1936, service. This Public Health service film shows activities of the diseasefighting service. This Program Includes graphic scenes of disease that may be disturbing to some viewers. music the United StatesPublic Health service as it exists today is a product of experience extending over nearly 150 years. It was initially created as a Marine Hospital service for the care of sick and disabled seamen. It was activated in an active congress signed by president john adams in 1798. The service was originally supported by a tax on american merchant seamen, but this was later abolished. The tax was collected by the treasury department. The Marine Hospital service came under the jurisdiction of that department, where it remains today. The first Marine Hospital in norfolk, virginia, the second built in boston, massachusetts. Some medical personnel were utilized by both the union and the confederacy for the care of wounded forces. It frequently happened that medical officers of the early Marine Hospitals were the first physicians to diagnose diseases such as cholera. The work of the service became of such increasing importance that congress extended its duties until it became in function a federal Health Service. Wrecking recognizing the value of mobility, congress authorized the organization along military lines, with Officers Holding positions in great similar to the army and navy. In 1912, the name was changed to the United StatesPublic Health service. It is administered by the Surgeon General, who is responsible to the secretary of the treasury, congress and the president. We will now hear the Surgeon General outlined the work of the Public Health service. Although the first responsibility for Public Health represent desk rests upon the states and localities of our country, the federal government does much to prevent disease and improve the health of all the people. This is done in many ways. One. Skilled group of men and women study disease and the means of preventing. They prevent the introduction of disease from abroad, to prevent the spread of infections within our own territory. Physicians in the Public Health service are cooperating with every state and territory in the republic with a National Health program. Cooperative work between the federal, state and local governments should provide new standards of health for the people. The manufacture of all serums and vaccines sold in the country is closely supervised by the Public Health service, as well as drug addiction and mental hygiene. It conduct Marine Hospitals, in which are treated american sailors. In addition, the service keeps in constant touch with physicians throughout the world at the weekly report from every consular officer. It encourages Health Education in disease prevention. You will see in much more detail the ways in which this organization operate for human good. music for centuries, it has been known epidemic diseases follow the lines of commerce and travel. During colonial times in the early days of the republic, the introduction of yellow fever, smallpox and other diseases by ship was by no means uncommon. Yellow fever occurred in baltimore as late as 1832 and philadelphia as late as 1853. Any outbreaks of small pox on cholera were a result of cases brought in by vessels. The danger of introduction of diseases from abroad has imperiled the Remarkable Development of transportation on the sea, on the land and in the air. The transportation of disease has been facilitated by improved mechanical methods for the transportation of persons and property. Maritime quarantine was first undertaken by states and cities, but is now administered by the Public Health service at all the ports of the United States and its possessions. To perform these functions, the service has been given quarantine jurisdiction over all shipped and people coming from abroad. The u. S. Public Health Service remains boarding tugs which carry quarantine officers up to vessels arriving at United States ports. When a vessel arrives at quarantine, the medical quarantine officer, nurse and inspector go out in a boarding tug wellknown to seamen and ocean travelers. They draw alongside the vessel and go aboard. The quarantine officer meets the ships doctor and the purser. The purser turns over the bill of health and the Health Record on route to detail all cases of illness occurring on board during the trip. Ah, the list here shows a suspicious case of illness and member of the crew. Let us see now what happens. The quarantine officer is taken to the sick bay and the crew quarters to examine the patient. His experience and training in detection of the symptoms of rare as well as common diseases tells him the sick patient is suffering from typhus fever. He orders the patient to be removed from the vessel. And put aboard the quarantined tug to be taken aboard. To be taken ashore. All person incontact with the patient at thus exposed to the disease are also ordered on board the tug. The patient and the contacts are taken to the detention hospital, in this case in new york harbor. On arrival, the sick patient is taken directly to the hospital. Here he is given appropriate treatment and cared for until he has recovered. Every facility is made available in such cases, both for the benefit of the patient and the protection of others. As this happens to be a case of old world typhus fever, the contacts, those who had association with the patient during the voyage, are first taken to the delousing tank. Here they must remove all clothing. They are sprayed thoroughly with soap and water. Next, they are sent under the shower and finally, each one is sprayed with insecticides that kills any lice that may remain in their hair. The clothing of the contacts is sent to the fumigated room. The clothing is placed in chambers and thoroughly disinfected. If necessary, the contacts are isolated in the detention hospital for isolation. Every precaution is taken by quarantine officers to prevent the introduction of disease into the United States. When the quarantined work has been completed and the ship declared free from danger, the medical officers of the Public Health service then turn to the infected immigrant. This scene shows a wellknown immigration station at ellis island, new york. During the busy period of a few years ago, more prospective citizens of the country entered through this worldrenowned station than any other station in the country. Each had to go through an examination at the hands of officers from the Public Health service. In past times, many arrived only to be turned back at our very gates because of mental or physical defects. It is necessary, but somewhat cruel and caused many heartaches, untold hardship and much unnecessary expense. To avoid this condition, a new system was inaugurated by international consent in 1925, having immigrants examined by Public Health officers in Foreign Countries who are assigned to american consulates for this purpose. An examination is arranged and if the applicant passes the physical and mental test successfully, there is little chance they will be refused admittance later. music among other old records are vivid descriptions of the many ravages of bubonic plague. music this disease is constantly present in the orient, making it an ever present threat to the u. S. And its possessions. The germ that causes bubonic plague is carried by fleas that live on rats and other rodents. Rats are great travelers, and vessels must use rat guards to keep them from coming aboard. Notice this rat and his tail, now he attempts to clear the rat guard. Will he succeed . It looks like he will make it. No, he admits defeat and returns to the wharf. Yellow fever, a fearful disease that once struck terror in the south, is an example of a dreaded disease now almost entirely wiped out. It is transmitted physically by a mosquito. With the mosquitoes that transmit the disease exterminated, yellow fever is eliminated. Although yellow fever has been banished from our shores since 1905, but still exists in south america and africa, and recent advances in air travel again make and administer the United States. To combat this menace, the yellow fever mosquito must be limited from ships and airplanes and must be detected and isolated. Although mosquitoes that spread yellow fever usually fly a short distance, they have been carried by airplanes for thousands of miles. It is only the exercise of the utmost care and conflict and constant watchfulness that this dangerous disease is kept outside our borders. When it arrives at a port of entry, an airplane that might bring in the yellow fever mosquito, passengers and the crew are inspected symptoms of the disease. An important part of the inspection is the taking of temperatures for the evidence of a fever. The plane is gone over thoroughly with a vacuum cleaner to recover any yellow fever mosquitoes that might be on board. Then the cabin and all enclosed spaces in the plane are sprayed with insecticide that destroys these dangerous pets. The opening of our roots to the orient has created Serious Problems in preventing the introduction of diseases, particularly cholera and smallpox in hawaii and the United States. music when the country was small, travel was slow and distant since in travel time were much bigger than they are today. There was less need for action on the part of the federal government itself to prevent the spread of epidemics. But with the increased rapidity of travel, expansion in territory and the concentration of populations, this work became important. With increase in interstate traffic, the need for uniform regulations became apparent, and by consent of the state sent under the Commerce Clause of the constitution, congress provided for federal interstate quarantines. Federal control over Water Supplies for drinking and culinary purpose of purposes on interstate carriers is one of the responsibility responsibilities of the u. S. Public Health Service to prevent disease. The water comes from a most 3000 servers 3000 sources. In taking supplies of drinking and culinary water on board vessels, connections are made as the possibility of contamination during this process is reduced to a minimum. Here we see a supply of Drinking Water being taken aboard steamship aboard a steamship at one of our port. Supreme sanitary precautions are carried out when Drinking Water is taken aboard trains. Frequent inspections are made of this procedure. The passenger can therefore feel a sense of security when he quenches his thirst at the water cooler, or drink water with his meals in the dining car. The fight against bubonic plague is a fight against the rat. He must be trapped, poisoned, killed off, everything must be done to rout this animal. The rat has been called manns most dangerous enemy. He is a dangerous threat in the case of bubonic plague, dirty and crafty at readily matches his cunning against that of his enemies the rat catcher must know the habits of the animal and it is only with experience that he cant qualify as an expert in what indeed may be called especially field. Specialized field. Rats are tagged with the locality where they were caught and are sent to a laboratory for examination. Some of the rats that are taken alive are put in bags to preserve for identification and examination any fleas that they may harbor. Here, we see a sample of the days catch of rats in one of our large cities. At the laboratory, rats are combed for fleas and the fleas are collected for study to determine whether they are infected with bubonic plague. Insurgent western states, plague is spread from rats to ground squirrels. The fight against these animals he is constantly being carried on there. music the following are typical scenes in the east of this country, where rural life is primitive, and sanitary conditions were conducive to the threat of disease because of the habits and customs of people. They did not know disease is spread by the means of hands, towels, and handkerchiefs and other articles that would take care of discharge from the eyes. Sarcoma is a chronic infection disease of the lining of the eyelids. If tthe lids are turned back, a number of small, granular bodies will be noticed in the lids. The disease produces a rough condition on the inside of the lead which irritates the eyeball, causing inflammation which often leads to blindness. For many years, the Public Health service has conducted a campaign against this ancient disease. As early as 1912, a doctor of the Public Health service was sent to kentucky to survey the situation there. Dr. Mcmullen, what was found in kentucky . More than 18,000 persons were examined in 1912 and between 7 and a percent were found to have sarcoma. Many remained in dark rooms, shielding their eyes. Some had not seen light for months, while many cases existed for years. In checking up some years later, the changes were remarkable. The state of many people, almost universally wearing colored glasses during the first examination, few new cases of active sarcoma. There is no way to estimate what this has been worth. Much of the work was done in mountain regions, where roads even now are not good, usually medical officers travel by horseback and often had to walk. The work has now been turned over to the state. Instead of painful and sightless eyes to destroy the joys of youth, we now have the precious gift of sight. Fortunately, this boy was discovered in time. Instead of blindness added to the other infirmities of old age, we have the burden we have the responsibility to assume a role in family affairs. Numerous outbreaks of typhoid fever followed the use of shellfish and contaminated waters. This danger could be contempt could be combated by examining the water where oysters were grown. Because oysters from beds in contaminated waters will not be certified, and shucking plants and canneries are required to be conducted under proper sanitary conditions, consumers enjoy a greater sense of security. music an act of Congress Authorizes an annual conference between the Surgeon General and state Health Officers to discuss Important Health matters. Here is the Surgeon General at a recent conference. [gavel striking block] this annual conference of state and territorial Health Officers will come to order. I am delighted to greet you today. The most i i am delighted to greet you today. One of the most significant events in Public Health was when president roosevelt signed legislation to create the Public Health program. It is your task and my task to see that this promise becomes a realization. It is to disperse the detailed means by which we may obtain the objective of the act for which this conference is concerned. The conferences provide opportunities for planning cooperation in attacking health problems. For many years the Public Health service has cooperated with state officers to improve state and local health work. When necessary, experienced Service Officers are assigned to aid state and local Health Officers with special problems. Under the Social Security act, provisions for cooperative aid to Health Services has been greatly extended. music the City Health Officer of a western city receives a telephone call. He picks up the receiver and finds it is a local physician. The physician has a case the symptoms of which resemble encephalitis, but some features make the diagnosis uncertain. The City Health Officer has had several similar cases were in the past few days and is concerned. The City Health Officer decides to notify the state Health Officer. He called him and outlines the local situation. Calls and outlines the local situation. The state Health Officer reports to the Surgeon General and asks for aid. The City Health Officer calls an assistant to consult with the physician and is alarmed. A telegram is received from the Surgeon General. After the Public HealthService Officers conduct a preliminary investigation, they call a conference to discuss the situation. Gentlemen, this epidemic is growing. At least 50 new cases are being reported daily. We would encourage close and harmonious cooperation between ourselves as representatives of the Public Health service and the city, county and state health authorities. Local medical schools have made available their laboratories and other facilities. What will be our policy is regard to information to the public . City Health Departments are notifying the public frankly of the situation. Business must proceed as usual. There must be no panic. There is an unusual plague of mosquitos. We will test the theory. Mosquito tests were conducted. After the experiments, a conference was called to discuss results. Dr. Williams, what are your results . The mosquito apparently does not transmit this particular disease. However, our investigation must be continued in another direction. We will transfer our studies to the National Institute of health in washington. As a result of intensive studies, it was concluded the disease was due to a virus, and several new vaccines were produced from these investigations. In preventing diseases spread through unclean milk, a safe milk supply is essential. Typhoid fever and other diseases are spread through contaminated milk. The Public Health service feels that clean milk that is pasteurized is the only safe milk to drink. It has conducted studies to ensure the safety of pasteurization procedures that ensure a safe, clean milk supply to the consumer, if sanitary conditions are observed by consumers themselves. Disastrous floods which frequently occur in the u. S. Illustrate a emergency may arise suddenly. During these floods, officials request sanitary engineering help to protect town and city Water Supplies in affectedthese requests for aid are met with proper response. Water purification machines are quickly dispatched and put into operation by the sanitary engineers. As the water is pumped into the reservoirs or disturbing systems, it is treated with chlorine to make it safe for consumption. Itsin the fight against these from a Public Health standpoint, it is fundamentally important to know when, where, and what numbers, and under what conditions diseases are occurring. The Public HealthService RecordsCommunicable Diseases on charts which show their seasonal prevalence. Note how closely the cases for different years follow the same pattern. Each line represents a year or the particular disease. The service maintains an Intelligent Office regarding the occurrence of epidemic diseases in the United States and Foreign Countries and reports are received weekly. Whenever there is an outbreak of a quarantineable disease anywhere in the world, the american consulate cables that information to washington. Information is obtained from other sources from local and state Health Offices and reported by telegraph and on the card shown here. Reports are received from officers of the Public Health service stationed abroad, Health Officers of foreign governments, and interNational Health organizations such as the International Office of Public Health, the league of nations, and the Panamerican Sanitary Bureau. The information is published and used by quarantine officers of the Public Health service, by local state health authorities, and by other governments throughout the world. Dr. Ellis brown, director general of the Panamerican Union, addresses a recent conference. Gentlemen of the conference, at this, your closing session, i want to express to you individually and collectively the deep appreciation of the Panamerican Union for the privilege of having had you with us during the period of your deliberations. It is no exaggeration to say that the third panamerican conference of directors of health marks a distinct step forward in that struggle of the nations of this continent to improve the conditions of life, to eliminate the causes of disease, and to augment the efficiency of the people. I wish therefore to congratulate you and at the same time to assure you that in the future, as in the past, you may count upon the earnest and enthusiastic cooperation of everyone associated with the Panamerican Union. The director general of the Panamerican Sanitary Bureau now speaks. Gentlemen, as director of the Panamerican Sanitary Bureau and president of the conference, i want to join with dr. Row in expressing our appreciation to you for leaving your important Administrative Functions and your respective governments to attend this, the most successful sanitary conference we have had. Practical plans with the practical plans formulated, this is the most successful conference we have ever had. I wish you godspeed. music scientific studies dealing with the diseases of man were made by the Public Health service as early as 1886. These studies have gradually expanded until today the research of the Public Health service on the cause, spread, and prevention of disease is among the most important work that it performs. A Research Laboratory for the Public HealthService Called the Hygienic Laboratory was established in 1901. In 1930, congress changed its name to the National Institute of health. At this famous institute in washington, d. C. , most of the investigative work of the Public Health service is conducted. The diseases and conditions studied include a long list. Heart disease is public enemy number one, first on the list of causes of death. More than 300,000 persons die each year in the United States from this cause. The electrocardiograph has aided in the study and diagnosis of heart disease. Next is cancer. This disease results in the death of about 135,000 people in the United States annually. Malaria is still an important Public Health problem in at least 16 states. There are more than 2 million cases annually. This patient is having a malarial chill. The fight against malaria is the fight against mosquito. The prevention of mosquito breeding by seeing no containers are left around to hold water and provide breeding places for mosquitoes and by eliminating refuse files and so far as possible refuse piles so far as possible. Mosquito control has been accomplished by adjusting areas with a poisonous mixture from trucks. By hand dusting machines and by airplanes according to the conditions met with. Another effective method is the killing of larvae by the oiling of stagnant waters. Other measures include ditches for draining and keeping mosquitoes out of the home by screening. The protection of the health of the industrial worker has become a matter to which much attention has been given. Manufacturing processes have introduced new hazards to health. The control of occupational diseases comes within the province of the physician and the engineer. In many industries, dust is a hazard to the employee. Studies of the various types of dust in industry have been made by the Public Health service. Dusts are collected at the plants and atmospheric and other data are recorded. These dust samples are taken to the laboratory, where they are carefully examined to determine the concentration, size, distribution, and chemical and other characteristics of the particles. This young lady is seen making a dust count from a sample taken at one of the plants. The Public Health service has conducted studies on the modeled feet, a condition caused by the excessive amount of fluorine in the drinking areas in some areas of the United States. Mottled enamel is more prevalent in this country than had been realized. The Public HealthService Conducts studies on implosion on pollution, a subject of increasing importance. New problems have arisen from the increase of human waste and the increase and changing types of industrial waste. From a Public Health standpoint, venereal diseases are one of the most important problems confronting those whose duty it is to conserve the health of our nation. Special laboratories are devoted to the study of various phases of this subject. Simultaneous surveys of all sources of treatment have been conducted by the Public Health service in representative areas, covering one fourth of the entire population. Estimates derived from these surveys indicate that more than 1. 5 million new cases of venereal disease are treated annually. Studies conducted by the Public Health service with five leading venereal disease clinics indicate that syphilis is largely curable. To attain recovery, treatment must be started within the first year. The Public Health service cooperates with state and local Health Departments in the development of campaigns directed against the venereal diseases. music from time immemorial, the law of the sea has required vessels to provide medical attention for their seamen. This was difficult for the early days of the republic. In order to encourage its struggling merchant marines, congress established the Marine Hospital service to relieve the ships of this burden. The first Marine Hospital in boston, which was the first General Hospital in that city, furnished care for sailors from the brigades of the war of 1812. Today there are 25 modern hospitals in the service located within the United States. These hospitals have an aggregate bed capacity of approximately 6000 and give treatment to about 300,000 persons annually while almost as many more apply each year for other services, including physical examinations. New Marine Hospitals have been built in baltimore, cleveland, detroit, galveston, memphis, new orleans, san francisco, and seattle. The Marine Hospital in stapleton, new york, shown here, has been enlarged to a 1000 bed institution. These hospitals are professionally staffed by medical officers both competent and humane, secured by examination and collection. Only qualified graduate nurses, professional dietitians, and skilled therapeutic aides are employed. These hospitals have all these specialized services. Eye, ear, nose, and throat. A thoroughly equipped xray department. Dental department with the most modern equipment. Hydrotherapy, physiotherapy, venereal disease, and some have psychiatric service. They are provided with the most modern appliances for diagnosis and treatment. Dental treatment is furnished at all Marine Hospitals by dental officers. Most of the patients, especially merchant seamen, are suffering from septic mouth conditions. Many remarkable recoveries have done reported. The facilities at the Marine Hospitals are available without cost to american seamen employed on any registered vessel of the United States, two officers and enlisted men of the coast guard, to officers and crews of vessels of the lighthouse service, to keepers and assisting keepers of lighthouses, to Immigrants Detained at the immigration station, to see men from vessels belonging to the United States army, to beneficiaries of the United States employees compensation commission, to members of the civilian conservation corps in various sections of the country, to patients of the United States veterans administration, and to persons affected with leprosy. Other officers and vessels of United States registry and lighthouse keepers must pass an examination conducted by medical officers. These examinations are for vision, colorblindness, and hearing. They must also test the physical ability of sailors qualifying as ablebodied seamen. All ships officers must be versed in firstaid. The Public Health service has organized instruction for such candidates in larger ports. Not only does the service furnish medical aid to the coast guard, it sends medical officers with the cruising cutters on the north atlantic ice patrol to furnish medical care to officers and crew. The service also sends medical officers with the bering sea patrol. The coast guard makes an annual cruise along the coast of alaska. Medical and dental officers are sent. They give medical examinations and treatment to the natives. These include dental treatment and extractions. This is the only medical Service Available to many native alaskans. The national leperrosarium, has under treatment more than 300 patients. It has an Administration Building at main hospital. Treatment has yielded most encouraging results and there have been many recoveries or arrested cases. During the last 10 years, 150 patients have been discharged, no longer a menace to the Public Health and the leprosy arrested. Sports are provided with baseball diamonds and Tennis Courts and younger patients enjoy these activities. Accommodations are comfortable and they are provided with gardens in which many patients take much delight. Life for these unfortunate persons is as comfortable as possible. In the inner court, two leper children may be seen playing. Medical aid to vessels without a physician has been made possible by radio. Frequently men are injured or suddenly develop an acute illness far out at sea. If there is no physician, the Public Health service is notified by radio. Many lives are saved each year thanks to this radio service. Radio for medical advice. Ayeaye, captain. [morse code leaves] the message is received by a commercial radio station, which related by telephone to the nearest Marine Hospital. This man apparently has acute tonsillitis. Give 10 grains of aspirin every three hours. Report progress in 12 hours. A merchant seamen may have been suddenly attacked by illness on approaching port. The medical officers of the hospital are notified by radio. An ambulance is sent to the dock to meet the boat. The patient is taken off vessel on a stretcher. He is placed in the ambulance and rushed to the Marine Hospital. On arriving, he is taken directly to the ward for examination and diagnosis. The medical officers examine him carefully and with the aid of the history of the case they make their diagnosis. It is definitely acute appendicitis. The patient must be operated on at once. He is taken to the operating room, where the troublesome appendix is removed. music an act of congress requires the medical care in adderall Correction Institute be furnished by the Public Health service. Prisoners are given thorough physical examinations eye, ear, nose, and wrote. And throat. Chest, dental, and other examinations. They are given various mental tests that afford valuable data for the study of different characteristics of Prison Inmates which differentiate delinquents from nondelinquents. When the United StatesPublic HealthService Hospital was established in lexington, kentucky, the problem of narcotic drug addiction was put under the banner of medicine. Until this time, the problem had been regarded as correctional. The hospital covers an area of approximately 12 acres. The buildings are constructed in quadrangle or form, providing a large Central Court serving as an entrance to the various departments and units of the hospital. From here one gains access to these units provided for the reception of new admission for the treatment of those suffering with recurring diseases and the intensive study of patients and those requiring special treatment. This part of the institution constitutes the professional center of the hospital. To meet the need for better treatment for drug addiction, special studies are necessary. The hospital is equipped and staffed for this purpose. Opportunities for outdoor work are afforded to patients through the operation of a 1000 acre farm. Farm activities include the operation of a modern dairy, the raising of hogs and poultry, and intensive truck farming. Indoor work for patients includes the operation of a laundry, a modern garment shop for the manufacture of loathing on by the patients, not for sale, and other activities necessary for maintenance and operation of the hospital. Supervised Outdoor Recreation is desirable and necessary for health. It promotes good fellowship and normal human relationships. The career officers of the Public Health service constitute a mobile sanitary corps whose members are available for service when needed, in the United States or foreign country, for epidemic duty, quarantine duty, or investigation work. The honor roll contains the names of many men and women who contracted diseases in line of duty and of many who have made the supreme sacrifice. These workers conducted their investigation fearlessly with full knowledge of the danger. They dedicated themselves to humanity and made their sacrifice on the altar of science. Other workers were not less fearless, but more fortunate. Not less assiduous in their devotion, but more favored on the field of battle. The Public HealthService Conducts its relentless fight against disease silently and steadily. No music to inspire, no tumult or shouting to sustain. The battlefield is silent, but the grim fight, the personal danger, the satisfaction of a compass meant are there. Even though the fight is frequently directed against an unseen and unknown enemy. Including 19 children, live sunday at 9 am eastern. American history tv looks back. Good morning if you could all take your seats please. Happy leap day. [laughter] what could be better than a bonus day and meaningful history content. I love it. I am thrilled to have you at your museum of history and culture. I jamie bosket. I am just going to kick it off. I will point out since i see