This the disease caught by the virus, once that has played man since recorded mystery. This is a scientist doctor john hinders of harvard whose were made possible and vaccine that can prevent the disease. This, the place where the vaccine is tested and produced or use throughout the world west point pennsylvania. This, the vaccine itself. The end product of medicines long match with measles. ,. ,. Wants, tv was only three, giant networks and a after the disease has passed most diseases such as this boy being tested at the philadelphias Children Hospital tend to return to a normal brain wave pattern. A contrast to the pattern during the disease. Still, in most patients who showed the abnormal and settle aground during their illness, the possibility a future emotional instability or mental deficiency, or even mental retardation cannot be ruled out. Fortunately, only about one and 1000 develops encephalitis. As of this time, measles is by far our most serious childhood epidemic disease. Although nearly half 1 million cases are reported each year, the actual numbers probably closer to 4 million. In 1961 after the polio vaccine that reduce the deaths to 90, that same year 434 measles deaths were reported in the less developed countries of the world the toll taken by muslims as much greater. In nigeria it is estimated that one out of four babies contracting measles dives from it the tragic toll of measles is also told in a neighboring republic where one village, an epidemic killed 113 out of 115 children who had the disease. Across the ocean and chilly, these measles accounts for half of all childhood thats from acute Communicable Diseases each year. Thus now, at his has for centuries past, measles takes its tolls of human lives. It was a persian physician who gave the first classical description of measles ten centuries ago he and other arabian physicians first suggested that measles was a distinct and separate disease. It had up in been considered a form of a pox. But these early doctors described and treated the symptoms of the disease, not the cause. There were many remedies but no prevention. The cost remained a mystery. Then, in the 18th century, the light began to dawn on some of the causes of Infectious Diseases. General of england, pope of germany founded the science of bacteria allergy. With improved microscope came the micro hunters. They identified bacteria, grew them and experimental with them in their laboratory. Their search pointed the way to the discovery of another disease. A virus and to the development of a new medical Research Specialty fire raleigh gee. At hospitals and research centers, today virology is a major growing scientific phenomenon. In a laboratory attached Childrens Hospital in boston and one of the nations most respected virologist. Harvard scientist pastor john hinders. In 1953, a few years after doctor hinders paved away for the polio vaccine, he and his team turned attention to measles. First objective, to find and grow the measles virus. Lets samples taken by doctor thomas for children with natural measles were injected into cultures of human kidney cells and incubate ares. With techniques like these being carried out today by doctor samuel, tissue cultures bra from the incubator are checked for any changes in the cell. Obtaining even one successful growth of pure virulent measles virus is one of the most difficult laboratory achievement finally in 1954, one culture obtained from an 11yearold measles patient, david edmonton, begins to show remarkable changes insult structure. These might be caused by the measles virus. Doctor enders is called in to observe to prove that it is the measles buyers, they decide to inject it and as dr. Demonstrates, here into an animal that will contract this disease. Monkeys. Monkeys which have never been exposed to measles. In a few days, when the monkey develops measles, they know they have isolated and grown the edmonton strain of the measles virus. Now, they discuss the longest in many ways the most difficult task of all. How to attenuate or weekend the virus so that it will produce antibodies and thus provide immunity without transmitting the disease itself. It is a little like wall ink walking on a tightrope. The virus is grown first and one tissue culture than in another. Human kidney tissue, human ambience, egg amin, chick embryo. It is transferred, it is incubated, always carefully watched and safeguarded against anti bacterial infections that every stage. As the weeks pass, the virus makes 72 passages and all before doctor endures decides its ready for the next step with experimental animals to groups of monkeys are used. One group is given the attenuated viruses a vaccine. Neither group is not vaccinated later, both groups are given the full strength measles virus. In a few weeks, the results are evident. The monkeys that were not vaccinated developed measles. The ones like this one that were given the experimental vaccine show no signs of measles but they have developed protective antibodies. Doctor enters and and doctor kept now know that they have developed for the first time, a vaccine which will provide safe protection against measles. It only remains to test the attenuated live virus vaccine. Starting first with children, doctor cast inoculates volunteers who comes to his lap of the hospital. The results are most encouraging and spark interest throughout the world virology. One who saw the importance of moving forward with this breakthrough was doctor morris helmand director virus and cell biology at the Merck Research laboratory in west point virginia. With cultures of attenuated virus doctor hill them undocked or eugene by neck and colleague undertake development of larger experimental quantities. At the same time doctor hill women draws up the design for the next critical step. Broad scale kill clinical testing. Collaborating with doctor hill a Minister Group that Childrens Hospital philadelphia headed by doctor chills of stoke nationally known pediatrician. Here with him, doctors robert e. Weigel, jay ronald holland, and charles and riley. More than 1500 children and their parents cooperate. One group of children received the live vaccine by injection. The trial also studies how email got violent given the other are modifies reactions to the vaccine. Another set of children for comparison received injections that do not contain the lie vaccine. A blood sample taken from each child before vaccination tells children the ones who have not had the disease. These samples are analyzed in the laboratory and other simple taken four weeks later shows whether the child has developed antibodies to the vaccine. Then over the next year or so we see if any of the children contracted the real disease. The results fulfill all expectations the vaccinated children are protected. None of them gets measles when exposed to it. From New York University doctor saw reports similar findings as does the doctor from university of maryland. The trial spread across the country. The vaccine was tested in 18 states from the eastern seaboard to california. As the datas accumulate more questions emerged. Live measles vaccine is producing a highlevel of immunity. Safely, consistently. Immunity seems to be longlasting. Answers are also emerging on problems of large Scale Production and Quality Control as manufacturing its on the way at west point pennsylvania and laboratories. The left less developed countries and africa watch this progress with great interest. Helping them launch studies of the vaccine spurred the u. S. Army and later the World Health Organization and u. S. Public health service. It was to the National Institutes of health in 1962 that encouraged request came from these african nations. Operable to satisfied with preliminary testing asked for a massive vaccination effort. Help us protect our children before measles strikes again because in timing could save thousands of lives the response is immediate, help train local teams unsteady the muniz is isolation of this population they send the medical team from its division of by logic standards. Vehicles are supplied by the agencies for international development. The vaccine is contributed by berks sharpen dome. The drums speak to the people come to the village the doctors are here with the medicine. It can protect your children. And the people do come bringing their children, bringing their hopes and fears. That each village unit later used are carefully explained. Then begins the long hard job of given the lifesaving vaccine to children. As soon as one village has been protected, the team needs to move on to the next. Everywhere, they are greeted by huge crowds. The vaccine must be kept refrigerated and protected from the intense african he. At each new location, the inoculate or is cleaned and checked. The line seem endless. But all the children must get the vaccine village after Village People come by the thousands the team works around the clock. That last the work is done. By march 1963 700,000 children in operable to receive live virus measles vaccine. Many thousands of lives may have been saved that same month the department of Health Education and welfare licenses the vaccine for general use in the United States. The Surgeon General in the United StatesPublic Health service has this to say. Over the past several years measles vaccines have been successfully tested both in this country and abroad this painstaking evaluation was made possible by the cooperative efforts of scientists both in and out of governments, physicians by the drug industry and by thousands of unselfish and courageous parents who have committed their children to participate in the field trial. The secretary of Health Education and welfare has now licensed the vaccine for general use. As increasing numbers of children are vaccinated, we will be well on our way to eradicating the disease found through the centuries and has killed billions of children and left others impaired mentally and physically. All of those who have contributed in any way to this cause for Better Health can be proud of a great achievement. Within 48 hours of official government licensing, supplies of the vaccine already for shipments to doctors across the country today, production of the van teens in full swing protected at each step by the elaborate manufacturing controls established by industry together with the federal government. Production of the live virus vaccine begins with chicken eggs. To assure absolute purity, the eggs are taken from select, disease free chickens. Kept and strict sanitary isolation. The eggs are opened, and the embryos are carefully removed. They are minced and washed then further broken down by chemical substance that reduces the tissue to individual cells it is only in living selves that the virus can grow to keep the cells alive and growing a special nutrient is prepared a precise number of cells than the measles viruses introduced 80 of the culture bottles are infected either 20 are used as controlled they provide a way to check for any impossible impurities and sell. The cells attach themselves to the wall and the infected bottles the virus grows in the south. Now begins a threeweek period in which the nutrients are periodically replaced. The cells are us rinsed and the growth is carefully watched. The fluid now taken from the culture bottles country contains a high concentration of measles virus and also stabilizer has added finally the entire pool a vaccine is built. The set last is a pure light fires. Vaccine it is frozen as minus 75 degrees for the final testing takes 130 to produce the vaccine. 96 of these are devoted to meticulous Quality Control testing more than 35 separate tests are performed to assure potency safety and other measures of Quality Control for each person involved in the actual production of the vaccine, eight people devote their time to testing and control. Finally, the vaccine which is passed all of the tests is biden transferred individual bottles. These are than freeze dried, tapped and sealed. The end result is a single dose fire at the live attenuated borrows virus measles vaccine. The real story of a vaccine is told in the fears and smiles of a little girl who today is given greater protection than ever before against the Infectious Diseases of childhood. There remains other viruses to be isolated. Other vaccines to come. But they will. And like this little girl, millions of children over the world will have an even safer and healthier life