get as much of the essence as possible and then we put it into a pot with oil and then we left. It took about two hours. There was an intern there so she watched over this. This was the 21st century. It wouldve taken a much longer to do this over a fire but we wanted to let the plant oils soak up the essence or virtues or medicinal properties. A number is done, we no longer needed the plants a week strained it, to the oil, and added beeswax. We made about 20 jars. The jars were probably about this pick. We made 1520 jars. So if you are a housewife and only wanted to make one or two or three you would have to very carefully decide what proportion you needed. We made a a lot. We told we were told it lasted about a year. Oftenhen they did not think in terms of expiration dates so they probably wouldve kept it for much longer as long as it seemed to work. Couple weeks ago i was up in charles town, new hampshire, when they are having an 18thcentury medicine day. I spent a long time talking with a midwife. She had this wonderful collection of all of these things as a midway. Fresh herbs from her garden, fresh plants, dried herbs and plants, teachers, selves, bottles of dried and powdered plants. I asked her, how would they know any longeruld not use it and she was like well, once it does not seem to work. So, there are a few recipes ive seen that do give expiration dates but most of them do not. I also asked her, you have quite the collection, i know your midwife, what would the average woman have . She said, they would have a lot of this stuff but not all of it. It would depend on woman to woman, just like real might have our favorite spices for cooking, they would have their favorite herbs and spices for medicine. It would have as much as they needed. The other types of medicine say might make art she where you tea, where you could use fresh tentacles or herbs. Have auld have fruit, i friend who likes fruitinfused water. In puts few in the fruit the water entering said. On the plantation, when we were waiting for the plants and the oils stew, we went back out and got some more plants and talked with one of the workers who knows a lot about medicine and she happened to have been bitten by wasp. She went over to a plant, picked it off, rubbed it on and felt that are immediately. They would also use it just like that whenever they needed it. In terms of the ointments, they would stored in containers like this on the bottom right and cover it with either paper or cloth they would type tightly. Keep in mind they might not have a lot of room to store things so they had to think carefully about what they would make to store. So what types of medicines were made . This is from my thesis, not actually published in my thesis but art of the research i did from the rhythm up. She herself divided it into three sections. She did not label them. I labeled them. She did have a Different Number system for each. She considered them three different sections. When he 5 external medications, 32 waters, and 43 internal or something you would ingest. In terms of the internal, broths and cordials, lots of liquids, powder, and a paste, pills, and serve. In terms of external it was a bath, it here drops, i drops i would be a little bit nervous about putting any into my eye. Then, hostesses, liquids, selves, ointments, that sort of thing. Then the water, the most interesting and i think the most important. The basis for many things. So, waters are, anything liquid, anything you make you might put in a bunch of herbs and stranded out and keep water. That would be a water. Even though it might be our call. Winds or alcoholic drinks. Medication by themselves. For example, rosewater. You make it by taking roses, you distill them, if use them, you do something with them to come up with a water and then you can use that yourself for medication. You can also use it as an ingredient another medications. Any times a recipe calls for water. Or you could use it as a vehicle. Some are powders sewn order to get a powder and just it, you have to do it with a liquid. So waters were used for all of those purposes. I wanted to see what was the most common botanicals in these 400 recipes. From about 400me recipes and they are the ones that showed up in at least 20 of the recipes. Licorice,ginger, mace, nutmeg, raisins, rosemary, ue. Fron, wormwood, and r i checked to see what it was for and many of them were use for many. Many call for 2550 ingredients 525 ingredients in these wouldve been one. Notice that cinnamon, mace, nutmeg girls spices. Most imported from elsewhere said they would be more expensive. The cousin on more expensive and rare they are thought to be more potent so you would want to use them if you could. One of the other things i haveoned was these recipes 5, 20, 30 ingredients. They would use what they had. If they did not have all 20, they would use with they had. They would modify and experiment and say, you know what . Nutmeg does not work so i will not use it again. So i will talk a little bit about how they would make medication. At least in this book, what some of the common tentacles are and if i were to look at other books it would probably be a different mix of what would be most common because people chose what they liked. Lets talk about some of the diseases. This is smallpox. This is a little girl suffering from smallpox in the 1970s. In the 1600s, it was an endemic disease like chickenpox. Always around, a childhood disease. It was much more lethal than chickenpox but if you survived childhood in london you were exposed to smallpox and am you for the rest of your life. However, in new england and boston it was a completely different story because there were just not enough people to sustain it to be an endemic disease. There might beat when youre 30 years between smallpox outbreaks and sell anyone born during that time, children to eight 30yearold adult would be exposed and likely die from it. So smallpox was probably one of the scariest things to head new england because i never knew when it was going to head and when it did hit, it had 1520 mortality rate. Some of the worst outbreaks were in the 1600s and in 1721. 1721 was a unique upgrade because Cotton Mather had heard about inoculation. An occupation is when you take someone who is sick, they have these pusfill things you break. You take and get the pus and make and on my skin, put it in. So now i have smallpox. The idea was i would still get smallpox but a much milder case. There is a lot of contention. It was very controversial. Only one of the physicians one theg with Cotton Mather, others were against it. Many of the newspapers were against it. Mentions thislin in one of his letters. What ended up happening was the people who were not related, if you have them died but most of them survive. The mortality rates among those and not generated was significantly smaller than those who were not inoculated. It was a success but remained controversial throughout the 1700s. George washington mandated after an outbreak that all of his troops be and not related. There was a lot of controversy but it was done. Then the vaccination came out for it. There were also epidemics. Measles, diphtheria, those sorts of things were also epidemics. That really what killed things were, guess the upgrades were bad but the only happened every 2030 years. So a lot of people might die but then you had a long time before people died. It will until people is the everyday stuff. One of those things were things coming out of your body which you dont want coming up. Diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, dysentery. From someoneipe who lived in new england, massachusetts in the 1750s. There was a book written about her called one colonial womans world. Those are her recipes for all sorts of fluxes. What to do with it. There were a lot of things in these recipes that you already knew what to do with. One you did that, you gave it four times. The first time, is how does you good drink it. The next time, not quite as hot. At0 in the morning and 4 00 night. Another thing they had issues with was digestion. Mint. S spirit of spirit you can think of as essential oils we think of today. This is from march the washingtons this is from Martha Washingtons cookbook. Vomiting, comforts of these spirits. Expels wind and helps. Concoction can be thought of as digestion but they thought of it as a different way than we did. Then they thought the stomach was like a little oven. The food would go down to your stomach and cook. If it cooked well, you would have good digestion. If it did not cook well, it would stay in your stomach, putrefy and all kinds of bad things can happen because it would become poisonous or give off poisonous vapors. To helpwas supposed that. Worms. N everybody had worms back then. Talking about the excavation of a privy of a wealthy woman in the late 1600s, they found evidence of worms in her households. All had it. Kids, adults, rich, poor. , put ite into a kurd and let the children take it. There were also solutions specifically for children and recipes specifically for other parts of the body to get rid of worms. Then there are other issues. I am specifically not talking about childbirth because that would be done in the home. You would call in a midwife. But they did have to take care of themselves and take care of the issues that might arise. One of them could be that you were not having your period. Is a badg your period thing if you are not pregnant. They thought it would be bad because it would stay in your room, it was poisonous to begin with, so it causes all kinds of problems. So you do not want to not have riod. Pe if youre pregnant that is ok, because it is feeding the baby or ok if you are breastfeeding because it is being used as milk. But if youre not pregnant, breastfeeding, and not having your period, that was bad. So this is a recipe. All of the things i am going to root,re known madder berries, mugwort, bayer time, samicle, berries. You would brood and beer and wine and drink a type a day. Ey come. Meaning period. These are abortifacients. To start the. Again. Period again. E rebecca has been some time with this and she thinks this particular recipe from the account book is just used as an abortificant. An codey have been used as a word, some of the recipes. That is the talk of the midwife. They knew about womens issues and many of the recipes deal with menstrual disorders in the account books. And i like this. I like the idea that they knew how to make cough drops back then. This is how to make an excellent proliferate cough. Jews of the licorice, sugar ambergreece,ms, ammiseeds, gume dragon, redd rose water, when it works like a paste take it out and cut it into pellets and when they are dried you may take them when you please. Let them dissolve in your mouth. Ofropsy is an accumulation fluid and the body. Notices is whether hot or cold. You could have too many hot humors are too many cold humors, either way it could construct the but either way that this should work. There is red mint, or what we call archangel toay. Stamp them together, strain the juice of them into some stale drink morningtude and evening. For my thesis, i looked at the efficacy statement of how well this is work. It is not that common to say it will affect the cure. That is not you are hoping to do it medicine. You are not expected to be cured very often. So if the recipes that it would affect the cure, that is a pretty strong statement. She says god willing it will e ffect the cure. Now we will move into what was effective medication. Anyou are sick you had imbalance. You wanted to get the humors out. You wanted to get them out by whatever means possible. Vomiting, diarrhea, provoking the urine, diarrhea, sweat, putting them in bed by the fire and letting them sweat, they would also do cupping. You mightve seen on the olympics a couple years ago, all of the red spots. Olympians were doing it for a different reason. Putting a cup to the skin and it would get read and blister. Make a blister so there would be a lot of us, again, getting stuck out. The better the medicine worked, the more stuff and got out. So it was not to make you better, medicine that worked was one that got a whole bunch of stuff out. And then hopefully the idea was, eventually you would feel better. The medicine itself would not get you better it would just get the bad stuff out so your humors could get back into balance. So here is a picture of someone letting. You would call an eight professional for blood letting. A professional for bloodletting. Blood letting was a very popular way of getting rid of excess humors. Ais would require it physician or somebody who is trained to hand depending upon how well you are and what kind of illness you had or what kind of symptoms you had, what time youear was, they might lead from your head, from your here, from your arm, from your leg, from your foot, all kinds of things went into how much to lead you. Leading was not done in children because it was thought to be too dangerous but they had blistering and cupping and all of the difference kind of purging for kids. They could go awry. There is some research into the death of George Washington in 1799, he came down with a threat distemper which is some kind of it wrote illness. Wrote illness. Illness. Led. Anted to be heavily b;e litres of his hours. Ver 48 that is over health of his blood. So here is an example of perch. [indiscernible] you are going to take it for preventionyear for and if you have it again, then you are going to take it again for cure of a flare of gout. Doubt was fairly common back was fairly common back then. Then there is a magic. Not as we think of it today, but another completely reasonable thing they can use that was completely consistent with their religious belief. We today would probably call it magic, some of it. Are harry potter fans . Im not sure if im singing right, but how many of you know who this is willshouted out and i repeat it. Do you remember what it was for . I want to say, what i remember was for poison. What they are. They were used for an harry potter. In harry potter, ron was poison. Kerry had just remembered he learned about this thing called stone, and harry roner ran and got it and was cured. Came from the gut of a goat. It was thought to be an antidote against poison as shown in harry potter. Or you take plants or minerals, extra, for have whatever reason they have extra strong power and if you use them you are going to have stronger medicine. This is an example from Martha Washingtons cook up where she uses three waters. She does not say how we get the beazer water. I assume you take the stone and put it in some kind of liquid. Perhaps some other tentacles. Do your distillation. In the end you have the water. You take the water and it is antidote against contagion of the plague, the purples, a skin disorder and measles. Things. To prevent these because you are using the be azor stone water it is supposed to be stronger. It has some ritualistic things but im still trying to figure them out. This comes from the brigham account book and is found in many recipe books that many for their books. It says it is a most approved water. Cock water. Lled clock and cut him and kill running cock him alive and when he is almost out hist him and take entrails. A redone is milk from cow. Iso not know if there something unique or magical about a red cow by someone said it could be a different species with different fat content in its milk. Whether they know about that content back then are new this kind of milk worked well, that could be a possibility. Very wealthy could put some men, prepared parole would prepared pearl would be like those around your neck. And things that you would get from an apothecary would be un mummy egyptian mummy itself but the wrappings and the residents were thought to have magical properties. Kind of had to another magical transference where you would transfer your illness to an animal or in animate object. This is to cure plague or pestilence from the rhythm account but. If you have swelling under the ears, on parts, or groin, draw them forth, pull off the feathers of pigeons or chickens, hold them hard to the swelling and keep them at the part until they die. Lets say i have it in my one of break, oil, take these birds, pull up all the tail feathers. Probably something magically there, then take the bird by the bill and hold it there until it dies. The thought is once it dies it is going to die from the plague, not from the trauma being held like this, from the plague, so now you are free of the plague because you have transferred it from you to the birth. Then, sympathetic magic. Sympathetic magic is using things that look alike to do something. For example, from the brigham account book to prevent a woman from ms. Caring it is said to use blood red silk. It does not say what to do with it. That this is from the herbalist i saw. He said that was sympathetic magic because it is shiny and read in string key like the thes of the silk represents blood. They would probably tired and may not like tying off the blood flow. So it cannot come out. Another example part of the same broad so to take a some plants are thought to have Properties Like this. They are thought to be like this. Therefore, you were knitting together the bottom so the child cannot come out. Those are examples of sympathetic magic. Astrology, astrology was added at the zenith i guess in english in the mid1600s when it was the most popular and seen as a science. If you really got into it, if i was ill, i would go to my stroller just or physician or whoever peck is to astrology and they would find out what sign was born under, with sinai was when i contracted the illness started andsymptoms what symptoms they are and they would decide based on all that information what unique treatment i need based on all of those signs. Whether that probably was not all that, because it took a lot of knowledge to do that, what was much more common was to find out when was the best time for an astrological sign to plant herbs and other plants to harvest them when they had their most potency. That was an almanacs. On the next were quite popular. In a large part because of the medical astrology sections they had. When people wanted to get rid of them, when the publishers said, hooey, just a bunch of we want to get rid of that, people said no way. So that persisted for a long time. Here is another recipe seen all over the recipe place. Take this when the suns and cancer. This is around june, i looked it up. Arl and coral, white amber, a quarter of an ounc eof bezar. And it has to be taken when the moon is in cancer, that is when you would get the most benefit from this medication. Up until now weve talked about medicine, magic, and astrology. Theye take everything like, just like today we have western medicine alternative medicine, there are people like medication. Ve in some things i will not take i will only rely on western medication but other things, i might want to try Something Like an essential oil before i take aspirin. People back then would do the same thing. Take things that make sense to them, they might have their favorite medicines and remedies. There was one more thing from which they could draw. Remember there were two main differences from nick medicine. Galenic lenin medicine. Use other things, we talked about magic and other things but it relied heavily on botanicals. But another type of medicine says there are distinct diseases. If you have an headache and i have a headache, we need the same treatment. It is not the humors, they are distinct diseases. Used other medicine things. Chemicals. Lead, sulfur, mercury. When i was researching i found a lot of men were complaining about the treatment that were sulfur and mercury. And i was like, was he really trying to kill him . Because they thought he was trying to kill them . I thought, was he really trying to kill them . No, that was sealed standard of medicine, this relic medicine, michael medicine. Whole religious the elegy which i am not familiar with but because of that it became popular with puritan physicians because they like the religious with it. Another that was lost and not as popular but puritan medicine into popularity was the doctrine of signatures. It was like sympathetic medicine. So yellow saffron would be good jaundice. Kidney beans, good for kidneys. Ferns, good for baldness. There were all sorts of things they thought treated like this. And last but not least, religion. There could be a spiritual reason. God could cause your humors to go out of balance as a punishment. You are not doing what you are supposed to be doing. How they determined whether something was spiritual versus other causes i am not sure how they did. By somehow if it was a spiritual cause, you needed to repent and make yourself right by god. The minister was much more than useful than a physician at this time because the minister could help you make yourself right with god. And so, even know some of the things could now no longer be an hound, this again would be a lot of the things the house wife and her family would keep in mind. All of the things we talked about. The only thing they would really go outside of the house for, they might go to the up a security because it takes a long time to make medication. They might go to the minister if there is a spiritual cause or for bloodletting they would get to a physician. But they would know that these were possibilities and they would decide on their on their own what they should do based on what the situation was. People always ask about native american medicine. Did they use native american medicine . The answer is yes, eventually. Not right away because there were two conflicting thoughts. One is that english herbs are best for english bodies. England forved in centuries, use these herbs and botanicals for centuries, we know theyre good for english bodies and even though we have now moved to this new place england, we are still english so english herbs are still best for english bodies. So that was the tie of england to keep using the same stuff they were using for centuries but there is also another popular thought that wherever you were there word diseases specific to that place and god would place the things you needed to treat those diseases and that place. From what climate, soever is subject to any particular disease, in the same place there grows a cure. So they were now in new england, new place, potentially new diseases, new symptoms, so they should use what was there. Where better to learn from that than from the native americans who had been using them for centuries. So in the end, and again, depended on the person. Someone is more likely to take them than others but it was one more thing for them to drop. I talked mostly about the house wife, want to talk more about other members of the household. Young children, especially young women, if someone was sick there needed to be someone watching them all the time and that usually fell to the young women. Usually the children. Men would be involved, and they would be involved mostly, some of them would help make medications. Somewhat help of nursing although that was rare. At least in england. I am basing that on english research. One of the things that men dead in england and new england was right letters. One of the things it was quite popular was writing same, my wife is really sick and i need, i am writing to you the physician or to you, my motherinlaw, what is your favorite recipe to a about the symptoms she has. So they were very involved in that aspect. So that is all that i have. Now we are open for questions. Remember, if you have a question, just stand up and they will come to you with the boom microphone. [applause] professor price are there any questions . I am just wondering how soon it was when you had all of those imported things like the mace and nutmeg, do those come in the early 17th century . Or was it later . Prof. Price her question is nutmeg, weree and they here earlier did they come later . The answer is, im not sure. My guess is they would be later. To my knowledge, there is a whenh of research about things were available here in new england. I know a lot about one things were available in england and knowing they were available in england, yes they couldve come over. Not in 1620 or 1630 because you needed plants and other things close to survive. So when did they come . My guess would be the late 1600s. But i am not sure and that is something when i am starting to look in the cookbooks and other records from the cookbooks in new england i am hoping to learn some of those things because theres not a lot out there as far as i know. So, the gold leaf, the role, very expensive. The pearl, very expensive. Can you talk about those that were elite versus those who were not . As without wealth . You could use whatever things aould, whatever the list of greedy and she wanted to if you wanted to make it a little bit more better and more intense you the more exotic ingredients . I am intrigued by the social status of people. Certainly the women are literate and some of these are expensive recipes. Prof. Price the first question is, talk about the social status. The pearls, very expensive. Who will be using those . The second question is whether they were additive or cumulative. Do you need to have everything . One of the things i shouldve mentioned is that the recipe books that we have by and large come from wealthy people because they were the ones who were literate and could write things down. So we know that some of the less wealthy people were using some of the same recipes. We dont know exactly what they are using because much of the they used was passed down but thoroughly and not written down. Having said that, whether it was cumulative or additive is that people would use what they had. Even if your recipe called for gold leaf and parole, you would use the other stuff you did have. You would use what you have. People in england were really interested in experimentation. Whatience and philosophy, we call science today was becoming very popular and there were all of these journalism societies and various things and what the people to do in the household was take the medication or the recipe from someone and experiment. See if they added this thing of it would make it better or worse. So there was experimentation but mostly they used what they had. Over here. Might question sort of centered around the slide you in redhe various dead had been studied. Expansion onny that in terms of like the older remedies or Home Remedies that now have modern research that is back to like maybe eight potential benefit . The question was about the abortive fashions and now what is effective . What got me interested in bio stats,worked in but in terms of history, one of the classes i took was a World History class and i was signed to find a paper i liked and i ended up coming up with two thes that were published in medieval times. Going back to your question, people who had very limited access. , i looked athether two things. I looked at length disorders, mostly dealing with menstrual disorders and i looked at childbirth. Which really, works according to our definition today and which ones are superstitious . I found my on large in of medical, not the childbirth but mental disorders, they knew what they were doing. A lot of that has been proven today. They knew what theyre doing and they knew they could cause abortions with these. Some people would use them to cause abortions. Accent, abortion was not illegal until you felt the child quicken or move inside you. Up until then, you could argue, i did not know i was enough. Even when you felt the baby was theu might know it baby but others might not know. Some people might use them for abortions and many people either did not know or did not care if they were put in. Want to cause an abortion but they wanted to get the blood flowing again. Some worked very well in causing abortion and they work very well in causing. Very much. U this was very informative. For me,g that resonated botanicals, things like cinnamon and ginger have a current application for Healing Properties so many times probably a lot of that stuff did work and that is why the strength of that legacy came down and now there is western science to kind of legitimize it. Tentacles those, and or lists of super foods. So some of those botanicals are super foods. Them such as cinnamon men have proven benefits today and so i would agree with you knownhey may not have exactly what they were doing back them but they had a good idea that if they had a lot of ingredients on two or three work they might not of knowing which two or three but there was a lot of stuff they did back then that has been proven today to work. Right here, the lady standing up. This is the other end of the question about expensive ingredients. Elm . Is roach prof. Price it is used today, if you think of baking powder, you want to get the kind without ellum in it. Google did not serve me well. Some sort of crystalline thing they could use. It was not a plant. It was some sort of mineral or crystal. Do you have any idea . It is something people can still get today, i think. No, it is a mineral. It is a mineral or rock or crystal. It is not insectbased. Ok. I have a comment and a question. My comment was you had mentioned astrology or seasonal or choosing to harvest herb at a specific time. My comment there would be that the plants, the flower, they bloomberg 02 seed at different times and then they would have different properties. They bloom or go to seed at different times and then it would have different properties. So i sin they would have a lot of time to observe their gardens and that i assume they would have a lot of time to observe their gardens. My question, other question is, what are you doing for your cough and sore throat . One question is what you do for a call for sore throat . I do have several recipes. The one that i showed you had various things in it that you could make craft arts. Her first question, the final question it will have to be, to talk a little bit more about how they knew wendy astrology, when what thew they knew astrology when you should harvest something for leaves rather than flowers, harvesting at different times. This was developed over centuries so they knew when, they had learned when the best time was to harvest things. Or they always right . Probably not. But were they right a lot . Probably. This is what they did to survive, so this was not the only thing, certainly they had to do a whole lot of other things but making medicine in the home was something the woman had to know pretty well so i will stick around if there are any further questions but we cant take any further questions now. Thank you very much. [applause] announcer 50 years ago, the United States was at war with vietnam. This veterans day weekend, we 48 hours ofth coverage starting saturday, november 11 at 8 00 a. M. Eastern where live from the national ofhive along the backdrop helicopters to talk to veterans who flew them. Then we will take your phone calls and tweets live with intorians about the war 1960s him. That 1 00 p. M. From washingtons memorial, remarks from chuck hagel. On sunday at 4 00 p. M. On real america, the 196011 vietnam were special report. The 1967cks on vietnam were special report. Bogged down, like the marines in the mud. Then at 6 00 on american artifacts we will toward the exhibit remembering vietnam. Presidency. The lyndon b. Johnson press conference. We made our statement to the world about what we would do if we had communist aggression in that part of the world and 1950 four. We said we would stand with those people in the face of common danger at the time came when we had to it up or shut up. We put up. We are there. Watch the vietnam war years later next weekend on American History tv on cspan3. The house ways and Means Committee begins its work on the republican Tax Reform Program monday before sending it to the full house for debate and vote. Watch full coverage on monday at noon eastern on cspan2 and cspan. Org and listen for free tuesday is election day with key governor races in new jersey and virginia. Watch live coverage of concession speeches from both races on the cspan networks. Candidates in new jersey are Democrat Bill murphy and kim. In virginia it is republican ed and democrat ralph. Watch live on cspan and cspan. Org and listen live on the free cspan radio app. On lectures in history, jeffrey morrison, academic director of the James Madison memorial fellowship foundation, teaches a class on the role of religion and the american revolution. He explores the meaning of words or phrases in the declaration of independence such as references to a creator, a supreme judge, or divine providence. He also highlights the importance of the great awaken awakening, a protestant religious revival in the 1740s, that influenced many founding fathers. This hour and 45 minutes class took place at Georgetown University and was organized by the James Madison fellowship foundation