Half of our conference, starting off this afternoon is a paper by dr. Lisa ossian, who is a professor of history at Des Moines Area Community college. She received her masters degree in womens studies from Eastern Michigan University and her doctorate from Iowa State University in agricultural history and rural study, author of three books, the homefronts of iowa 19301945, the forgotten generation American Children in world war ii and the the depression dilemmas in rural iowa. Ossian has now directed her Research Interests in exploring hoovers post war food relief efforts. Her next book is tentatively titled to the grimmest spector, the world famine emergency, Herbert Hoovers mission and the invisible years 19467 she serves on the Editorial Board of economic war and culture and as editor of a forthcoming volume, american women and war 18521945. Her talk today is entitled a kind and understanding heart the politics of friendship between harry truman and Herbert Hoover 19461964. Please welcome lisa ossian. [ applause ] i changed my title a little bit. Do i have slides. I have the after lunch crowd so im hoping all of you didnt eat too much, okay, in that warm weather. What quality should a president possess a reporter asked Eleanor Roosevelt in the spring of 1946. She quickly responded, a kind and understanding heart. Perhaps this was the quality that Herbert Hoover and harry truman possessed throughout their friendship which began in the spring of 1945, a little over 42 years ago. Hoover and truman were on paper and on the surface very different men. Hoover was a republican. He was the depression era president. He was an engineering. And he was also a humanitarian. Truman was a democrat, the post world war ii president. He was a politician and he also had been a captain in the First World War. But as the joint project of the truman and Hoover Library so elegantly states in its introduction to their documentary history of this president ial friendship, it is easy to overlook the fact that they both had roots in farming communities, they had known Economic Hardship and self reliance, they were transformed by the con flageration of world war i and lived in the shad dove franklin d. Roosevelt. I would also add both men were in many ways quite similar in their hearts. Both were ethical men in their respective religions. One, hoover as a quaker and truman as a baptist. Both were practical leaders who developed strong comradery and loyalty from their men. Men who worked with both hoover and truman were loyal to them forever. They were both loving husbands who stayed absolutely true to their first and only housewives. Both fell in love once and that was it. I think truman, too, had a respect for hoover being a recent width doer when lou had died in 1944. They were also committed fathers who protected and nurtured their two sons and daughter and also their grandchildren. April 12th, 1945, this would be the first communication between the 31st and 33rd president. Herbert hoover sent a telegram offering condolences and assistance after the death of f. D. R. All americans will wish you strength for your gigantic task. You have the right to call for any service in aid of the country. Signed, Herbert Hoover. Truman would respond a week later, please accept my thanks for your message of the 12th. I need not assure you that your good wishes are deeply appreciated, very sincerely yours, harry s. Truman. He would write, in his handwritten note at the bottom, i assure you i shall feel free to call upon you, thanks for the offer. Truman would say to his staff later on at the end of april he was going to do something they wear not going to like. He was going to invite Herbert Hoover to the white house. So between handwritten letters and communication between their aides and letters and phone calls, the two president s would arrange their very first meeting. In my presentation, i will quote a lot from these two because, to me, if youre going to look at a relationship between friends and that, words matter. The words matter. The words that they used with each other were often very carefully chosen and very very well mannered. That would give them a very strong basis for their friendship. On the morning of may 28th, 1945, this would end Herbert Hoovers 12 year isolation from the white house. A meeting in the oval office that would last 55 minutes but create a friendship that would last until hoovers death in 1964. Hoover was asked to write, and he loved to write memorandums as you heard from the other previous speakers. It was couple pages but this was a couple of sentences. I saw trump man in the morning and he asked what i thought about the situation. It was degenerating all over the world partly due to mismanagement and he had to take it as it is and no time to be bothered with recrimination as to what might have been. Bare sub sist stance and hunger meant communism. Those were hoovers lines. Truman would always be very very brief, kind of pithy in his. He had a two line memorandum versus four pages. He would write, dear hoover, thanks a lot for your memorandum. It will be very useful to me. Then he added a p. S. , i appreciated very much your coming to see me. It gave me a lift. In his private writing truman wrote the following. Saw hoover yesterday and had a pleasant conversation on food and general trouble of u. S. President s, two in particular. We discussed our prima donnas and what makes them. Some of my boys that came in with me are having trouble with their dignity and prerogatives. Its hell when someone comes in Close Association with the president. Truman likes to use hell a lot in his writings. In his memoirs years later some historians faulted him for exact details of this first meeting. Certainly truman recorded the spirit of the occasion, the call, the respect, the urgency, the drama and even the humor, as he noted that hoover remembered the way to the oval office. So this would be their second meet, things were so complex at the ends of 1945 and decisions to be made and war in the pacific and in the fall. The two would not meet again until march 1st, 1946. Hoover was interrupted in a fishing trip. This is how seriously he took it. He dropped the fishing in florida and came immediately to the white house and agreed to serve as honorary chairman of the famine emergency committee. Later that afternoon, clinton anderson, the new secretary of agricultural and wallace, now secretary of commerce would join them. Truman would comment in this is memoirs later about this joint meeting, i told the group i thought this was the most important meeting we held in the white house since i had become president. Thats quite something considering all the major decisions truman had to make following that. Hoover would also write about the event, the inevitable aftermath of war is famine and with famine, civilization itself is jeopardize. The last great reservoir from which starvation can be halted is the United States. He talked about this responsibility being thrust upon the American People. Hoover would state very dramatically, we cannot fail. Within hours and a couple of days the entire trip would be planned. Hoover was back. If you notice in this picture he was smiling. I think he could almost be skipping out of the white house in that he was so thrilled, as we noticed, too, one, to be called back to the white house and also to be of use again, to be working for a cause he was really good at. He would make two radio addresses before the American Public on march 14th and 16th before the departure of this global famine survey. He would note that 800 Million People were at threat of starvation. More people were dying after world war ii than during it. This was the crisis situation. Truman knew nobody knew more about food and saving lives than hoover. He needed him. As hoover would say at the end of the radio addresses, i know that the heart of American People will respond with kindliness to suffering. Will you not take to your table an invisible guest . This is the famine survey hoover asks truman to make. They need famine information. Theres only four countries in the worlds that has enough food, the United States, canada, australia and argentina. The rest are in dire dire straits. Youll see in this they gate plane, c 54 nicknamed the faithful cow because it makes a mooing nonoi mooi mooing noise when it lands. They go to 22 countries 35,000 miles and circle the globe. There is sunshine all throughout the trip except one day in athens they had been having a drought so that was even welcomed. Theyre never late. A fantastic travel log. You will see, too, hoover is getting much better with pr and the photographs taken of him and all the articles being written, and that. If youll notice on this one, this little boy has a knife tucked into his belt. Its not quite the security that we live in. This was a very cherished photo of hoovers work and his care for children and that. Originally, the trip was only supposed to go through europe and that. Hoover really felt the need that it should go on to india, to china, to korea and japan. The Asian Countries were at greater starvation levels, at greater risk for communism as well. Hoover and truman will have the less than three minute phone call in cairo, egypt. Hoover had received a telegram he was supposed to cut the trip short and come home and talk to the American Public. Truman wanted hoover to return and promote the cause for food conservation. He was also personally a little worried about hoovers stamina. He was after all a 71yearold man and this was a grueling schedule. Hoover wanted to continue the trip through asia. They talked for a little over a minute and a half. In that time, hoover persuaded truman to let him continue the trip. One of his colleagues noted the phone rang shortly after hoover hung up and it was the operator saying they had paid for a three minute Long Distance phone call. Would they like to finish it. Hoover said, no, were done. Hoover and truman were always very practical men, even when it came to Long Distance phone calls. On may 7th, 1946, the day before the anniversary of the dday, truman would write to hoover he greatly appreciated his most recent letter and he would praise him for the work being done. Hoovers mission was now in honolulu, they had circled the globe and just about ready to come home and would spend the day at pearl harbor and truman saying i recognize the personal sacrifice and risk youre taking on such a hazardous journey but the results you obtained will be of value to this country in solving the world food problems. So, the day after they get back to washington is the meeting. This is the big meeting on may 13th, 1946, in the oval office at trumans desk again. If youre at the truman library, there are hundreds of photos of people seated by his desk. He loved that pose. Funny, too, you can only tell the time differences because the photos in the background will change. I dont know if it was somebody dusting and they would rearrange the family photos. This would be hoovers report at the end, and he would say to him, dear mr. President , we have completed your instructions. We have traveled some 35,000 miles, visited 22 country, which have a deficiency of food and informed ourselves of the situation in several others. So this would be the letter that was attached to the final report. Truman would respond in kind, i know the people of this country will do their part as you have done yours. We have never failed and we will not fail now. But that wasnt enough. So truman needed hoover to go to south america. They would meet again for the fourth time on may 16th, 1946, to discuss the russians and their obstinent spirit and he asked hoover to go to south america. Along the 35,000 miles we have traveled, i have seen with my own eyes the grimmest spector of famine in all the world. I was asked by the president to undertake this work in a purely advisory capacity. With our journey now to latin america my service will then end. Former president hoover would travel from may 25th until june, and would visit 11 countries in south america in those 25 days. He returns on june 19th, meets immediately with the president the following day. They discuss argentina in particular because it does have some food resources, and what to do about wheat shipments. Only like six months later would hoover admit to a friend of his how exhausted he really was, and he would tell him in a letter, every molecule of my body yells at me that it is tired. At the end of the year in 1946, a few weeks before christmas, truman would send hoover the following note. It must have been such a wonderful gift to hoover to finally be recognized for all of his hard work. As we heard from the other talks before thats all hoover wanted to do was to work and serve. Truman would write, you dont know how greatly i appreciated your letter of the 3rd. I think your suggestions are sound regarding americas participation in the distribution of food. Im more than happy to have your views on any subject you would care to write me about. Truman would state at the end, again, i want to say, i think you did a magnificent job last year for the welfare of the world. Those are the words everyone loves to hear no matter the age or experience. We seldom say that out loud or put them to paper. I am proud of you. Thank you. This would be where their relationship deepened and solidified due to their common interests and trust and as we would say, they had bonded. So truman meets hoover again the following year, the germanyaustria trip in 1947, the end of february. Theres more and more things going on in germany. What are we going to do in the post war era. We have the four zones and theyre not cooperating well. There was a lot of question what to do with the british zone, and that a lot of hunger. A lot of people saying, should we feed these nazis . They will just be at it again. Hoover would always respond we must. This is the humane thing to do. He was also concerned about the Economic Strategy as well. Germany is the heart of europe. If germany went down, everybody else was going to go down as well. Hoover very much knew that. He would write about this trip to germany and austria. Entirely aside from any humanitarian feelings for this mass of people, if we want peace, if we want to preserve the safety and health of our army of occupation, if we want to save the expense of even larger military forces to preserve order, if we want to reduce the size and expense of the army and occupation i can see no other course but to meet the burdens i have outlined. Our determination is to establish such a regime in germany as will prevent forever again the rise of militarism and aggression within these people. But those who believe in vengeance and punishment of a great mass of germans not concerned in this nazi conspiracy can have no misgivings for all of them. They need food and warmth and shelter. They have been sunk to the lowest level known in western history. If western civilization is to survive in europe it must also survive in germany. This would be the beginning what initially was called the hoover plain march and april of 1947. We now know it as the Marshall Plan. What hoover was recommending is we actually spend more money than the Marshall Plan would, and that we spend this money not only in europe but in asia as well. If we truly wanted to fight communism and save the taxpayers money. We needed to do this. This was hoovers argument in that. Both hoover and truman knew their names couldnt be attached to anything. There was a Republican Congress in 1946, who was listening to hoover but not to truman. Theres all sorts of things going on. General marshall had the status that could carry this through. So these matters going on. Then, were going to have a little bit of time thats difficult in their relationship. Other matters and issues are going to come about. The Republican Congress in the fall of 1946 has been very difficult for truman. He needs hoover or appropriation bills but some would argue did he manipulate hoovers trust at this time, and other things. There was a lot of contentiousness about the formation of the Marshall Plan and the role hoover played. Their friendship had really peaked for a while and then it would plummet and then start to go back up. So we would see throughout the years this building again, truman asks hoover to come and reformulate the government and make it much more efficient. So thats another aspect of that. Theres different social calls they make upon each other. When truman is no longer president in 1953, this is where the two men can really be as equals with each other. This is where their relationship can really deepen into more of a friendship. We will fast forward a little bit to the dedication of the Hoover Library in august 10th of 1962. All these kind of stories about truman coming here and getting caught in the crowds and it was such an exciting day and truman decided not to be too prepared. These were extemporaneous remarks he made to the crowd. My good friend, president hoover, who did a job for me as president of the United States that nobody else could do. For which i am and always will be grateful to him. I feel that i am one of his closest friends and he is one of my closest friends. And that is the reason i am here. I wanted to give you a little perspective on time. This is me in early 1963. As i have to remind my millennial students, it isnt really that long ago. Those are my two grandfathers. Its so nice to see hoovers grandson here. Theres a special relationship. Though my grandfathers were very different men, i think hoover was one of the few things they agreed on politically. So on december 19th, 1962, just eight days before my own birth, hoover would write from the waldorf histian towers in new york, he would write to truman about the book he had written his memoirs. For hoover, this was a little bit more of a personal letter. It wasnt an engineering formula or pessimism hes been known for and that. He really kind of opened up. You can tell hes toward the end of his life. He can do that. He writes to truman, this is an occasion, 1962, this is an occasion when i should like to add something more, because yours has been a friendship which has reached deeper into my life than you know. I gave up a successful profession in 1914 to enter Public Service. I served through the First World War and after for a total of 18 years. When you came to the white house, within a month you opened the door to me to the only profession i knew, Public Service. You undid some disgraceful action that had been taken in the prior years. For all of this and for your friendship, i am deeply grateful, yours faithfully, Herbert Hoover. Truman would write, from independence missouri, a few weeks later on january 2nd, 1963. He still called hoover, dear mr. President , you will never know how much i appreciated your letter of december 19th, 62. In fact, i was overcome, because you state the situation much better than i could. So ill quote you. For your friendship, i am deeply grateful. Most sincerely, harry truman. Herbert hoover would die shortly before noon on october 20th, 1964. Harry truman would telegram hoovers sons that day expressing his deep sadness and how he wasnt able to come to the funeral due to a recent injury. Later, in june of 1965, truman would publish this eulogy as a preface to Herbert Hoovers last book, challenge to america his life and words. This is what truman would say of their friendship. My warmth and close friendship with Herbert Hoover dates back to the day he visited washington shortly after i succeeded to the presidency. I was moved to move him back to Public Service in the hope he might resume the task again of feeding the hungry in the wake of the frightful devastation visited on so many human beings in many parts of the world. I wanted to help restore as quickly as possible friend and foe alike to their normal lives and to peaceful pursuits. President hoover did not hesitate, nor did he weigh the matter of personal convenience or even hardship. He accepted at once. The meeting between him and me at the white house is now history. His work in feeding the hungry expressed, the care and generosity of all americans, regardless of political differences. President hoover and i have visited each other frequently and when ever one of us happened in the neighborhood of the other, we felt free to just drop in. President hoover helped in the dedication in the library in independence, missouri and i was grateful to take part in the dedication of his library in west branch, iowa. He was my friend and i was his. In the words of Eleanor Roosevelt, hoover and truman both certainly held the most important attributes for both a friendship and a president. They both had a kind and understanding heart. Thank you. [ applause ] i think i wentz a little fast after lunch, but questions . Im interested in your comments about food shortage in south america. Im certainly aware of it in europe and the middle east. I was never aware south america suffered after the war. Actually, with south america, it was more of an exploration of what food they might have. So im kind of going through some of that quickly. But argentina was one of the food surplus countries. But then as we now know and its kind of a shaky history, too, where nazis were fleeing and things like that. So that part gets complicated. It was trying to, in his engineering mind, he wanted to find out who had what. Its the same today. We have enough food in the world. But its the politics and logistics and the economics of who sends what where. So thats where hoovers engineering mind, all of his hes a very cosmopolitan man. He had contacts everywhere. He could talk with people nobody else could. Truman certainly recognized that in him. He could go places. Truman had no experience in that. And get things done, you know. That was part of the south american trip, which i havent quite fleshed out as much as the europeanasian trip. Extremely complicated. No matter how tired i ever get in my own travels, i just think of hoover, like he shows up at the white house the next day. Yes. Thank you for your nice contribution. One of the impressions ive had is that, while hoover and roosevelt had a developing friendship, there was considerable opposition to that among trumans advisors, as you mentioned in your speech. I wonder whether you could tell us a little more about that and particularly how truman faced that down . And secondly, you said after peaking at a certain period, the relationship dipped. I wonder whether you could elaborate a little bit more on that and how it revived. Truman a had that wonderful attribute. I tell my teenager this. He was able to dance between difficult friends. Okay . The same month hes meeting with truman to initiate this famine survey, march of 1946, is also the same month Winston Churchill is coming to fulton, missouri. Hoover and churchill hate each other for all sorts of very good reasons, they each felt. Truman could go between them. Neither one felt threatened by that or felt he was doing something else. Truman had some interesting diplomatic skills with that. The second part of your question is the you said the dip. Oh, the dip. It gets so truman makes this famine survey, comes back with extraordinary information and theyre starting to free up things and working with the u. N. , a new organization. From his famine survey, this will be the beginning of unicef. Thats directly hoovers idea initiation. One of his friends, maurice, who worked with him, would be ex stiff of that. That would be pretty straightforward. This other when truman asked him to go to germany and austria to assess conditions there. Thats more difficult. What do we do . Do we keep feeding in a charity mode, starving people, creating an independence and anger, possible threats to communism. Hoover did not want that. He was also conscious about taxpayers money. Truman really needs him to persuade this rather c contankerous Republican Congress to make these appropriations. They will listen to hoover. Hes going to Senate Meetings and other hearings and making this pitch. Then it becomes rather partisan. This is the part people dont know about. Theres a Democratic Committee that wants the Marshall Plan to go through. They want to claim it. They want it as a democrats, you know, accomplishment. They dont want hoovers name on it. And that. Even the former secretary of war, robert patterson, hoover, like one of the saddest letters ive ever seen where he thinks patterson has criticized his work that he did and all that. Patterson said, didnt do this. Got it caught up in a committee that has its own agenda. I have nothing but the utmost respect for your past work and previous work. A lot of things going on with his creation with the Marshall Plan. In many ways, you can see with truman, he is a politician. At times you feel like hes kind of using hoover to get what he wants, get the Republican Senate to listen to this need for aid, yet, is he throwing him under the bus so to speak at times . Its very difficult, kind of who said what and all of that. Its hard to piece together. Hoover really really maintains the high road on this. In the public, he is always seen as wanting whats best for americans and for, as he would say, starving children. These are children. We cant get caught up in so much politics little kids are dying and that. Its difficult. I dont have quite clear answers, i know that. The procedure that he used when he would land in the country to determine the need, i cant imagine him traveling to that many countries every few days. Its extraordinary. First of all, they have this great plane, and an army crew, and that. They are top notch. Okay. They have the logistics. Then, hoover knows he has really good men that go with him. He does make a deliberate decision that no women come on this trip. I know his secretary, whose name was bunny, was a little upset. Bunny was the mastermind, lets face it. The men thad go with him had worked with him before, had done famine relief and knew people in every place he was going. He had one secretary making all the arrangements. Every time they would land they would have a certain routine, land, somebody meet them at the airport, there would be an escort, you can imagine, this is world war ii. Things are just devastating. When theyre going through warsaw, its 90 rubble and staying in one of the few buildings still standing. They would go, get settled. Have several long meetings with dignitaries. Everybody met with them. They had the secretary of agricultural, secretary of food, the army, other people meeting with them, giving them the reports. There would be some dinners, some receptions. Hoover was always good i dont want a seven course meal when youre on a famine survey. It looks bad. People were so honored to meet him. He would send maurice pate out to each country to make a one to two page on the status of children and somebody visiting orphanages and schools and hospitals and things like that. They would get maybe six hours sleep, get on the plane the next morning, never had a late start, go to the next country and do it all over again. One of his friends, frank mason joked we have not seen more of the world on this trip because everything was so busy and highly coordinated. They took great records of everything. Thats when they come back with this report what should be done about the world. Its an extraordinary trip. Lisa, would you talk a little bit about the topics im over here. There you are. A disembodied voice. The light is hitting me. The issues related to food relief, for example the campaign of 1948, did any of your research drift into that, where truman was cutting in and out truman was using hoover as a political foil during the campaign and did that affect the friendship . A little bit. You know, mostly, im looking at the years of 46 and 47 really intendly and that. Truman would say some things at times and then sort of write it off, i was just being a politician. There was still a lot that democrats could get by blaming hoover for the depression. Thats certainly what roosevelt had been able to do. Hoover is getting much more of a perspective at that time, this is politics. You probably shouldnt have said that but, you know, so be it. It kind of lulls for a little bit. Hoover himself is being asked by the republicans to speak at the convention. His status is going up as well. Its a little bit more equal in ways. They both realize theyre caught in scenarios they cant be their best at. In my readings ive come across the name, hugh gibson. Did he accompany hoover on the around the world trip by any chance . He did. I can make one of my best jokes and show you. Thats hugh gibson right there. He had served with hoover in belgium. He was an ambassador. You have to laugh when youre looking back at the photos. Hugh gibson is the biggest photo bomber there is. [ laughter ] hoover meets with hitler in 1938, theres hugh gibson. He meets with the hope, theres hugh gibson. Every single theyre two very different men, but hugh had language, he could speak french, he had a lot of connections. They truly adored each other. Although they seemed very different. Thats really something with hoover, is that the men who served with him have this loyalty to him until they die. Weve often said in the archives talking there, think of hoover, but think of the radiant out, maurice pate and unicef and hugh gibson and frank mason starting the records of the hoover institution, it goes on and on and on this influence hoover would have. He and truman were always extremely loyal to their men, very conscious of people that worked for them. They were very kind to people who didnt have money. That matters to people, you know. They were always willing to do anything for him. Hugh has like a really good diary of this trip. Its a bit sarcastic at points. I havent been able to read all of it. Its nice. I have five different competing diaries of the trip. Its the secretary whos making all the arrangements who doesnt have time to do anything. Theyre madly typing away on the plane before the next city, talking about that. Yes. Could you talk a little bit about the cairo speech and also how involved was truman in getting the boulder dam renamed, hoover dam . I should have the cairo speech memorized because thats matts favorite. I dont. So in cairo, this is where hes talking, he makes several really good speeches and that. I dont know that one as much offhand as i should, and that. Hoover becomes much better at the radio, making shorter speeches, giving kind of, you know, interesting illusions that people can think of, you know. So hes much better than he was as president with that. Thats only one of many of them. I think that one sort of stands out because they were afraid that the trip was going to be cut short, you know. Hoover really wanted to go on to asia. What was going on in india. Then you see indias independence shortly after, going into china. You see what happens to china. He also was very attuned to korea, what was going to happen there. 48, 49, 50, the korean war and going into japan. He meets with mcarthur. Interesting, mcarthur also calls him chief. They had the utmost respect for each other. That part, too, in china and japan he gets a little wistful about lou. Thats the only part. I think, too, he took this trip partly out of his grief. Lou had died in 44, this simply was a way to keep busy. The renaming of the boulder dam. Oh. The boulder dam. Im not sure exactly how that got renamed. It was a horrible insult, you know, to go from i have a postcard that has, hoover dam, in parenthesis, boulder. There is a wonderful memo hoover writes to his friend and says they should go visit the hoover dam now that its renamed and just throw rocks over it. I dont know if they ever did that or not. Its a wonderful image, you know. It was a petty slight. It was very public to do that to him. I hope he threw rocks over it. Yeah, threw rocks over boulder dam. You got the pun. It is interesting, hoover has a pretty good sense of humor, just kind of understated, between friends and that. Just a quick note on the boulder dam controversy that started out as legislation by a california congressman named Jack Anderson and went through omb, which approved it and signed off on harry truman to change it back to hoover dam. It was harold dickies started calling it boulder dam. And a great comedian got on the air after the name change announced and said this wouldnt have been a problem if the former president had just been willing to change his name to herbert c. Boulder. [ laughter ] thats a good one. Lets thank lisa for her talk. [ applause ] the cspan bus is traveling across the country on our 50 capitals tour. We recently stopped in austin, texas asking folks what has the most important issue in their state . In texas, the most important thing to me i was hoping texas would get rid of unnecessary and burdensome occupational regulations. I believe the most important issue is tax reform. We have an outdated tax system and need to get that changed so every american can have the best opportunities possible. I think one of the most important issues, possibly the most important issue facing texans in washington is transparency in government. I dont think there can be enough of it and i dont think that our leaders could ever do enough to be more transparent in terms of not only their own activities and behavior but the kinds of records used in government need to see the light of day and the citizens of texas deserve to know what is going on in washington. The most important issue for the state of texas is educational choice, every parent has a right to direct their kids education and hopefully we get a bill passed next session. Voices from the states on cspan. Theres more americans history tv coming up here on cspan3. Next, we continue our look at president Herbert Hoover and his relationship with other president s including Dwight Eisenhower and woodrow wilson. Up next on the